The DAO to MetaControl for MetaSystems in Metaverses:The System of Parallel Control Systems for Knowledge Automation and Control Intelligence in CPSS

An investigation and outline of MetaControl and DeControl in Metaverses for control intelligence and knowledge automation are presented.Prescriptive control with prescriptive knowledge and parallel philosophy is proposed as the starting point for the new control philosophy and technology,especially for computational control of metasystems in cyberphysical-social systems.We argue that circular causality,the generalized feedback mechanism for complex and purposive systems,should be adapted as the fundamental principle for control and management of metasystems with metacomplexity in metaverses.Particularly,an interdisciplinary approach is suggested for MetaControl and DeControl as a new form of intelligent control based on five control metaverses:MetaVerses,MultiVerses,InterVerses,TransVerse,and DeepVerses.

Effect of Jianpi Shengxue Tablet on Iron Metabolism and Nutritional Status in Patients with Renal Anemia:A Prospective,Randomized,Open,Parallel Controlled and Multicenter Clinical Study

Objective This study aimed to analyze the clinical efficacy of the Jianpi Shengxue tablet for treating renal anemia.Methods A total of 200 patients with renal anemia from December 2020 to December 2022 were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups.Patients in the control group were treated with polysaccharide-iron complex,and those in the experimental group were administered Jianpi Shengxue tablet.After 8 weeks of continuous treatment,the therapeutic outcomes regarding anemia were compared between the two groups.Results After treatment,the red blood cell(RBC)count,hematocrit(HCT),reticulocyte percentage(RET),ferritin(SF),serum iron(SI),transferrin saturation(TSAT),and serum albumin(ALB)all increased(P<0.01),and the clinical symptom score and total iron binding capacity decreased(P<0.01)in the experimental group.Moreover,the improvements in RBC,HCT,RET,SF,SI,TAST,ALB,and clinical symptoms(fatigue,anorexia,dull skin complexion,numbness of hands and feet)in the experimental group were significantly greater than those in the control group(P<0.05).The total effective rate for treating renal anemia was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.01).Conclusion The Jianpi Shengxue tablet demonstrates efficacy in treating renal anemia,leading to significant improvements in the laboratory examination results and clinical symptoms of patients with renal anemia.

Parallel Control for Continuous-Time Linear Systems:A Case Study

In this paper,a new parallel controller is developed for continuous-time linear systems.The main contribution of the method is to establish a new parallel control law,where both state and control are considered as the input.The structure of the parallel control is provided,and the relationship between the parallel control and traditional feedback controls is presented.Considering the situations that the systems are controllable and incompletely controllable,the properties of the parallel control law are analyzed.The parallel controller design algorithms are given under the conditions that the systems are controllable and incompletely controllable.Finally,numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the present method.Index Terms-Continuous-time linear systems,digital twin,parallel controller,parallel intelligence,parallel systems.

Validation concurrency control protocol in parallel real-time database systems

In parallel real-time database systems, concurrency control protocols must satisfy time constraints as well as the integrity constraints. The authors present a validation concurrency control(VCC) protocol, which can enhance the performance of real-time concurrency control mechanism by reducing the number of transactions that might miss their deadlines, and compare the performance of validation concurrency control protocol with that of HP2PL(High priority two phase locking) protocol and OCC-TI-WAIT-50(Optimistic concurrency control-time interval-wait-50) protocol under shared-disk architecture by simulation. The simulation results reveal that the protocol the author presented can effectively reduce the number of transactions restarting which might miss their deadlines and performs better than HP2PL and OCC-TI-WAIT-50. It works well when arrival rate of transaction is lesser than threshold. However, due to resource contention the percentage of missing deadline increases sharply when arrival rate is greater than the threshold.

