Dysfunctional attitudes,social support,negative life events,and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents:A moderated mediation model

BACKGROUND Depression is a prevalent psychological issue in adolescents that is significantly related to negative life events(NLEs)and dysfunctional attitudes.High levels of social support can significantly buffer NLEs’effect on depression.Currently,there is limited research on how social support moderates the relationship between NLEs,dysfunctional attitudes,and depression in adolescents in China.It is imperative to investigate this moderating effect to mitigate dysfunctional attitudes in adolescent undergoing depressive mood,ultimately enhancing their overall mental health.AIM To investigate the relationship and underlying mechanisms between specific dysfunctional attitudes,social support,and depression among Chinese adolescents.METHODS This is a cross-sectional study which selected five middle schools in Shandong Province for investigation in March 2022.Participants included 795 adolescents(49.87%male,mage=15.15,SD=1.84,age range=11-18 years old).All participants completed the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale,Adolescent Life Event Scale,Beck Depression Inventory,and Social Support Rating Scale.A moderated mediation model was conducted to examine the relationship between specific dysfunctional attitudes,social support,and depression.RESULTS Results indicated that NLEs affected depression through the mediating role of specific dysfunctional attitudes(autonomy attitudesβ=0.21;perfectionismβ=0.25).Moreover,social support was found to moderate the mediating effect between NLEs,specific dysfunctional attitudes,and depressive symptoms(autonomy attitudes b2=-0.08;perfectionism b2=-0.09).CONCLUSION Dysfunctional attitudes mediated and social support moderated the relationship between NLEs and depression.Social support can buffer depression symptoms among adolescents with autonomy attitudes and perfectionism.

Correlation Analysis between Self-Disclosure and Social Support in Patients with Breast Cancer

Objective: Describe the status quo of self-disclosure and social support in breast cancer patients and analyze the correlation between them. Methods: General data questionnaire, distress disclosure Index scale and Chinese version of medical social support scale were used to investigate the correlation between self-disclosure and social support in breast cancer patients by Pearson correlation analysis. Results: 1) The total self-disclosure score was (38.75 ± 9.18);the total score of social support was (70.57 ± 14.04) scores, including emotional information support dimension (28.39 ± 6.06) scores, practical support dimension (15.62 ± 3.31) scores, elastic support dimension (14.85 ± 3.23) scores, and emotional support dimension (11.70 ± 2.56) scores. 2) Self-disclosure was positively correlated with social support (r = 0.433, p Conclusion: Breast cancer patients had a moderate level of self-disclosure, and the higher the level of self-disclosure, the better the social support. It is suggested that improving the self-disclosure level of breast cancer patients can help them obtain more social support.

The Impact of Social Support on the Mental Health of Cancer Patients:Evidence from China

Exploring the relationship between social support and the mental health of cancer patients is a vital endeavor for enhancing mental well-being.The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between social support and psychological well-being in cancer patients and to provide new empirical evidence for psychological improvement in cancer patients.This research holds significant practical implications for optimizing China’s public health system and strengthening the development of a healthy China.Using data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS)database,we empirically examined the influence of social support on the mental health of cancer patients.Models such as Ordered Probit and OLogit were used to provide empirical evidence and theoretical insights for enhancing the mental health of cancer patients in a context marked by a high prevalence of cancer.The findings indicated that both formal and informal social support mechanisms were effective in improving the mental health of cancer patients.Furthermore,we utilized the propensity score matching(PSM)model to eliminate the endogeneity issue associated with sample selectivity bias.The results obtained through PSM demonstrated robustness,underscoring the importance of addressing sample selectivity bias when assessing the impact of social support on the mental health of cancer patients.Therefore,the Chinese government is recommended to prioritize the use of social support as a means to proactively enhance the mental health of cancer patients,thereby continuously elevating their overall quality of life.

