Lacidipine,thiamine pyrophosphate and their combination on the ocular ischemic syndrome induced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation

AIM:To investigate the effect of lacidipine,thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP)and the combination of lacidipine and TPP against oxidative and inflammatory eye damage induced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation in rats.METHODS:Male albino Wistar rats were categorized as those who underwent sham surgery(SG),right and left common carotid cross-clamping and unclamping procedure(CCU),lacidipine+CCU(LCCU),TPP+CCU(TCCU),and combination of lacidipine and TPP(LTC)+CCU(LTCCU).One hour before anesthesia,the LCCU(n=6)received lacidipine(4 mg/kg,orally)and the TCCU(n=6)received TPP(20 mg/kg,intraperitoneally).The SG(n=6)and CCU(n=6)received the same volume of distilled water from the same route.After anesthesia(60 mg/kg ketamine,intraperitoneally),the necks of the rats were opened in the midline.Ischemia was created for 10min by placing clips on the right and left common carotid arteries.Rats in the SG only underwent subcutaneous incision.After 10min,the clips were removed and reperfusion was achieved for six days.Then,the animals were euthanized(120 mg/kg ketamine,intraperitoneally)and the levels of oxidant,antioxidant and proinflammatory cytokines in the eye tissues were determined.The retinal tissue of the eye was also examined histopathologically.RESULTS:Lacidipine,TPP,and LTC significantly prevent the increase in malondialdehyde,tumor necrosis factoralpha,interleukin-1β(IL-1β),and IL-6 levels,decrease in total glutathione levels,superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and histopathological retinal damage in eye tissue induced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation in rats.The impact of these drugs on protection is determined to be LTC>lacidipine>TPP.CONCLUSION:As a result of the study,it is concluded that LTC may be more effective than lacidipine and TPP alone in treating ocular ischemic syndrome.

Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer

Paraneoplastic syndromes are signs or symptoms that occur as a result of organ or tissue damage at locations remote from the site of the primary tumor or metastases. Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer can impair various organ functions and include neurologic, endocrine, dermatologic, rheumatologic, hematologic, and ophthalmological syndromes, as well as glomerulopathy and coagulopathy(Trousseau's syndrome). The histological type of lung cancer is generally dependent on the associated syndrome, the two most common of which are humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in squamous cell carcinoma and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in small cell lung cancer. The symptoms often precede the diagnosis of the associated lung cancer, especially when the symptoms are neurologic or dermatologic. The proposed mechanisms of paraneoplastic processes include the aberrant release of humoral mediators, such as hormones and hormone-like peptides, cyto-kines, and antibodies. Treating the underlying cancer is generally the most effective therapy for paraneoplastic syndromes, and treatment soon after symptom onset appears to offer the best potential for symptom improvement. In this article, we review the diagnosis, potential mechanisms, and treatments of a wide variety of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer.

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cholangiocarcinoma

Paraneoplastic syndromes are the symptoms or signs which result from damage to tissues that are distant from the site of malignancy,due to complex interactions between the body’s immune system and malignant neoplasm.Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is an aggressive epithelial malignancy of hepatobiliary tree and it is found to be associated with various paraneoplastic syndromes.These syndromes can present as dermatological,neurological,renal,hematological,or multi-systemic manifestations.Clinical suspicion and timely recognition of these syndromes can lead to early diagnosis of covert malignancies like CCA.The management plan remains the removal of the underlying cause which in this case is CCA.

Paraneoplastic Syndromes of Hypercalcemia and Leukocytosis Associated with Colonic Metastases from Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: a Case Report

Lung cancer is the most common cancer-related death in both men and women in the world. Approximately 25% of all cancer deaths are attributable to lung carcinoma. Moreover, about one-half of patients with lung cancer have metastases at the time of initial diagnosis, most frequently of lymph nodes, adrenals, liver, bone and brain. However metastasis to the colon is very rare. Over the past 25 years about 13 cases of symptomatic colonic metastases from lung malignancies of all types have been reported in the literature. Hypercalcemia and leukocytosis are two of the most common paraneoplastic syndromes associated with various malignancies. However, concomitant manifestation of hypercalcemia and leukocytosis are occasionally observed in the same cancer patients. Here, we present a rare case of colonic metastasis from a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung associated with paraneoplastic syndromes of hypercalcemia and leukocytosis.

