PROFILE TOLERANCE EVALUATION OF PARAMETRIC CURVES AND SURFACES

The profile error evaluation of complex curves and surfaces expressed inparametric form is considered. The linear error model is established on the base of two hypothesesfirstly. Then the profile error evaluation is converted into one of these optimal formulations:MINIMAX, MAXMIN and MINIDEX problems, which are easier to be solved than the initial form. To eachone of them, geometric condition and algebraic condition are presented to arbitrate whether theideal element reaches to the optimal position. Exchange algorithm is proven highly effective insearching for solutions to these optimization problems. At last some key problems in tolerance offreeform surfaces and curves in B spline method are discussed.

Elimination of Wind Wave Effects on Sub-Bottom Profiler Record

With the presence of wind waves, the swaying of survey vessel may effect the quality of sub-bottom profiler records and, therefore, it is necessary to correct the distortions induced by wave action. A major issue is to distinguish wind wave effect and real bedforms such as sand waves. In this paper, a bandstop filter is designed according to the frequency features of wind wave effect to treat the distortion of seabed topography by wind waves. The technique is used to correct the sub-bottom profile in order to eliminate the wave-induced distortions for the sub-bottom profile records from the Yangtze Estuary. This study shows that the undulate seabed record is resulted from wave action, rather than the presence of sand waves, and the filtration technique helps to eliminate the wave effect and recover the real morphology of seabed and the sediment sequence underneath. In addition, a method for data processing is proposed for the case that the record indeed represents a combination of wave effects and real bedforms.

An Effective Method to Determine the Distribution Boundary of Cobalt-Rich Fe-Mn Crusts on a Guyot: Synchronous Application of Sub-bottom Profiling and Deep-Sea Video Recording

Determining the upper boundary of the cobalt-rich crust distribution of a guyot is important for estimating the mineral resources available, however, it has also long been an unsolved question. Correlations between the sub-bottom structures, revealed by sub-bottom profiling, and crust distribution can be revealed for the first time by the synchronous application of sub-bottom profiling and deep-sea video recording. The lower boundary of the sediment corresponds with the upper boundary of the crust. By analysis of these two kinds of data, the lower boundary of the sediment can be determined; therefore, the upper boundary of the crust distribution can be deduced. According to this method of analysis, the upper boundary of water depth of crust distribution of a seamount in the western Pacific is about 1 560 m.

2 kHz High Power Smart Transducer for Acoustic Sub-bottom Profiling Applications

In this study,a 2kHz Tonpilz projector was designed using a Terfenol-D and modeled in ATILA.For the purpose of modeling studies,it has been determined that a radiating head mass exhibits better transmitting current response（TCR） at 136 mm diameter,where the resonance occurs at 2.4kHz and the peak value of 118 dB re 1 μPa/A at 1 m occurs at 12 kHz.Also bolt at a 46mm distance from the center of the head mass offers resonance at 2.4kHz,and the peak value of 115.3 dB re 1 μPa/A at 1m occurs at 11.5kHz.This optimized design is fabricated and molded with polyurethane of 3mm thickness.The prototype was tested at the Acoustic Test Facility（ATF） of National Institute of Ocean Technology（NIOT） for its underwater performances.Based on the result,the fundamental resonance was determined to be 2.18kHz and the peak value of TCR of 182 dB re 1 μPa/A at 1m occurs at 14 kHz.The maximum value of the RS was found to be -190 dB re 1V/μPa at 1m at a frequency of 2.1kHz.

基于OperationalProfile的船体首部参数化建模及优化

以一艘多用途船为例，介绍了考虑多个航行工况的线型优化方法。首先，根据船东预期的实船营运情况，制定表明目标船多点优化目标的operationalprofile；然后，对船体首部进行参数化建模与变换，并通过兴波阻力计算优化得到满足operationalprofile优化目标的船体首部参数化模型。

Parametric analysis of wheel wear in high-speed vehicles

In order to reduce the wheel profile wear of highspeed trains and extend the service life of wheels, a dynamic model for a high-speed vehicle was set up, in which the wheelset was regarded as flexible body, and the actual measured track irregularities and line conditions were considered. The wear depth of the wheel profile was calculated by the well-known Archard wear law. Through this model, the influence of the wheel profile, primary suspension stiffness, track gage, and rail cant on the wear of wheel profile were studied through multiple iterafive calculations. Numerical simulation results show that the type XP55 wheel profile has the smallest cumulative wear depth, and the type LM wheel profile has the largest wear depth. To reduce the wear of the wheel profile, the equivalent conicity of the wheel should not be too large or too small. On the other hand, a small primary vertical stiffness, a track gage around 1,435-1,438 mm, and a rail cant around 1：35-1：40 are beneficial for dynamic performance improvement and wheel wear alleviation.

