Injuries and illness of athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic summer games visiting outside facilities

This study aimed to identify the reasons for transferring athletes to local medical facilities during the Olympic and Paralympic Games.Data on 567 injuries and other illnesses of athletes treated at the on-site clinics were collected from the Tokyo 2020 Organizing Committee.Of these,84 athletes who required outpatient care during the Games were registered for this survey.During the Olympic and Paralympic Games,66(8.3/1000)and 18(7.2/1000)athletes,respectively,consulted external medical facilities.In the Olympic Games,the reasons for these visits included 48 cases(72.7%)of injuries,13(19.7%)cases of illnesses,and 5(7.6%)cases of heat stroke illness(HSI).Of these patients,56(84.9%)were treated as outpatients and 10(15.1%)were hospitalized,while three of these patients required hospitalization for>7 days.On the other hand,in the Paralympics Games,there were 7(38.8%)cases of injuries,9(50.0%)other illnesses,1(5.6%)case of HSI,and 1(5.6%)other cases,of which 11(61.1%)were treated as outpatients and 7(38.9%)were hospitalized,but none was hospitalized for>7 days.Injuries accounted for 70%of the total cases at the 2021 Olympic Games,but only three(0.05%)were severe cases that required hospitalization for more than 1 week.In contrast,in the Paralympic Games,other illnesses accounted for approximately half of the total cases.This study provides details on the extent of injuries and other illnesses that were transferred to outside facilities,which has not been documented in previous games.

Health, Physical Activity and the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games: Legacy or Fallacy?

It is generally expected that the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games will bring health and social benefits to their host city and to Brazil. This assumption comes from “common sense”, as a logical conclusion arising from the fact that host cities “inspire” and stimulate lifestyle changes. Benefits are also expected on tourism, self-image, architecture and the economy of the country as a whole. But are these expectations real and evidence-based? What parts of these “facts” are concrete and which ones are not? This paper suggests available ways of quantifying positive effects of hosting an Olympic Game, and puts the focus of this approach on the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games and their true legacy, seeking scientific certainties.

On the Legal Protection of Sports Rights of Persons with Disabilities in China

Although China has formed a legal system for the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities and a sports legal system,it cannot be concluded that the legal protection system of sports rights of persons with disabilities has been established.The basis of the legal protection of sports rights of persons with disabilities in China originates from a“bundle of basic rights”defined by the Constitution.The legal protection is characterized by diversified standards and norms,high levels of effectiveness and various contents of legislation.Compared with the right to rehabilitation,the right to employment,and the right to education,the legal protection of sports rights of persons with disabilities still faces the problems of unclear distribution of administrative supply responsibility and lack of corresponding judicial relief in the protection model of public-private partnership.To better realize the rights and interests of persons with disabilities and ensure the goal of“equality,participation,and sharing,”it is necessary to promote the equalization and diversification of legal protection for sports rights of persons with disabilities,so as to realize equal rights,all-round development,and social integration.For the purpose of improving the legal protection of sports rights of persons with disabilities,the principle of subsidiarity should be introduced into the protection model of public-private partnership,and administrative public interest litigation should be taken as a new channel to protect rights,to realize the coordinated development of mass sports,competitive sports,and the sports industry of persons with disabilities.

Ambient levels of atmospheric carbonyls in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

The measurements of atmospheric carbonyls concentrations in Beijing were conducted from 12 July to 8 October, 2008, covering the periods of the 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Six carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, and hexaldehyde, were identified in all air samples. The total average concentrations of these carbonyls before, during, and after traffic restriction were （48.1 ± 15.2）, （36.6 ± 14.5） and （23.4± 12.3） μg/m^3, respectively. Compared with the period after traffic restriction, the distinct high concentrations of the carbonyls before and during traffic restriction were primarily ascribed to the remarkable contribution of photochemical reactions. With respect to our previous investigation in the summer of 2005, the reductions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone during traffic restriction period were about 64%, 47% and 27%, respectively, indicating that the air cleaning actions adopted by the Chinese government for the two games were efficient. The lowest levels of atmospheric carbonyls and the extremely high composition proportion of acetone after the traffic restriction were mainly attributed to the long-term effect of the control measures for the two games.