Ocular manifestation and their associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Southern Ethiopia

AIM：To assess the pattern of ocular manifestation and associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus（HIV）/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（AIDS） patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy（HAART） at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS：A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2014 to April 2015. After obtaining informed written consent, 240 adult HIV/AIDS patients on HAART were randomly selected regardless of their ophthalmic symptoms, WHO status or CD4 count. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and ophthalmologic clinical examination. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software. RESULTS：The mean duration of HAART was 62.5mo. The prevalence of HIV related ocular manifestation was 14.2%. Seborrheic blepharitis（5%） was the most common ocular manifestation, followed by squamoid conjunctival growth（3.8%）. The rate of ocular manifestation was significantly higher among study participants who had CD4＋ count 〈200 cells/μL（AOR=3.83; 95%CI：1.315-11.153）, low duration of HAART（AOR=3.0; 95%CI：1.305-6.891） and who had primary school education [odds ratio（OR） =2.8; 95%CI：1.105-7.099]. Prevalence of visual impairment and blindness was 10.9% and 5.8%, respectively.CONCLUSION：HAART may be the reason for the decline in the prevalence of ocular manifestation in HIV/AIDS patients in the study area. Ophthalmologic screening of HIV/AIDS patients, especially those with CD4 counts of 〈200/μL cells and in the first five years of HAART followup is recommended to reduce visual impairment and/or blindness.

Comparison of the meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease and Sjogren's syndrome

AIM: To investigate the abnormalities in the meibomian gland in patients with dry eye disease(DED) associated with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease(coGVHD) in comparison with Sj?gren's syndrome(SS), a major form of aqueous deficient DED and meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD), a common cause of evaporative DED.METHODS: A total 135 eyes of 135 subjects included in this study: patients with DED associated with coGVHD(n=30), patients with SS(n=35), patients with MGD(n=35), and normal controls(n=35). All participants completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI) questionnaire, ocular surface examination [Schirmer test, tear film breakup time(TFBUT), and ocular surface staining], and meibomian gland assessment [meiboscore(gland dropout detected on meibography using infrared camera of the Keratograph 5 M), meibum expressibility score(MES), meibum quality score(MQS), lid margin abnormality]. In addition, correlations of meibomian gland characteristics with ocular surface parameters as well as disease severity score were investigated in coGVHD group.RESULTS: The coGVHD group showed significantly higher meiboscore, MES, and MQS than the other 3 groups(all P<0.05). In the coGVHD group, parameters of meibomian gland showed a significant correlation each other and those of ocular surface. The correlation between meibomian gland parameters and severity score of co GVHD was also established(meiboscore, r=0.62; MES, r=0.47; MQS, r=0.47; lid margin abnormality score, r=0.55; all P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Patients with DED associated with co GVHD show poorer gland morphology and worse glandfunction than other types of DED. In addition, meibomian gland damage is not only associated with ocular surface damage but also disease severity of coGVHD.

Ocular surface changes in Graves’ophthalmopathy

Many patients with Graves’ophthalmopathy(GO)suffer from dry eye syndrome(DES),and this is one of the most common reasons of eye discomfort in patients with GO.The prevalence of DES in patients with GO is significantly higher than normal subjects.The ocular surface changes involving changes in tears,cornea,conjunctiva and glands occur in GO patients.However,the mechanism of how DES occurs in GO still remains unclear.In this review,the ocular surface changes were illustrated and analyzed the reasons for high prevalence of DES in GO patients.

