Reciprocal Screw Theory Based Singularity Analysis of a Novel 3-DOF Parallel Manipulator

Singularity analysis is an essential issue for the development and application of parallel manipulators.Most of the existing researches focus on the singularity of parallel manipulators are carried out based on the study of Jacobian matrices.A 3-DOF parallel manipulator with symmetrical structure is presented.The novel parallel manipulator employs only revolute joints and consists of four closed-loop subchains connecting to both base and platform via revolute joints.The closed-loop subchain in each chain-leg is a spherical 6R linkage.The motion characteristics of the output link in the spherical 6R linkage with symmetrical structure are analyzed based on the interrelationships between screw systems.The constraints that are exerted on the platform by each chain-leg are investigated applying the concept of generalized kinematic pair in terms of equivalent screw system.Considering the geometric characteristics of the parallel manipulator,the singularity criteria of the parallel manipulator corresponding to different configurations are revealed based on the dependency of screw system and line geometry.The existing conditions of certain configuration that a singularity must occur are determined.This paper presents a new way of singularity analysis based on disposition of constraint forces on the geometrically identified constraint plane and the proposed approach is capable of avoiding the complexity in solving the Jacobian matrices.

Gravity-Based Kinetostatic Modeling of Parallel Manipulators Using Screw Theory

The pose accuracy of parallel manipulators(PMs)is a key index to measure their performance.Establishing the grav-ity-based kinetostatic model of a parallel robot provides an important basis for its error composition and accuracy improvement.In this paper,a kinetostatic modeling approach that takes real gravity distribution into consideration is proposed to analyze the influence of gravity on the infinitesimal twist and actuator forces of PMs.First,the duality of the twist screw and constraint wrenches are used to derive the gravity-attached constraint wrenches independent of the external load and the limb stiffness matrix corresponding to the kinematics-based constraint wrenches.Sec-ond,the gravity model of the mechanism is established based on the screw theory and the principle of virtual work.Finally,the analytical formulas of the infinitesimal twist and the actuator force of PMs are obtained,and the influences of the external load,platform gravity,and rod gravity on the stiffness of the mechanism are decoupled.The non-overconstrained 3RPS and overconstrained 2PRU-UPR PMs are taken as examples to verify the proposed method.This research proposes a methodology to analyze the infinitesimal deformation of the mechanism under the influence of gravity.

Kinematics and Dynamics Hessian Matrices of Manipulators Based on Screw Theory

The complexity of the kinematics and dynamics of a manipulator makes it necessary to simplify the modeling process.However,the traditional representations cannot achieve this because of the absence of coordinate invariance.Therefore,the coordinate invariant method is an important research issue.First,the rigid-body acceleration,the time derivative of the twist,is proved to be a screw,and its physical meaning is explained.Based on the twist and the rigid-body acceleration,the acceleration of the end-effector is expressed as a linear-bilinear form,and the kinematics Hessian matrix of the manipulator（represented by Lie bracket）is deduced.Further,Newton-Euler＇s equation is rewritten as a linear-bilinear form,from which the dynamics Hessian matrix of a rigid body is obtained.The formulae and the dynamics Hessian matrix are proved to be coordinate invariant.Referring to the principle of virtual work,the dynamics Hessian matrix of the parallel manipulator is gotten and the detailed dynamic model is derived.An index of dynamical coupling based on dynamics Hessian matrix is presented.In the end,a foldable parallel manipulator is taken as an example to validate the deduced kinematics and dynamics formulae.The screw theory based method can simplify the kinematics and dynamics of a manipulator,also the corresponding dynamics Hessian matrix can be used to evaluate the dynamical coupling of a manipulator.

Kinematics Analysis Based on Screw Theory of a Humanoid Robot

A humanoid robot is a complex dynamic system for its idiosyncrasy. This paper aims to provide a mathematical and theoretical foundation for the design of the configuration, kinematics analysis of a novel humanoid robot. It has a simplified configuration and design for entertainment purpose. The design methods, principle and mechanism are discussed. According to the design goals of this research, there are ten degrees of freedom in the two bionic arms. Modularization, concurrent design and extension theory methods were adopted in the configuration study and screw theory was introduced into the analysis of humanoid robot kinematics. Comparisons with other methods show that: 1) only two coordinates need to be established in the kinematics analysis of humanoid robot based on screw theory; 2) the spatial manipulator Jacobian obtained by using twist and exponential product formula is succinct and legible; 3) adopting screw theory to resolve the humanoid robot arms kinematics question can avoid singularities; 4) using screw theory can solve the question of specification insufficiency.