Parallel Control for Optimal Tracking via Adaptive Dynamic Programming

This paper studies the problem of optimal parallel tracking control for continuous-time general nonlinear systems.Unlike existing optimal state feedback control,the control input of the optimal parallel control is introduced into the feedback system.However,due to the introduction of control input into the feedback system,the optimal state feedback control methods can not be applied directly.To address this problem,an augmented system and an augmented performance index function are proposed firstly.Thus,the general nonlinear system is transformed into an affine nonlinear system.The difference between the optimal parallel control and the optimal state feedback control is analyzed theoretically.It is proven that the optimal parallel control with the augmented performance index function can be seen as the suboptimal state feedback control with the traditional performance index function.Moreover,an adaptive dynamic programming(ADP)technique is utilized to implement the optimal parallel tracking control using a critic neural network(NN)to approximate the value function online.The stability analysis of the closed-loop system is performed using the Lyapunov theory,and the tracking error and NN weights errors are uniformly ultimately bounded(UUB).Also,the optimal parallel controller guarantees the continuity of the control input under the circumstance that there are finite jump discontinuities in the reference signals.Finally,the effectiveness of the developed optimal parallel control method is verified in two cases.

Temperature Control System with Multi-closed Loops for Lithography Projection Lens

Image quality is one of the most important specifications of optical lithography tool and is affected notably by temperature, vibration, and contamination of projection lens（PL）. Traditional method of local temperature control is easier to introduce vibration and contamination, so temperature control system with multi-closed loops is developed to control the temperature inside the PL, and to isolate the influence of vibration and contamination. A new remote indirect-temperature-control（RITC） method is proposed in which cooling water is circulated to perform indirect-temperature-control of the PL. Heater and cooler embedded temperature control unit（TCU） is used to condition the temperature of the cooling water, and the TCU must be kept away from the PL so that the influence of vibration and contamination can be avoided. A new multi-closed loops control structure incorporating an internal cascade control structure（CCS） and an external parallel cascade control structure（PCCS） is designed to prevent large inertia, multi-delay, and multi-disturbance of the RITC system. A nonlinear proportional-integral（PI） algorithm is applied to further enhance the convergence rate and precision of the control process. Contrast experiments of different control loops and algorithms were implemented to verify the impact on the control performance. It is shown that the temperature control system with multi-closed loops reaches a precision specification at ±0.006 ℃ with fast convergence rate, strong robustness, and self-adaptability. This method has been successfully used in an optical lithography tool which produces a pattern of 100 nm critical dimension（CD）, and its performances are satisfactory.

Research Progress of Parallel Control and Management

Based on ACP(artificial systems,computational experiments,and parallel execution)methodology,parallel control and management has become a popularly systematic and complete solution for the control and management of complex systems.This paper focuses on summarizing comprehensive review of the research literature of parallel control and management achieved in the recent years including the theoretical framework,core technologies,and the application demonstration.The future research,application directions,and suggestions are also discussed.

Parallel Neural Network-Based Motion Controller for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

A parallel neural network-based controller （PNNC） is presented for the motion control of underwater vehicles in this paper. It consists of a real-time part, a self-learning part and a desired-state programmer, and it is different from normal adaptive neural network controller in structure. Owing to the introduction of the self-learning part, on-line learning can be performed without sample data in several sample periods, resulting in high learning speed of the controller and good control performance. The desired-state programmer is utilized to obtain better learning samples of the neural network to keep the stability of the controller. The developed controller is applied to the 4-degree of freedom control of the AUV “IUV- IV” and is successful on the simulation platform. The control performance is also compared with that of neural network controller with different structures such as normal adaptive neural network and different learning methods. Current effects and surge velocity control are also included to demonstrate the controller＇ s performance. It is shown that the PNNC has a great possibility to solve the problems in the control system design of underwater vehicles.

MODELING AND CONTROLLING OF PARALLEL MANIPULATOR JOINT DRIVEN BY PNEUMATIC MUSCLES

A parallel manipulator joint driven by three pneumatic muscles and its posture control strategy are presented. Based on geometric constraints and dynamics, a system model is developed through which some influences on dynamic response and open-loop gain are analyzed including the supply pressure, the initial pressure and the volume of pneumatic muscle. A sliding-mode controller with a nonlinear switching function is applied to control posture, which adopts the combination of a main method that separates control of each muscle and an auxiliary method that postures error evaluation of multiple muscles, especially adopting the segmented and intelligent adjustments of sliding-mode parameters to fit different expected postures and initial states. Experimental results show that this control strategy not only amounts to the steady-state error of 0. 1° without overshoot, but also achieves good trajectory tracking.