Coexistence of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid with Stevens Johnson syndrome

Dear Sir, I am Dr. Hande Taylan Sekeroglu, from the Ophthalmology Department of Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine. I want to present a case of recalcitrant ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) which was coincidently diagnosed with Stevens

Ocular surface and tear film changes after eyelid surgery

Eyelid surgery is widely and extensively used in facial plastic and reconstructive surgeries.There are many categories of eyelid surgeries,the most common of which include blepharoplasty,ptosis surgery,and eyelid reconstruction.In many cases,these procedures are combined,and there are many different techniques for each type of operation.Upper eyelid blepharoplasty usually includes the excision of skin,preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle,and orbital fat.Common methods of lower eyelid blepharoplasty are the skin-muscle flap,the skin flap,and the transconjunctival.Ptosis surgery is mainly divided into three types:transcutaneous,transconjunctival,and sling surgery.Surgeons often used the Hughes or Cutler-Beard Bridge Flaps in eyelid reconstruction.Different types and methods of surgery have their own advantages and disadvantages,and postoperative complications may occur.Therefore,postoperative complications of eyelid surgeries,such as dry eye symptoms,should be taken into serious consideration.Relevant literature involving these complaints can be found in PubMed by searching the terms“dry eye”,“eyelid”,“surgery”,and other related keywords.Moreover,various ocular surface and tear film alterations may be detected using the Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI),tear film breakup time,Schirmer test,fluorescein staining,and lissamine green staining after various eyelid surgeries.As dry eye disease is prevalent in the general population,it is more urgent to figure out what we can learn from these complaints.Further exploration in this field may help surgeons to choose a better surgical method and give an accurate evaluation of the postoperative effect.

An overview on CV2/CRMP5 antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes

Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome refers to certain malignant tumors that have affected the distant nervous system and caused corresponding dysfunction in the absence of tumor metastasis.Patients with this syndrome produce multiple antibodies,each targeting a different antigen and causing different symptoms and signs.The CV2/collapsin response mediator protein 5(CRMP5)antibody is a major antibody of this type.It damages the nervous system,which often manifests as limbic encephalitis,chorea,ocular manifestation,cerebellar ataxia,myelopathy,and peripheral neuropathy.Detecting CV2/CRMP5 antibody is crucial for the clinical diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological syndrome,and anti-tumor and immunological therapies can help to alleviate symptoms and improve prognosis.However,because of the low incidence of this disease,few repo rts and no reviews have been published about it so far.This article intends to review the research on CV2/CRMP5antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndrome and summarize its clinical features to help clinicians comprehensively understand the disease.Additionally,this review discusses the curre nt challenges that this disease poses,and the application prospects of new detection and diagnostic techniques in the field of paraneoplastic neurological syndrom e,including CV2/CRMP5-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndrome,in recent years.

Recent advances in ocular lubrication

The ocular lubrication,where the eyelid constantly slides on the curved corneal surface,is considered as one of primary lubrication systems in bio-tribology.Under reliable lubrication conditions,sensitive ocular tissues remain intact from fatigue damage during spontaneous blink cycles.The tear film,evenly filled between cornea and conjunctiva,is a biological fluid with dynamic adjustment ability,which provides superior lubrication with the friction coefficient of below 0.01.However,the lubrication failure may result in a variety of uncomfortable symptoms such as inflammatory reactions,tissue damage and neurological abnormalities.Therefore,it is essential to clarify the fundamental mechanism of ocular lubrication,which helps to alleviate and even recover from various ocular symptoms.This review firstly demonstrates that the ocular components,containing lipids and mucins,contribute to maintaining the lubrication stability of tear film.Furthermore,the ocular lubrication state in various physiological environments and the physical effect on tear film dynamics are further discussed.As typical applications,the therapeutic agents of dry eye syndrome and contact lens with superior lubrication effects are introduced and their lubrication mechanisms are clarified.Finally,this review summarizes a series of the latest research inspired by ocular lubrication.Overall,this work will provide a valuable guidance on the theoretical research and extensive applications in the field of biological lubrication.

Role of F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes(PNS) is a series of rare neurologic disorders which happen with an underlying malignancy. It has various clinical symptoms proceding to the diagnosis of tumors. Although the abnormality of anti-neuronal antibodies is suggestive of PNS and tumors, there exist many false positive and false negative cases. The diagnosis of PNS is usually a challenge in clinic. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT) imaging is an anatomical and functional fusion imaging method, which provides the whole-body information by single scan. Fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) PET/CT imaging can not only detect potential malignant lesions in the whole body, but also assess functional abnormality in the brain. In this review, the mechanism, clinical manifestation, diagnostic procedure and the recent progress of the utility of FDG PET/CT in PNS are introduced respectively.