Mobility,Constraint Singularity and Isotropy of the 3-R Translational Parallel Mechanism

The non-overconstrained 3-degrees of freedom（DOF） translational parallel mechanism（TPM） has received much attention due to its advantages in reduced cost of fabrication and assembly. Researches are being conducted in the area of type synthesis, kinematic analysis and dimensional synthesis. Mobility, constraint singularity and isotropy of a 3-PRRRR non-overconstrained TPM are studied, where P denote the prismatic pair, R the revolute pair and the overline indicates the same axis direction of the kinematic pair The different arrangements of the three limbs affect the kinematic performance of this kind of TPM. First, the mobility analysis, actuation selection, and the constraint singularity of the general 3-PRRRR TPM are conducted based on screw theory. For a general 3-PRRRR TPM, the three prismatic pairs cannot be chosen as actuators and two kinds of constraint singularities are identified. In the first constraint singularity, the moving platform has four instantaneous DOFs. In the second constraint singularity, the moving platform has five instantaneous DOFs. Then, an orthogonal 3-PRRRR TPM is proposed, which can be actuated by three prismatic pairs and has no constraint singularities. Further, the forward and inverse kinematic analysis of the orthogonal TPM are presented. The input-output equations of the orthogonal TPM are totally decoupled. The full isotropy of the orthogonal TPM is proved by establishing the Jacobian matrix , which is an identity 3x3 diagonal matrix in the whole workspace. The orthogonal 3-PRRRR TPM has great potential in application like fast pick-and-place manipulator, parallel machine and micro-motion manipulator.

Geometric Condition of 3UPS-S Parallel Mechanism in Singular Configuration

The existing researches on singularity of parallel mechanism are mostly limited to the property and regularity of singularity locus and there is no further research into the geometric relationship between uncontrolled kinematic screw and parallel mechanism in singularity. A 3UPS-S parallel mechanism is presented which fulfils 3-DOF in rotation. The regularity of nutation angle singularity is analyzed based on the Jacobian matrix, and the singularity surface of 3UPS-S parallel mechanisms is obtained. By applying the concept of reciprocal product in screw theory, the singular kinematic screw is derived when 3UPS-S parallel mechanism is in singularity. The geometric relationship between singular kinematic screw and singular configuration of 3UPS-S parallel mechanism is investigated by using programs in MATLAB. It is revealed that there are two kinds of situation. Firstly, the three limbs of 3UPS-S parallel mechanism intersect the singular kinematic screw in space simultaneously; Secondly, two limbs cross the singular kinematic screw while the third limb parallels with that screw. It is concluded that the nutation angle singularity of 3UPS-S parallel mechanism belongs to the singular linear complexes. This paper sheds light into and clarifies the geometric relationship between singular kinematic screw and singular configuration of 3UPS-S parallel mechanism.

新型2-TPS/2-TPR并联机构完整Jacobian矩阵

基于螺旋理论建立2-TPS/2-TPR少自由度非对称并联机构完整Jacobian矩阵,它由约束子矩阵和运动子矩阵组成。这两者在并联机构分析(特别是在进行尺寸综合等运动学设计和性能评价)中起着重要的作用。首先,利用螺旋理论先导出2个TPR分支链对平台的约束子矩阵;其次,分别锁定各支链主动副,基于螺旋理论依次导出4个支链对应的运动子矩阵。在约束子矩阵和运动子矩阵基础上,推导出2-TPS/2-TPR并联机构完整Jacobian矩阵。根据实际运用布置2-TPS/2-TPR并联机构铰链,得到其完整Jacobian矩阵,为今后对该机构的进一步分析提供依据。

4自由度并联机器人刚度分析

少自由度并联机构应用于机床上时要求具有很高的刚度,而少自由度并联机器人的刚度和机器人雅可比矩阵有很密切的关系。采用螺旋理论方法求出了4-RUC 4自由度并联机构的雅可比矩阵,推导出4自由度并联机器人的刚度计算公式和条件指数计算公式,分析了少自由度并联机器人在某一位置时(z=0)最大和最小刚度所在的方向,给出了这种4自由度并联机器人的最大和最小刚度曲线,通过曲线可以评价出此并联机构在各个方向上刚度大小,为这种机器人的应用和开发提供了有力的依据。

