差之毫厘 谬以千里——“The Paralympics”翻译探析

"北京残奥会"给中国留下了宝贵的物质及精神遗产,对中国残疾人事业起了极大的促进作用。然而,由于将"the Paralympics"译成"残奥会",在中国人思想中产生了许多混淆。本文通过对"残奥会"的历史及"Paralympics"词源的追溯及分析,指出"the Paralympics"应该改译成"帕运会"。

Preparations for the Olympics and Paralympics and Inclusion of People With Disabilities:the Australian Experience

There is substantial attention in the international community being directed at present to the human rights of people with disabilities. An international convention on human rights and disability is being actively considered through the United Nations system. Internationally, the case for a human rights Convention specifically dealing with people with disabilities

Beijing Paralympics

Paralympics is an important milestone for Beijing as it continues to steadily progress toward fulfilling its promise of delivering Paralympic Games equally as important and splendid as the Olympic Games.Scheduled for September 6--17,the Beijing Paralympics will see 20 sports con- tested——more than any Games in Paralympic history.

Diet in neurogenic bowel management:A viewpoint on spinal cord injury

The aim of this review is to offer dietary advice for individuals with spinal cord injury(SCI)and neurogenic bowel dysfunction.With this in mind,we consider health conditions that are dependent on the level of lesion including skeletal muscle atrophy,autonomic dysreflexia and neurogenic bladder.In addition,SCI is often associated with a sedentary lifestyle,which increases risk for osteoporosis and diseases associated with chronic low-grade inflammation,including cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases.The Mediterranean diet,along with exercise and dietary supplements,has been suggested as an anti-inflammatory intervention in individuals with SCI.However,individuals with chronic SCI have a daily intake of whole fruit,vegetables and whole grains lower than the recommended dietary allowance for the general population.Some studies have reported an increase in neurogenic bowel dysfunction symptoms after high fiber intake;therefore,this finding could explain the low consumption of plant foods.Low consumption of fibre induces dysbiosis,which is associated with bothendotoxemia and inflammation.Dysbiosis can be reduced by exercise and diet in individuals with SCI.Therefore,to summarize our viewpoint,we developed a Mediterranean diet-based diet and exercise pyramid to integrate nutritional recommendations and exercise guidelines.Nutritional guidelines come from previously suggested recommendations for military veterans with disabilities and individuals with SCI,chronic kidney diseases,chronic pain and irritable bowel syndrome.We also considered the recent exercise guidelines and position stands for adults with SCI to improve muscle strength,flexibility and cardiorespiratory fitness and to obtain cardiometabolic benefits.Finally,dietary advice for Paralympic athletes is suggested.

Health, Physical Activity and the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games: Legacy or Fallacy?

It is generally expected that the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games will bring health and social benefits to their host city and to Brazil. This assumption comes from “common sense”, as a logical conclusion arising from the fact that host cities “inspire” and stimulate lifestyle changes. Benefits are also expected on tourism, self-image, architecture and the economy of the country as a whole. But are these expectations real and evidence-based? What parts of these “facts” are concrete and which ones are not? This paper suggests available ways of quantifying positive effects of hosting an Olympic Game, and puts the focus of this approach on the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games and their true legacy, seeking scientific certainties.

On the Legal Protection of Sports Rights of Persons with Disabilities in China

Although China has formed a legal system for the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities and a sports legal system,it cannot be concluded that the legal protection system of sports rights of persons with disabilities has been established.The basis of the legal protection of sports rights of persons with disabilities in China originates from a“bundle of basic rights”defined by the Constitution.The legal protection is characterized by diversified standards and norms,high levels of effectiveness and various contents of legislation.Compared with the right to rehabilitation,the right to employment,and the right to education,the legal protection of sports rights of persons with disabilities still faces the problems of unclear distribution of administrative supply responsibility and lack of corresponding judicial relief in the protection model of public-private partnership.To better realize the rights and interests of persons with disabilities and ensure the goal of“equality,participation,and sharing,”it is necessary to promote the equalization and diversification of legal protection for sports rights of persons with disabilities,so as to realize equal rights,all-round development,and social integration.For the purpose of improving the legal protection of sports rights of persons with disabilities,the principle of subsidiarity should be introduced into the protection model of public-private partnership,and administrative public interest litigation should be taken as a new channel to protect rights,to realize the coordinated development of mass sports,competitive sports,and the sports industry of persons with disabilities.