基于Operational Profile的牲畜船型线优化研究

文章利用CAESES和SHIPFLOW软件组成的优化设计平台构建一种船型自动优化方法。该方法通过参数化建模技术实现船型的自动变换,并通过遗传算法结合兴波阻力系数的势流计算对最佳阻力船型进行搜索。以某牲畜船为研究对象,通过该优化平台对考虑实际航行工况(operational profile)下阻力最佳的直艏和隐形球艏设计方案分别进行了最优值搜索,最后通过RANS方法计算总阻力并对优化结果进行验证。研究结果表明,提出方法优化后的两种船型总阻力均降低明显,说明选用的船型自动优化方法是可行的。

风电NACA63418翼型参数化建模及优化

风力发电机的风轮气动效率与优良翼型的气动性能密切相关。以风力机传统翼型为研究对象,结合翼型参数化建模及自适应遗传算法,寻优搜索得到高性能优化翼型。比较了CST法和改进的Hicks-Henne型函数法对于NACA63418传统翼型的拟合精度,进而选用Hicks-Henne型函数法对NACA63418翼型进行参数化建模。通过自适应遗传算法和XFOIL软件耦合实现翼型气动特性的自动计算,提高翼形的设计效率,为翼型的理论设计拓宽了思路。

参数化设计减小矩形花键滚刀代用圆弧的误差

针对矩形花键滚刀代用圆弧相对于理论法向齿形的误差进行了参数化的程序设计,根据最大误差最小法算法以及回代算法,减小了矩形花键滚刀齿形代用圆弧的误差、获得了合理的代用圆弧的圆心坐标及半径值以及缩短了设计周期。其基本方法:首先计算出矩形花键滚刀法向齿形的坐标点公式,然后用双圆弧来代替理论齿形,推导出双圆弧拟合公式。之后基于最大误差最小法算法和回代算法,最后以ObjectARX为开发工具,基于C#.NETAPI的技术,利用优化后的代用圆弧的圆心坐标和半径值以及数据库中的其他相关参数完成矩形花键滚刀法向齿形图的绘制,并且自主研发设计出一套集矩形花键滚刀参数设计、滚齿自动加工参数仿真、干涉参数验算和滚齿数据处理控制于一体的通用矩形花键滚刀参数人性化自动设计绘制平台,实现渐变和矩形状的花键法向滚刀的滚齿参数自动化绘制设计。

基于B样条曲线的心轨重构廓形参数影响分析

针对固定辙叉钢轨廓形不规则变化特点,基于B样条理论提出一种考虑固定辙叉钢轨断面廓形特征的参数化设计方法,并提出拟合钢轨廓形贴合度评价指标和关键控制参数对廓形贴合度影响权重指标;以60 kg/m钢轨12号固定辙叉为例,采用DOE(design of experiments)方法分析轨顶横坡、侧面纵坡和复合圆弧段比例系数对心轨轨头整体廓形、轨顶面廓形和侧面廓形的影响.结果表明:1)在心轨20 mm断面,轨顶横坡、侧面纵坡和复合圆弧段比例系数对心轨整体廓形变化的影响权重分别为21.08%、56.89%和22.02%,对心轨顶面廓形变化影响权重分别为8.42%、61.95%、29.63%;在心轨50 mm断面,各关键控制参数对心轨轨头整体廓形变化影响权重分别为55.9%、33.38%、10.72%;侧面纵坡对心轨20 mm和50 mm断面的侧面廓形变化影响权重分别为76.82%、66.04%.2)当心轨轨头宽度为20 mm时,侧面纵坡对各部分廓形变化影响均达到50%以上;随着心轨轨头宽度的增大,心轨轨顶横坡对整体廓形变化影响权重由21.8%增至55.9%,侧面纵坡和复合圆弧段比例系数影响权重则分别减小41.3%和51.3%.

基于法向等距法的刀具半径补偿算法及加工应用

刀具补偿技术是根据零件轮廓和预先设定的偏置参数获得铣削程序,在提高编程效率和机床制造精度的同时避免了过切现象。为解决SIEMENS系统在实际加工中采用展成法(X-C插补)加工涡旋盘时无法直接添加刀具半径补偿指令的问题,针对软件获取刀补点方法存在步距大、精度低、通用性差等缺点,提出一种基于法向等距法的刀具半径补偿算法。计算涡旋盘刀具补偿点位置坐标,并对涡旋盘外壁曲线刀补点坐标进行参数化编程。利用NX软件生成刀路轨迹,对整个涡旋型线进行程序仿真,轨迹一致且程序无误,最后在涡旋铣专机上进行了粗、精加工实际验证。结果显示,轨迹满足加工要求,表明本文提出的算法所计算的刀补点可以实现涡旋盘曲线加工,验证了算法的合理可行性,有效解决了生产实际难题,也为其他采用展成法无法直接增加刀补指令的参数化编程提供了有效的方案。