新型过约束并联机构2RPU+UPU动力学模型

提出一种新型的过约束2RPU+UPU机构,该机构的两个RPU分支一共提供了4个约束,但由于机构运动副的特殊布置,其中的两个约束为过约束。机构中的UPU分支为机构提供了一个约束力。建立该机构的速度约束方程,并基于此分析了该机构的自由度。建立该机构的几何约束方程,确立表达机构末端位姿的独立运动参数。导出机构上平台的位姿、速度和加速度耦合关系。求解该机构的运动学反解、速度、加速度,建立机构RPU分支和UPU分支详尽的运动学模型。基于虚功原理和该机构的运动学模型建立该机构的动力学模型,并采用Matlab软件对该机构动力学进行模拟仿真,模拟结果表明理论结果完全正确。所用的方法同样适合于其他过约束并联机构。

一种三自由度冗余驱动并联模块的刚度分析

研究了一种三自由度并联模块的刚度建模方法.该模块采用冗余驱动技术,可满足搅拌摩擦焊作业高刚度、大工作空间/机座体积比要求.分析了该模块的结构组成与工作原理,并应用螺旋理论建立其刚度解析模型,所获广义雅可比矩阵与驱动/约束刚度矩阵物理含义清晰.借助有限元分析验证刚度解析模型的有效性,进而实现全域刚度性能预估,为该模块的刚度优化设计及物理样机开发提供了理论依据.

4自由度非全对称并联机构的完整雅可比矩阵

少自由度并联机构完整雅可比矩阵为6×6矩阵,包括运动子矩阵和约束子矩阵两部分,由于前者的代数特征不能反映出机构的约束特性,在对此类机构进行运动学分析和几何参数优化设计时,必须建立完整的6×6雅可比矩阵。鉴于此,基于对偶螺旋理论,以4自由度机构2RPS-2UPS为例,给出非全对称少自由度并联机构完整雅可比矩阵的推导方法。首先,根据螺旋理论推导约束支链中的运动螺旋系和反螺旋系,并利用互易积获得约束子矩阵。其次,锁定每个支链中的主动关节,根据螺旋理论计算约束支链和全运动支链中新增反螺旋系,并利用互易积建立运动子矩阵。将约束子矩阵和运动子矩阵联立建立机构完整雅可比矩阵。最后,分析雅可比矩阵的秩,得到2RPS-2UPS并联机构产生奇异位形的条件。

6-PUS/UPU并联机器人运动学及工作空间分析

提出和研究了一种新型6-PUS/UPU并联机器人,该机器人结构对称,刚度大,可用于视觉测量、力控制研究、冗余控制研究。首先利用螺旋理论对6-PUS/UPU并联机器人进行了自由度分析,然后根据该机构的几何特点和D-H法对该并联机器人进行了运动学分析,得出了6-PUS/UPU并联机器人的运动学反解,并在此基础上对该并联机器人的工作空间进行了分析。该研究结果对此种机器人的深入研究及该并联机器人的实际应用具有重要理论意义。

2(2-UPR+SPR)串并联机构雅可比矩阵的建立

建立了一种新型串并联机构的雅可比矩阵。首先,介绍了一种新型的2(2-UPR+SPR)串并联机构,该机构由两个2-UPR+SPR机构串联而成,它具有串联机构和并联机构的共同优点。然后,根据2-UPR+SPR机构中存在的几何约束建立了其速度约束矩阵和速度耦合矩阵。最后,分析了2(2-UPR+SPR)串并联机构的速度传递关系,通过合理处理独立并联机构的速度耦合和约束关系,建立了2(2-UPR+SPR)串并联机构整体正向和逆向雅可比矩阵。研究结果表明,2(2-UPR+SPR)机构的雅可比矩阵包含各个独立并联机构的运动、约束和耦合信息。所提出的建立2(2-UPR+SPR)机构雅可比矩阵的方法也适合其他串并联机构。

对称4自由度3R1T并联机构雅可比分析

针对对称4自由度3R1T并联机构提出一种雅可比分析方法。首先运用位移群理论分析3R1T并联机构的自由度特性,得到动平台在空间的运动为四维位移流形,然后运用螺旋理论建立单个分支运动链的雅可比矩阵,该矩阵为6×5长方阵;再利用该类并联机构的自由度特性证明6×5的分支雅可比矩阵的第四行和第五行为冗余元素,删除其中之一则可把分支雅可比矩阵简化为5×5方阵,该方阵在机构非奇异位形下满秩。在选定并联机构的驱动副后,对每个分支简化后的5×5雅可比方阵求逆,再分别取出逆阵中对应于驱动副的行矢量构成一个4×5长方阵,由于该长方阵的第四列元素始终与0相乘为冗余信息,删除该列元素后得到一个4×4可逆方阵,对之求逆即得整个4自由度3R1T并联机构的雅可比矩阵。该方法简捷易行,可进一步应用于3R1T并联机构的性能分析和运动学设计。