Injuries and illness of athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic summer games visiting outside facilities

This study aimed to identify the reasons for transferring athletes to local medical facilities during the Olympic and Paralympic Games.Data on 567 injuries and other illnesses of athletes treated at the on-site clinics were collected from the Tokyo 2020 Organizing Committee.Of these,84 athletes who required outpatient care during the Games were registered for this survey.During the Olympic and Paralympic Games,66(8.3/1000)and 18(7.2/1000)athletes,respectively,consulted external medical facilities.In the Olympic Games,the reasons for these visits included 48 cases(72.7%)of injuries,13(19.7%)cases of illnesses,and 5(7.6%)cases of heat stroke illness(HSI).Of these patients,56(84.9%)were treated as outpatients and 10(15.1%)were hospitalized,while three of these patients required hospitalization for>7 days.On the other hand,in the Paralympics Games,there were 7(38.8%)cases of injuries,9(50.0%)other illnesses,1(5.6%)case of HSI,and 1(5.6%)other cases,of which 11(61.1%)were treated as outpatients and 7(38.9%)were hospitalized,but none was hospitalized for>7 days.Injuries accounted for 70%of the total cases at the 2021 Olympic Games,but only three(0.05%)were severe cases that required hospitalization for more than 1 week.In contrast,in the Paralympic Games,other illnesses accounted for approximately half of the total cases.This study provides details on the extent of injuries and other illnesses that were transferred to outside facilities,which has not been documented in previous games.

Ambient levels of atmospheric carbonyls in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

The measurements of atmospheric carbonyls concentrations in Beijing were conducted from 12 July to 8 October, 2008, covering the periods of the 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Six carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, and hexaldehyde, were identified in all air samples. The total average concentrations of these carbonyls before, during, and after traffic restriction were （48.1 ± 15.2）, （36.6 ± 14.5） and （23.4± 12.3） μg/m^3, respectively. Compared with the period after traffic restriction, the distinct high concentrations of the carbonyls before and during traffic restriction were primarily ascribed to the remarkable contribution of photochemical reactions. With respect to our previous investigation in the summer of 2005, the reductions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone during traffic restriction period were about 64%, 47% and 27%, respectively, indicating that the air cleaning actions adopted by the Chinese government for the two games were efficient. The lowest levels of atmospheric carbonyls and the extremely high composition proportion of acetone after the traffic restriction were mainly attributed to the long-term effect of the control measures for the two games.

Associations between partial foot amputation level,gait parameters,and minimum impairment criteria in para-sport:A research study protocol

Altered biomechanics due to amputation can contribute to substantial limitations,influencing sporting activities.Individuals with lower extremity amputations or congenital lower limb deficiency are encouraged to participate in para-sports.However,to compete in Paralympic sports,the candidate must have an impairment that results in lower extremity loss of function and meets or exceeds the sport's minimum impairment criteria(MIC).This review will focus on the MIC for competitive wheelchair tennis.Limb deficiency is known as one of the MIC used to regulate participation in competitive para-sports since it impacts gait,kinematics,and biomechanics of both the upper and lower body.Notwithstanding,it is questionable whether the MIC concerning limb deficiency is set at the correct level for determining eligibility for participating in Paralympic sports.This study aims to provide an overview of the evidence examining the impact of different partial foot amputation(PFA)levels on gait as a proxy for sporting performance.This scoping review will be based on a 6-step methodological framework and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis,extension for scoping reviews(PRISMA-ScR).Studies will be selected from PubMed,Embase,CINAHL,and SPORTDiscus.Two authors will screen the titles/abstracts independently.Selected studies will be scrutinised,and the same authors will extract data.Findings will be relevant to informing the evidence-based development of MIC for lower limb impairment after PFA and may be extrapolated to specific Paralympic sports,including wheelchair tennis.Results will be disseminated through scientific publications and conferences to audiences interested in Paralympic sports.

Paralympic Pictograms

Designers hope Olympic symbols will cross the language barrier The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG) unveiled pictograms for the Beijing

Two-year-old Paralympic Mascot

Fu Niu Lele, the Official Mascot of the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games, was unveiled on September 6, 2005, to mark

Igniting the Paralympic Flame

Deaf-mute Jiang Xintian lights a small cauldron in the hands of wheelchairbound fencer Jin Jing at the Paralympic Flame Lighting Ceremony in Beijing’s symbolic Temple of Heaven on August 28. For nine days until September 6, when the 13th Paralympics opens in Beijing, a total of 850 torchbearers would relay the Paralympic flame along two routes through 11 Chinese provinces,

Paralympic Torch Relay Route Announced At One-Year Countdown

The planned route for the Beijing 2008 Paralympics Torch Relay was unveiled at the China Millennium Monument during celebrations