参量阵浅地层剖面仪采集处理系统设计

参量阵浅地层剖面仪是一种极为重要的声学设备,广泛应用于海洋探测中。对该设备的工作原理及功能组成进行阐述,充分利用FPGA、DSP和高速AD在采集处理领域的优势,提出一种高精度、高采样率、宽动态范围和高运算能力的采集处理系统,介绍微弱水声信号低噪声放大和滤波处理、不同频不同源信号同步采集传输及浅地层剖面仪信号处理方式等技术。经海上试验验证,系统测量精度高,性能稳定可靠,对其他水声设备的研制极具借鉴价值。

参量阵浅地层剖面的处理方法及在识别浅层天然气水合物中的应用

近年来,参量阵浅地层剖面以其简便的野外采集方式、高分辨率的浅部地层成像能力,迅速发展为海底浅层天然气水合物探测的有效方法。为了更好地获取东海浅层天然气水合物赋存区的地质信息,针对参量阵浅地层剖面数据开展了精细化处理。首先将异常振幅压制和空间振幅均衡等方法有机结合,解决了数据中的各种噪音和能量不均衡等问题,然后利用Hilbert变换提高地层分辨率,最后利用信号增强技术进一步提高同相轴连续性,获得了波组特征更清晰的地震剖面。处理后的参量阵浅地层剖面具有信噪比较高、连续性好、地层结构清晰等特点,可以更好地揭示空白带、气烟囱、亮点和火焰状异常等地震反射特征,为识别浅层天然气水合物赋存区地质信息奠定基础。对精细处理后的数据进一步开展曲率属性、瞬时振幅属性、相干属性等地震属性分析,结果显示,与浅层天然气水合物渗漏相关的声学异常能够被清晰地识别出来。此项研究一方面验证了参量阵浅地层剖面数据处理方法的可行性,另一方面也探索了属性分析技术在海底浅层天然气水合物识别方面的应用。

基于参变量扫值和正交设计的柴油机配气机构凸轮型线优化设计

建立了12V150高功率密度柴油机凸轮轴全阀系动力学模型,以跃度(配气机构运动学指标)、接触应力(动力学指标)、润滑系数(流体动力润滑特性指标)作为优化目标,选取第二分段宽度、第六分段幅值和第二分段幅值作为对称式六分段凸轮加速度型线的关键设计参数,通过参变量扫值和正交试验设计进行了极差分析和方差分析,完成了对称式六分段凸轮加速度型线设计中关键参数的多目标优化。结果表明,第二分段宽度对凸轮接触应力最大值及润滑系数最大值影响高度显著,第二分段宽度和第二分段幅值对跃度最大值影响高度显著。接触应力最大值与润滑系数最大值可作为主要权衡目标进行优化,而跃度最大值可由第二分段幅值进行有效调节。

非圆行星齿轮液压马达三维参数化建模方法

依据非圆齿轮的制造过程提出了一种利用包络图形绘制以及图像平滑技术实现液压马达三维参数化建模的方法。以4-6型液压马达为例,在UG NX软件平台中生成了太阳轮、内齿圈三维模型。将太阳轮、内齿圈、行星轮装配后形成非圆齿轮行星轮系,在动态仿真过程中非圆齿轮行星轮系运行平稳,轮齿之间无干涉,太阳轮、内齿圈与行星轮之间的密闭腔容积周期变化,与液压马达实际工况相符。结果表明,基于虚拟制造过程的设计方法得到的非圆齿轮行星轮系的精确模型是可行的,可快速实现系列化、变异化设计,为液压马达的设计工作带来极大的便利。

基于精确齿廓建模的内啮合齿轮参数化设计

针对当前内啮合齿轮参数化设计和开发过程中普遍存在的建模精度不足及设计校验计算效率低的问题,使用Matlab GUI开发了基于精确齿廓建模的内啮合齿轮参数化设计系统。依据齿轮展成原理,生成内啮合齿轮渐开线齿廓;应用齿廓法线法,建立内齿轮齿根过渡曲线方程,实现了内啮合齿轮的全齿廓精确建模;计算内啮合齿廓过渡点压力角α_(M)、α_(N),通过参数化设计程序完成内啮合齿轮设计参数的几何计算及干涉校验等工作,其中,过渡曲线干涉校验部分,利用齿廓过渡点压力角α_(M)、α_(N),在加工刀具任意齿顶圆角(或非特定圆角)情况下,计算出内啮合齿轮副过渡曲线干涉的校验公式。最后,将设计目标齿轮副全齿廓数据导入Catia界面中,建立了齿轮副三维实体模型,为后续齿轮系统的应力分析及动力学性能检测等研究奠定基础。