Interoception mediates the association between social support and sociability in patients with major depressive disorder

BACKGROUND Interoception dysfunction has an important impact on the onset and development of major depressive disorder(MDD).Social support serves as a protective factor against MDD,and sociability also plays a significant role in this condition.These interconnected constructs-social support and sociability-play pivotal roles in MDD.However,no research on the mechanisms underlying the associations be-tween social support and sociability,particularly the potential role of interocep-tion,have been reported.ception,social support,and sociability,respectively.A mediation analysis model for the eight dimensions of intero-ception(noticing,not distracting,not worrying,attention regulation,emotional awareness,self-regulation,body listening,and trust),social support,and sociability were established to evaluate the mediating effects.RESULTS A partial correlation analysis of eight dimensions of the MAIA-2,SSRS,and TSBI scores,with demographic data as control variables,revealed pairwise correlations between the SSRS score and both the MAIA-2 score and TSBI score.In the major depression(MD)group,the SSRS score had a positive direct effect on the TSBI score,while the scores for body listening,emotional awareness,self-regulation,and trust in the MAIA-2C had indirect effects on the TSBI score.In the HC group,the SSRS score had a positive direct effect on the TSBI score,and the scores for attention regulation,emotional awareness,self-regulation,and trust in the MAIA-2C had indirect effects on the TSBI score.The proportion of mediators in the MD group was lower than that in the HC group.CONCLUSION Interoceptive awareness is a mediating factor in the association between social support and sociability in both HCs and depressed patients.Training in interoceptive awareness might not only help improve emotional regulation in depressed patients but also enhance their social skills and support networks.

Promoting Post-Traumatic Growth in Colorectal Cancer Patients:Exploring the Role of Social Support through a Chain Mediation Model

Colorectal cancer(CRC)poses significant physical and psychological challenges that necessitate an exploration of factors influencing post-traumatic growth(PTG)for patient well-being.This study aims to investigate the effects of positive psychological capital(PsyCap)and perceived stress on mediating the social support-PTG relation among 673 CRC patients.Social support,positive PsyCap,perceived stress,and PTG were assessed through questionnaires.The results indicated a direct prediction effect of social support on PTG(LICI=0.481,ULCI=0.644),with the direct effect being 59.5%.Both positive PsyCap and perceived stress exerted a mediating role in the correlation between social support and PTG,with the mediating effects occupying 29.4%(LICI=0.217,ULCI=0.343)and 5.7%(LICI=0.030,ULCI=0.082),respectively.Positive PsyCap further had a chain mediating effect on perceived stress(LICI=0.031,ULCI=0.074),with the chain effect accounting for 5.4%.The total impact of social support on PTG was 100%(LICI=0.882,ULCI=1.008).This model underscores the pivotal role of social support in promoting PTG in CRC patients.Positive PsyCap serves as a crucial mediator in the social support-PTG link,with perceived stress playing a sequential mediating role.Thesefindings suggest that strengthening social support networks and cultivating positive PsyCap may reduce perceived stress and promote the development of PTG in CRC patients.Consequently,intervention programs are recommended to improve the psychosocial well-being of CRC patients.

Optimism,Social Support,and Caregiving Burden among the Long-Term Caregivers:The Mediating Effect of Psychological Resilience

Background:As the elderly population grows,the demand for long-term care services is increasing.Despite significant investments in care quality and workforce training,long-term care workers often face challenges such as work fatigue,heavy workloads,and inadequate support.These issues can impact job satisfaction,mental health,and care quality,leading to staff turnover.This study examines how optimism,social support,and psychological resilience relate to caregiving burden,aiming to understand their effects on caregivers’well-being and performance to enhance the quality of long-term care services.Methods:The participants were 542 long-term care workers.Descriptive statistics,t-tests,one-way ANOVA,and hierarchical regression were used for data analysis.Results:(1)Optimism and social support were significantly and positively correlated with psychological resilience and significantly and negatively associated with caregiving burden.(2)Regarding differences in optimism,social support,psychological resilience,and caregiving burden among long-term care workers,females scored significantly higher than males in“social support;”married workers scored significantly higher than unmarried workers in“optimism,”“social support,”and“psychological resilience”;workers aged 45–65 scored significantly higher than those aged 25–45 in“optimism”;workers aged 25–45 scored significantly higher than those aged 45–65 in“caregiving burden”;social workers scored significantly higher than nursing staff in“optimism.”(3)Psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between social support and caregiving burden concerning explanatory and predictive power.Conclusions:These findings suggest that optimism,social support,and psychological resilience are essential factors in reducing the caregiving burden among long-term care workers.The study highlights the importance of promoting psychological resilience and providing social support to alleviate the burden of caregiving.