Metastatic gastric cancer from breast carcinoma presenting with paraneoplastic rheumatic syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide.It is the leading cause of death by malignant disease in women.CASE SUMMARY A female patient,73 years of age,sought care due to weakness,mild abdominal pain,arthralgia,and weight loss.She was taking anastrazole as maintenance therapy for localized breast cancer and had moderate anemia and elevated acutephase markers.Upper digestive endoscopy showed isolated erosion in the gastric corpus.This lesion was compatible with signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma in anatomopathological study and was confirmed as metastasis of a breast carcinoma in immunohistochemistry,which was positive for estrogen antibody.Further imaging studies determined numerous proximal bone metastases.The patient was treated with prednisone for paraneoplastic syndrome,which improved the anemia and rheumatic disease,and with chemotherapy,which greatly improved the symptoms.She has been followed-up for 6 mo,and her anemia,arthralgias,and acute phase markers have normalized.CONCLUSION Systemic treatment strategies seem to be the best choice for gastric metastasis from breast cancer,resulting in disease control and relapse-free survival.Prospective studies with longer follow-up are needed to better understand the biological,pathological,and clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of the endoscopic features associated with metastatic gastric cancer from breast carcinoma.

胸腺瘤相关重症肌无力合并炎性肌病三例报道并文献复习

目的分析重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)合并炎性肌病(inflammatory myopathy,IM)患者的临床特点及其与胸腺瘤的相关性。方法分析北京医院2010-3-1—2020-3-31收治的3例MG合并IM患者的临床特点,并结合文献进行复习。结果3例MG-IM中1例合并谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体阳性的僵肢综合征(stiff limb syndrome,SLS)。3例患者均有胸腺瘤,血清肌酸激酶和肌酸激酶同工酶升高,横纹肌抗体和心肌抗体阳性,而肌炎特异性抗体(myositis specific antibodies,MSA)和肌炎相关抗体(myositis associated antibodies,MAA)均阴性;肌电图提示肌源性损害和神经肌肉接头受累;心电图和超声心动图提示心肌受累;肌肉病理诊断多发性肌炎。联合46篇文献中的93例患者,共96例MG-IM患者纳入汇总分析。MG与IM同时发生者占42.7%,以MG症状首发者占34.4%,以IM症状首发者占22.9%。EMG检查提示肌源性损害和神经肌肉接头突触后膜疾病。乙酰胆碱受体(acetylcholine receptor,AChR)抗体阳性者占91.3%(84/92),MSA抗体阳性者仅占3.0%(2/66),MAA抗体阳性者仅占6.3%(2/32),横纹肌抗体阳性者占95.2%(20/21),6例行心肌抗体检测者均呈阳性。CT检查发现胸腺瘤者占64.4%(58/90)。53例行胸腺瘤手术的患者中,47例描述了胸腺瘤病理分型,以胸腺瘤B2型最常见(19例,40.4%),其次为B1型10例(21.3%),B3型9例(19.1%),AB型8例(17.0%),C型1例(2.1%)。89例行骨骼肌病理检查,其中以多发性肌炎最常见(62例,69.7%),其次为皮肌炎13例(14.6%),肉芽肿性肌炎9例(10.1%),免疫坏死性肌病2例(2.2%),嗜酸性粒细胞肌炎2例(2.2%),包涵体肌炎1例(1.1%)。7例尸体解剖患者行心肌病理检查,均诊断巨细胞性心肌炎。结论MG-IM多见于胸腺瘤患者,部分MG-IM患者同时合并心肌炎。大多数MG-IM患者血MSA和MAA抗体阴性。血横纹肌抗体和心肌抗体阳性提示骨骼肌和心肌受累,巨细胞性心肌炎是MG-IM患者死亡的主要原因之一。MG、IM和SLS全面准确的诊断依赖于临床、电生理、免疫学和肌肉病理的综合评估。