换热站并联水泵分布式优化控制

针对现有换热站并联水泵优化算法在集中式架构下控制适应性不足的问题,本文提出了一种改进的分布式并联水泵优化算法.首先,建立了并联水泵的分布式控制系统,并对该优化问题的数学模型进行描述,在目标函数中引入自适应非线性因子;然后,设计了改进的分布式果蝇优化算法,在该算法中每台水泵的控制器仅通过与邻居控制器交互信息即可完成并联水泵的优化;并且,在嗅觉搜索阶段,使用正弦余弦策略替代赋予个体距离与方向的随机策略;最后,以两个实际换热站中不同并联水泵系统为例对算法进行仿真验证,并基于仿真结果进行性能分析.结果表明,相较于传统算法,改进的分布式果蝇优化算法能得到更优的控制策略,有着收敛速度快、稳定性好和鲁棒性强的特点;并且该算法适用于不同系统的并联水泵优化问题,具有可扩展性.在实际工程验证中相较于集中式算法,该算法在总功率和计算时间上分别平均降低了5.47%和29.90%,因此,能够满足实际换热站中对并联水泵热负荷优化分配的需求.

基于分区操作系统的文件系统设计

研究涉及一种基于分区操作系统的文件系统设计方法,解决分区操作系统下文件的安全访问问题。分区操作系统资源、空间彼此隔离,文件系统用于管理分区数据,不能违背数据资源的隔离需求。为此,通过将文件系统部署在分区操作系统的分区;分区内和分区外采用两层分区安全访问控制;采用快照管理实现文件系统自身对并行文件访问需求,实现文件系统设计。通过测试表明,该方法能够在满足分区操作系统设计约束下,实现文件的安全访问。

基于PSBC机制的指挥控制体系

面对当今我国周边复杂严峻的战略态势和信息化条件下的联合作战样式,通过分析现代战争“明战”“暗战”“观战”相结合的战争形态,以及基于PREA环的指挥控制体系,引出了复杂战争系统概念。根据复杂战争系统中亟待解决的问题,引入ACP方法与区块链理论,提出战场PSBC机制,以期实现对战场的高效指挥控制。并采用BDI方式对PSBC机制进行建模,以近距空中支援为例,详细介绍PSBC机制BDI建模方法。最后提出了实现PSBC以及相应BDI建模的关键技术需求。

基于多目标狼群算法的机场行李导入系统仿真优化研究

针对民航机场行李导入系统运行过程中旅客行李注入等待时间长、系统能耗高等问题,综合考虑虚拟视窗控制方式、收集带式输送机运行速度、虚拟视窗长度及同时开放值机柜台数量等关键控制参数对机场行李导入系统运行效率的影响,提出一种求解该问题的仿真优化框架。通过分析机场行李导入系统实际运行工况,建立参数化仿真优化模型。以最小化旅客行李注入平均等待时间和系统能耗为优化目标,结合系统设计和运行过程中的实际约束条件,建立该问题的数学模型,并设计了一种多目标自适应并行狼群算法进行求解。该算法针对所提问题特性及经典狼群算法易陷入局部最优和收敛速度慢等不足,提出一种混合整实数单链编码方式,融合反向学习策略生成初始种群,引入自适应游走概率机制和智能行为并行机制,采用局部和全局自适应邻域搜索及启发式保优策略实现狼群算法智能行为搜索,使用Pareto非支配排序进行寻优迭代并获得最优解集。以国内某大型国际航空枢纽机场行李导入系统为例设计不同规模多种算法对比实验,验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。

Stewart平台神经网络非奇异终端滑模控制

针对Stewart平台的六自由度(six degrees of freedom,6-DOF)轨迹跟踪问题,提出一种基于神经网络的非奇异终端滑模控制方法并应用于Stewart平台的位置姿态控制中。通过分析Stewart平台的位置反解和速度反解,建立运动学方程,利用牛顿-欧拉方程建立动力学方程,并结合加速度反解得到了平台的状态空间表达式;基于非奇异滑模面函数,设计非奇异终端滑模控制律。考虑到径向基函数(radial Basis function,RBF)神经网络的逼近特性,采用RBF神经网络对模型未知部分进行自适应逼近,并利用Lyapunov第二法设计了自适应律;通过仿真证明控制器设计的有效性。仿真结果表明,相比于比例积分微分(proportional integral derivative,PID)控制器,提出的RBF神经网络非奇异终端滑模控制器具有更好的轨迹跟踪精度和动态特性。