Mediating role of social support in dysphoria,despondency,and quality of life in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis

BACKGROUND Dysphoria and despondency are prevalent psychological issues in patients undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis(MHD)that significantly affect their quality of life(QOL).High levels of social support can significantly improve the physical and mental well-being of patients undergoing MHD.Currently,there is limited research on how social support mediates the relationship between dysphoria,despondency,and overall QOL in patients undergoing MHD.It is imperative to investigate this mediating effect to mitigate dysphoria and despondency in patients undergoing MHD,ultimately enhancing their overall QOL.AIM To investigate the mediating role of social support in relationships between dysphoria,despondency,and QOL among patients undergoing MHD.METHODS Participants comprised 289 patients undergoing MHD,who were selected using a random sampling approach.The Social Support Rating Scale,Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,Self-Rating Depression Scale,and QOL Scale were administered.Correlation analysis was performed to examine the associations between social support,dysphoria,despondency,and QOL in patients undergoing MHD.To assess the mediating impact of social support on dysphoria,despondency,and QOL in patients undergoing MHD,a bootstrap method was applied.RESULTS Significant correlations among social support,dysphoria,despondency,and quality in patients undergoing MHD were observed(all P<0.01).Dysphoria and despondency negatively correlated with social support and QOL(P<0.01).Dysphoria and despondency had negative predictive impacts on the QOL of patients undergoing MHD(P<0.05).The direct effect of dysphoria on QOL was statistically significant(P<0.05).Social support mediated the relationship between dysphoria and QOL,and this mediating effect was significant(P<0.05).Similarly,the direct effect of despondency on QOL was significant(P<0.05).Moreover,social support played a mediating role between despondency and QOL,with a significant mediating effect(P<0.05).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that social support plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between dysphoria,despondency,and QOL in patients undergoing MHD.

Enhancing adolescent mental health through cognitive and social support:Insights from study on depression in Chinese adolescents

Adolescent depression is a growing global health concern,affecting 14%of adolescents and leading to severe consequences such as academic failure,substance abuse,and suicidal ideation.The study by Yu et al,investigates the cognitive and social factors influencing depression in 795 Chinese adolescents.Findings reveal that negative life events(NLEs)and dysfunctional attitudes are strongly associated with depressive symptoms,while social support moderates the impact of NLEs but not dysfunctional attitudes.The study highlights the need for cognitivebehavioural interventions targeting perfectionism and autonomy,and the importance of strengthening social support systems in schools and communities.Culturally sensitive,holistic approaches to adolescent mental health are crucial for addressing both the internal vulnerabilities and external pressures contributing to depression.Further research is needed to explore the roles of peer and parental support and the long-term effects of these factors across diverse cultural contexts.

Correlation among anxiety and depression,fear of disease progression,and social support in coronary heart disease

BACKGROUND The mental well-being of individuals with coronary heart disease(CHD)during the intensive care unit(ICU)transition period is a multifaceted and significant concern.In this phase,the individuals might encounter psychological challenges like anxiety and depression,which can impede their recuperation and potentially have lasting effects on their health.AIM To investigate the correlation among psychological factors in CHD patients in the ICU transition period.METHODS A questionnaire survey was conducted with 119 patients admitted to the ICU after coronary artery bypass grafting between March and December 2023.Variations in Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA)and Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD),Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form(Fop-Q-SF),and Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS)were collected and analyzed among diverse populations.We used Pearson’s correlation analysis to examine the correlation.Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore whether these indicators influenced depression and anxiety in the patients.RESULTS The total scores for anxiety,depression,fear of disease progression,and social support were(7.50±1.41)points,(8.38±1.62)points,(35.19±8.14)points,and(36.34±7.08)points,respectively(P<0.05).Multivariate regression analysis showed that both the level of disease progression and social support affected the level of postoperative depression and anxiety in patients.CONCLUSION The anxiety and depression levels were positively related to each dimension of phobia disease progression and negatively related to each dimension of social support among patients with CHD.