抗SOX1抗体相关神经系统副肿瘤综合征的临床异质性分析

目的总结抗Y染色体性别决定区相关高迁移率超家族1(SRY⁃like high⁃mobility group superfamily of developmental transcription factors 1,SOX1)抗体相关神经系统副肿瘤综合征(paraneoplastic neurological syndrome,PNS)的临床表现、影像学特征和预后。方法选取2019年1月至2023年1月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院抗SOX1抗体相关PNS患者6例,回顾性分析患者的相关资料。结果6例患者中,男5例、女1例,年龄42~76岁。6例患者中,感觉运动周围神经病合并小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)2例、边缘叶脑炎2例、副肿瘤小脑变性1例和Lam⁃bert-Eaton肌无力综合征合并SCLC 1例。6例患者血清抗SOX1抗体均阳性,其中合并其他抗体阳性1例、合并脑脊液抗SOX1抗体阳性2例。6例患者神经系统症状均早于肿瘤发现前,均于发现抗SOX1抗体后行肿瘤筛查,其中3例SCLC患者进行治疗后病情较稳定;截至随访时间,余3例患者经检查未发现肿瘤(其中病例5随访>2年,病例2和病例4随访<2年),进行治疗后,症状未见明显进展。结论抗SOX1抗体相关PNS患者存在高度临床异质性,部分患者伴发肿瘤。可增加副肿瘤抗体的检测,以提高早期诊断潜在肿瘤的可能性。

21例神经系统副肿瘤综合征临床分析

目的分析神经系统副肿瘤综合征(PNS)的临床特点以提高对该病的早期诊断和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析惠州市第一人民医院和惠州市中心人民医院神经内科2019年10月—2022年10月收治的21例PNS患者的临床表现、实验室检查结果和治疗效果,并作文献回顾。结果21例患者中出现了10种副肿瘤综合征,其中经典综合征占比28.6%(6/21),最多见的是边缘叶脑炎;20例在血液或脑脊液中发现检测到抗神经元抗体,非特征性抗体阳性率最高(12/20),其中以半定量脑组织切片TBA检测阳性率最高(7/20);有特征性抗体的8例以抗Yo抗体阳性率最高(6/8)。21例患者均随访至2023年3月,8例发现原发肿瘤,其中4例在神经系统病变之后。69.25%(9/13)的患者使用糖皮质激素治疗和(或)丙种球蛋白治疗有效。结论21例PNS患者中以非经典综合征占比较多,经典与非经典副肿瘤综合征均应进行肿瘤筛查,未发现肿瘤者应密切随访。非特征性抗体阳性率最高,提示PNS可能仍有许多相关抗体未明确,临床工作中也应对非特征性抗体阳性予以重视。

基于望目辨证理论和白睛成像AI技术探讨高胆固醇血症的目络特征及发病机制相关性研究

目的基于望目辨证理论和白睛成像AI技术分析高胆固醇血症的目络特征及发病机制的关联性研究。方法纳入甘肃中医药大学附属医院门诊及住院部接受检查的受试者100例,其中高胆固醇血症(TC)组58例,胆固醇水平正常(NC)组42例。两组均接受研究人员使用“MyEyeD-10白睛无影成像健康智能分析系统”[又称目诊仪(械注准20182160164)]进行对白睛眼象特征的高清采集、特征提取和综合分析,进行数据统计TC组和NC组的中医证型、目络特征形态、目络血脉颜色、目络病变分布区域。结果TC组的中医证型是痰浊内阻(46.55%,27/58)显著高于NC组(23.81%,10/42)(P<0.05);TC组的主要目络形态特征“斑”特征分值(4.24±2.63)显著高于NC组(2.92±1.43)(P<0.05);TC组的“血脉”特征分值(12.88±7.33)显著高于NC组(6.54±3.92)(P<0.05);TC组目络血脉颜色“黯红色”,特征分值(11.21±5.46)显著高于NC组(7.29±7.13)(P<0.05);TC组目络区域特征为“A”区(黑睛下方,对应脏腑区域“脾与胃”),特征分值(12.14±6.87)显著高于NC组(6.86±4.93)(P<0.05)。结论高胆固醇血症引起目络疾病的机制是可能与机体伤于脾胃,脾失运化,久则痰湿浊瘀内生,浮现于目络而出现“斑”“血脉黯红”相关病变有关联,为中医望目辨证的客观化、精准化提供参考依据。