对称五自由度3R2T并联机构的雅可比分析

针对对称五自由度3R2T并联机构提出一种雅可比分析方法。首先简单回顾3R2T并联机构的自由度特性,然后运用螺旋理论建立单个分支运动链的雅可比矩阵,该矩阵为6×5阶长方阵;再利用该类并联机构的自由度特性,说明6×5阶分支雅可比矩阵的第6行是冗余信息,可将其删除,从而把分支雅可比矩阵简化为5×5阶方阵,可以证明该方阵在机构非奇异位形下满秩;在选定并联机构的驱动副后,通过对新的5×5阶分支雅可比方阵进行一系列矩阵运算,可以建立整个五自由度3R2T并联机构的5×5阶雅可比矩阵。

基于螺旋理论对3-RPS并联机器人运动学分析及仿真

3-RPS型并联机构具有3个结构对称的支链形式,每个支链由一个转动副连接基座,一个球面副与动平台相连接,转动副与球面副由移动副所连接。采用螺旋理论对3-RPS型并联机器人自由度分析,采用反螺旋的方法建立约束雅可比矩阵、运动雅可比矩阵和完整雅可比矩阵,导出了动平台的速度到驱动关节速度之间的映射,从而计算出末端执行器的速度、加速度并进行奇异性分析。基于Matlab SimMechanics软件建立3-RPS型并联机器人仿真模型,进行运动学仿真对比研究,结果表明:动平台的实际输出变化与给定的参考值变化基本相符,验证了该建模方法的正确性。

新型三腿并联机床的速度及加速度分析

东北大学在前期研究的基础上最近又开发了一种新型三腿并联机床 ,该机床可用于立式加工 ,将工作头旋转一定角度后又可实现卧式加工·介绍了该机床的结构型式和特点 ,并对机床的运动学问题进行了研究 ,在分析平行约束机构的基础上 ,推出了相应的位置、速度、加速度等运动学方程 ,并得出了雅可比矩阵的计算公式·理论分析表明 ,该机床的运动方程为显式 ,形式简单 ,计算量小 ,易于进行实时控制·此种机床可望在木制品加工。

空间3-PUS-UP并联机构运动灵巧性与刚度性能研究

以含中间支链的3自由度3-PUS-UP并联机构为研究对象,充分考虑驱动支链、串联约束支链及末端平台伴随运动的影响,利用封闭矢量法求解位置逆解,建立并联驱动部分的雅可比矩阵;采用D-H法建立中间UP串联约束支链的雅可比矩阵。结合驱动方程和约束方程的关系,构建了3-PUS-UP并联机构完整的雅可比矩阵,建立该机构的运动学模型,通过仿真验证了雅可比矩阵的正确性;引入运动灵巧性和机构刚度性能指标,并绘制运动灵巧性和机构刚度在工作空间中的分布图谱,研究机构的运动灵巧性和机构刚度在整个工作空间的分布情况,建立了该机构基于运动学灵巧性的最优工作区域。研究表明,该3-PUS-UP并联机构具有良好的运动灵巧性与刚度性能。

欠秩空间并联机器人输入选取的理论与应用

提出一种基于螺旋系线性相关性和约束反螺旋概念的空间并联机器人输入原动件选取合理性的判别方法。这种方法的原理是首先求取机构的结构及刚化机构主动副映射到动平台的反螺旋系，然后判断刚化输入映射到动平台上的反螺旋系及其与结构约束反螺旋系的线性相关性，从而确定空间并联机器人输入选取的机构学合理性。以３－ＲＲＣ和４－ＴＲＴ两种新型并联机器人机构模型为例进行了验证。

新型两转动自由度完全解耦并联机构及其特性

针对并联机构内部耦合性给其运动学和动力学分析以及控制系统的开发带来的问题,提出一种新型的两自由度转动解耦并联机构.运用约束螺旋法对机构的自由度和运动特性进行分析,通过修正的Kutzbach-Grübler公式计算出机构自由度数目;利用各构件间几何关系,求解机构位置正反解解析表达式;根据机构输入与输出参数间关系式,推导得到机构雅可比矩阵,进而依据雅可比矩阵表达式,验证了机构的解耦特性,并进而讨论了驱动输入的选择对机构奇异的影响.提出的解耦并联机构丰富了机构构型库,对进一步应用具有理论指导意义.