某数据中心备用电源系统改造方案及施工实施

对已运行15年的某数据中心备用电源系统进行了改造,通过新建一套主控制系统,将发电机组控制模块、并机模块及PLC集成在控制柜内,实现发电机组的控制功能及并机功能,具有控制六路开关柜的功能。在机组旁就地各新增一台控制屏,用于直接控制单台发电机的启停,并可在实现两台发电机的手动并机,同时保留原控制柜作为备用,介绍了确保在不影响市电供电、油机正常备用发电情况下的施工时应注意的事项。

单双泵控混合分布式挖掘机液压系统性能分析

针对泵控非对称缸中存在流量不平衡问题和挖掘机(动臂、斗杆及铲斗)各液压缸的多象限工况,提出一种单双泵控混合分布式挖掘机液压系统。基于挖掘作业时工作装置的各液压缸速度-负载特性,为二象限工况的动臂设计单泵控液压单元,四象限工况的斗杆及铲斗设计双泵并联式泵控液压单元。以微型挖掘机为对象,在MATLAB/Simulink中建立多体动力学模型和液压系统模型,设计PID位置控制器,在典型挖掘工况下进行仿真分析。结果表明:单泵式的效率与双泵并联式的基本相当,但后者在负载力突变时,几乎不产生速度波动;在典型挖掘工况下,所提出的单双泵控混合分布式挖掘机液压系统的总效率为62%。

并联机械手集成电液伺服系统同步控制研究

为了提高并联机械手集成电液伺服驱动系统控制反应速度,降低末端执行器输出误差。介绍了一种具有三个独立控制的集成电液伺服驱动器,利用并联机械手的逆向运动学的表达式,推导出集成电液伺服驱动的平移并联机械手动力学模型。利用两个独立离散PI和PD控制器控制并联机械手输出力和位置,使驱动并联机械手三个液压缸输入电压控制信号保持同步。通过控制系统仿真软件对液压缸电压输入信号和末端执行器位置输出结果进行仿真。结果显示:采用同步控制方法,并联机械手集成电液伺服系统电压输入控制信号和末端执行器位置跟踪误差较小。采用同步控制方法,可以提高并联机械手集成电液伺服系统的自适应调节速度,提高末端执行器轨迹跟踪精度。

计及线路阻抗的分布式微源自适应下垂并联

此处分析了以逆变器为接口的分布式微源并联系统的环流产生机理,指出在线路阻抗呈感性时,并联单元间线路阻抗差异和输出电压偏差对系统无功功率均分具有较大影响。为此,提出一种电压源型分布式微源逆变器(VS-DMI)的并联系统均流控制方法,通过在传统微源无功/电压控制环路上叠加一个根据当前无功自适应变化的电压补偿值,可以有效改善由于线路阻抗不一致和电压偏差导致的无功功率不均分,实现并联系统的均流控制。仿真和实验结果验证了该控制策略可以显著抑制功率环流,实现不同线路参数下各台逆变器输出功率的平均分配。

某船机旁双机并车控制箱设计及应用

为实现某船主机的机旁自动双机并车功能,针对进口主推进监控标准化设备修改难度大的难题,该文创新性地采用在该进口主机遥控系统标准构架中增设一级机舱本地“遥控”控制站——机旁双机并车控制箱的方案,并将系统的核心控制单元由集控台移至该控制箱。文中分别从系统构架修改、控制箱功能设计、人机界面设计、实船应用等方面阐述了该船机旁自动双机并车功能的实现过程。该方案还确保了在其他遥控控制站失效情况下,机舱本地仍具有主机遥控系统的部分自动控制和保护功能。

Control 5.0: From Newton to Merton in Popper's Cyber-Social-Physical Spaces

The future of control in cyberspace of parallel worlds is discussed. It argues for the coming age of Control 5.0,the control technology for the new IT capable of dealing with artificial worlds with VR, AR, AI and robotics. The discipline of automation needs a new interpretation of its core knowledge and skill set of modeling, analysis, and control for cyber-socialphysical systems, and a paradigm shift from Newtonian Systems with Newton's Laws or Big Laws with Small Data to Mertonian Systems with Merton's Laws or Small Laws with Big Data.