合并皮肤色素沉着的抗Hu、抗Amphiphysin抗体阳性副肿瘤性感觉神经元病一例

目的 提高对合并罕见临床症状的双抗体阳性副肿瘤感觉神经元病(PSN)的认识。方法 报道1例合并皮肤色素沉着的双抗体阳性PSN患者,分析其临床资料。结果 患者女性,58岁,以四肢不对称性麻木无力为主要表现,查血清副肿瘤抗体谱:抗Hu抗体(+)、抗Amphiphysin抗体(+),查体发现患者双手及腹部皮肤色素沉着,结合病史及检查结果高度怀疑副肿瘤综合征,但初步检查未发现肿瘤病灶,应用地塞米松及免疫球蛋白后效果不佳,行血浆置换后症状减轻。6个月后患者复查PET-CT发现存在肺部肿瘤,纵隔淋巴结活检病理证实为小细胞肺癌,诊断为“PSN”,后患者转入肿瘤科进一步治疗。结论 高风险副肿瘤自身抗体如抗Hu、抗Amphiphysin抗体对副肿瘤综合征的诊断具有重要意义,不明原因的皮肤色素沉着应引起临床医生的重视,警惕副肿瘤综合征的可能。

以急性多发性脑梗死为主要表现的特鲁索综合征3例

目的 分析以急性多发性脑梗死为主要表现的特鲁索综合征(Trousseau’s syndrome,TS)的临床及影像学特征。方法回顾分析2019年12月至2021年12月阜阳市人民医院神经内科收治的3例以急性多发性脑梗死为主要表现的TS病人的临床资料,并结合相关文献分析该病的临床和影像特征。结果 其中男1例,女2例;发病年龄范围为52~85岁;3例病人D-二聚体均明显升高;头颅MRI均显示为以“三流域征”为特点的急性多发性脑梗死;伴腹腔转移瘤1例,伴静脉系统血栓2例;1例予低分子肝素抗凝+双抗抗血小板聚集,2例予低分子肝素抗凝治疗。结论 急性多发性脑梗死是TS的一个重要表现;对于不符合血管分布的急性多发性脑梗死,病因需考虑恶性肿瘤所致高凝状态可能;D-D是诊断TS的重要线索。

免疫检查点抑制剂相关抗神经元抗体阳性副肿瘤神经综合征临床特征分析

目的 分析抗神经元抗体阳性免疫检查点抑制剂相关副肿瘤神经综合征(ICI-PNS)的临床特征。方法与结果 纳入2012年1月至2024年3月中国医学科学院北京协和医院诊断与治疗的5例抗神经元抗体阳性ICI-PNS患者,肿瘤类型包括小细胞肺癌(2例)、恶性黑色素瘤(1例)、霍奇金淋巴瘤(1例)、宫颈癌(1例),免疫检查点抑制剂包括程序性死亡蛋白-1抑制剂(3例)、程序性死亡蛋白配体-1抑制剂(1例)、程序性死亡蛋白-1/细胞毒性T细胞相关抗原4双抑制剂(1例)。5例患者均出现副肿瘤神经综合征的高风险表型,其中4例表现为边缘性脑炎,1例表现为快速进展的小脑综合征。血清和(或)脑脊液中检出的抗神经元抗体包括抗Hu、γ-氨基丁酸B型受体、Y染色体性别决定区相关高迁移率组盒蛋白1、代谢型谷氨酸受体5型、Yo抗体。4例神经系统症状出现在应用免疫检查点抑制剂2周内。4例病情达峰时改良Rankin量表评分为3分,1例为5分。5例患者常见不良事件评价标准分级(CTCAE)均为3级。治疗方面,停用免疫检查点抑制剂,给予糖皮质激素联合静脉注射免疫球蛋白治疗,神经系统症状均有改善。结论 中高风险抗神经元抗体是ICI-PNS的诊断标志物,可依据ICI-PNS临床表型及CTCAE分级等综合制定免疫治疗方案,停用免疫检查点抑制剂,应用糖皮质激素、静脉注射免疫球蛋白可以改善患者预后。