基于NURBS的固定辙叉心轨廓形参数化设计方法

为实现固定辙叉心轨廓形参数化设计,基于非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)理论,提出一种考虑固定辙叉心轨廓形几何特征的参数化设计方法。以60 kg/m钢轨12号固定辙叉为例,选取心轨关键控制参数轨顶横坡和复合圆弧段比例系数对心轨廓形进行方案设计,分析轨顶横坡和复合圆弧段比例系数对心轨廓形变化的影响权重;分析各方案下结构不平顺、轮轨接触点分布、轮对侧滚角以及滚动圆半径差等接触几何关系指标变化规律。研究结果表明:复合圆弧段比例系数对心轨粗壮度影响较大;随着心轨顶宽增加,轨顶横坡对心轨廓形影响权重逐渐增加;轨顶横坡越大,心轨轮载过渡范围逐渐后移,对心轨承力有利;当轨顶横坡为1/10,复合圆弧段比例系数为1/3(方案4)时,竖横向不平顺相对于各方案最小值增大2.06%和1.61%,但轮载过渡位置在距心轨理论尖端330~335 mm范围内,心轨承载断面宽度最大;复合圆弧段比例系数对滚动圆半径差和轮对侧滚角变化影响权重较轨顶横坡大,在横移量-8~+4 mm范围内,随着心轨顶宽增加,方案4中滚动圆半径差和轮对侧滚角最小。综合考虑各方案轮轨接触几何参数变化规律可知,方案4廓形参数选取较为合理。该方法可使心轨廓形设计更具有针对性和可预测性。

Pre-rig mobilization hazard evaluation in offshore oil and gas prospect drilling:A case study of TM field,offshore Niger Delta

TM Field,located offshore Niger Delta in the Gulf of Guinea(Nigeria),has been evaluated for potential drilling hazards prior to the drilling of a proposed oil well.This is in a region where potential hazards that could inhibit successful drilling exercise have not been adequately studied.The study adopted the modern technique of offshore geohazard evaluation that relies mainly on suites of geophysical and shallow geological investigations which include ocean bathymetry using multi-beam echo sounder,sidescan sonar,sub-bottom profiler,magnetic,and 2D-high resolution seismic reflection surveys.The results were integrated to draw inferences about the risk potential of the field.From the bathymetric survey,water depths were found to range from 345 m to 650 m LAT,with seabed relief being 305 m.Water depth at the proposed well location was found to be approximately 450 m and the seabed was found to slope in the northwestern direction.Seafloor gradient was computed as 0.05 across the whole area.Two shallow sub-surface stratigraphic units,labelled A and B,were delineated.Unit A was directly beneath the seafloor and seemed to be composed mainly of clayey/silty sand.Its thickness ranged from 6 m to 70 m across the study area.Unit B appeared to be a layer of sand and its total thickness was not fully delineated.Observable kinks and displacements at the flanks of seabed undulations/depressions on subbottom profiler sections suggested that the depressions may be fault-controlled.On the map generated from the marine magnetic data,a magnetic fault was delineated and this appeared to be coincident with the shallower of the two buried faults on the cross-line seismic section cutting through the proposed well-head location.Interpreted seismic reflection data presented this fault as being inactive.Most of the faults mapped,especially the buried ones,appeared to be inactive except a few.Regions with mapped amplitude anomalies are to be avoided during rig-mobilization operations.Though engineering conditions are expected to vary vertically since layers occur as intercalation,significant lateral variation is not expected within uniform layers of bed.Risk of punch-through associated with clayey formation is expected to be low because the geologic layers are not uniformly and entirely clay.The proposed wellhead location was found to be free of potential hazard sources.

几种海底电缆探测方法比较分析

因海缆的直径通常较细,其埋设深度的测定是当前研究的难点。文中从海洋磁力仪、海缆探测仪、合成孔径声呐、SES2000 Medium-100型参量阵浅地层剖面测量系统(中剖系统)4种探测方法的探测原理展开,通过其在海缆探测中的实际应用情况,分析每种方法的适用范围及局限性。结果表明,中剖系统在探测海缆位置和埋深时准确度高,受影响因素较少,工作效率高,经济性更好。本研究为海缆埋深探测工程中的仪器设备选用提供了参考。

轧辊表面脉冲激光三维微改形过程参数分析

从研究和分析脉冲激光参数入手 ,提出了轧辊表面一种球冠状微凸新形貌的脉冲激光三维微改形 (毛化处理 )新机制 ,并最终成功获得了预先优化设计的新的三维微观形貌尺寸。在试验中 ,通过运用激光毛化新机制 ,对激光脉冲参数 (脉冲波形、脉冲能量、脉冲宽度、离焦量等 )进行了分析研究和匹配 ,并获得了该新形貌及尺寸。另对脉冲激光参数与轧辊主要形貌参数的影响规律作了进一步的研究。结果表明 ,单脉冲能量的大小及其空间分布是形成球冠状微凸新形貌和尺寸的关键因素。