Effect of Technology Support for Social Network on Agricultural Technology Diffusion

[Objective] To analyze the key factor in agricultural technology diffusion- technology support, and to explore the method to quicken the diffusion of agricultural technology. [Method] The technology acquisition advantage of social network was il- lustrated by summarizing the status and characteristics of agricultural technology and technology supporting types in the process of agriculture technology diffusion. [Result] The multi-layer, complex, persistence, systematization features of agricultural technol- ogy require support and help of technology from surrounding social network to ulti- mately internalize the technology. [Conclusion] Using social networks for the technol- ogy support will be a powerful supplement to the system of agricultural technology diffusion.

Psychological Distress, Social Support and Medication Adherence in Patients with Ischemic Stroke in the Mainland of China

Stroke research and rehabilitation have traditionally focused on the physical and functional impact of a stroke. Less attention has been given to the psychosocial factors associated with this chronic condition. By the few studies that have specifically focused on psychosocial factors in the context of stroke, poststroke depression is demonstrated to significantly influence stroke outcomes. Associations of stroke with psychological symptoms other than depression have rarely been evaluated. This study was aimed to investigate the changes of psychological stress, social support and medication adherence in patients with ischemic stroke in the mainland of China. In this study, 90 patients with hemiplegia one year after first-ever middle cerebral artery infarction（stroke group） in the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from June 2008 to June 2011 were recruited for interview. Ninety age- and sex-matched normal volunteers（control group） were also examined at the same period. The psychological distress was assessed by the Symptom Checklist 90（SCL-90）, the social support by the Social Support Rating Scale（SSRS）, and medication adherence by Morisky＇s self-reported inventory, respectively. Group differences were analyzed using unpaired-t test and chi-squared test. The results showed that total mean scores of the SCL-90 in the stroke group were higher than those in the control group（P〈0.01）. Except two dimensions, paranoid ideation and psychoticism, mean scores of the rest dimensions（including somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, and phobic anxiety） of SCL-90 were significantly higher in the stroke group than those in the control group（P〈0.05, or P〈0.01）. The objective support, subjective support, support availability and total social support scores in the stroke group were significantly higher than those in the control group（P〈0.05, or P〈0.01）. Those in the ＂SCL-90 total scores 〉150 group＂ were significantly higher than in the ＂SCL-90 total scores 〈100 group＂ and the ＂SCL-90 total scores between 100 to 150 group＂（P〈0.05, or P〈0.01）. Those in the ＂SCL-90 total scores between 100 to 150 group＂ were significantly higher than in the ＂SCL-90 total scores 〈100 group＂（P〈0.05）. In 90 patients with ischemic stroke, 26（28.89%） patients obtained high medication adherence, 47（52.22%） patients medium medication adherence, and 17（18.89%） patients low medication adherence, respectively. Among these stroke patients, there were 17（50.00%） patients with high medication adherence in the ＂SCL-90 total scores 〉150 group＂, 28（75.67%） patients with medium medication adherence in the ＂SCL-90 total scores between 100 to 150 group＂, and 12（61.16%） patients with low medication adherence in the ＂SCL-90 total scores 〈100 group＂, respectively. There was significant difference in the medication adherence rate among the different SCL-90 scores groups in these stroke patients（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. It was led to conclude that ischemic stroke patients one year after hemiplegia have psychological distress, low level of social support and poor medication adherence in the mainland of China. Therefore, it is necessary to mobilize the government, medical institutions and various social support groups to offer psychological interventions to relieve the stress of patients with ischemic stroke, and improve their medication adherence.

Path analysis of relationship among personality, perceived stress, coping, social support, and psychological outcomes

AIM: To provide a structural model of the relationship between personality traits, perceived stress, coping strategies, social support, and psychological outcomes in the general population.METHODS: This is a cross sectional study in which the study group was selected using multistage cluster and convenience sampling among a population of 4 million. For data collection, a total of 4763 individuals were asked to complete a questionnaire on demographics, personality traits, life events, coping with stress, social support, and psychological outcomes such as anxiety and depression. To evaluate the comprehensive relation-ship between the variables, a path model was fitted.RESULTS: The standard electronic modules showed that personality traits and perceived stress are important determinants of psychological outcomes. Social support and coping strategies were demonstrated to reduce the increasing cumulative positive effects of neuroticism and perceived stress on the psychological outcomes and enhance the protective effect of extraversion through decreasing the positive effect of perceived stress on the psychological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Personal resources play an important role in reduction and prevention of anxiety and depression. In order to improve the psychological health, it is necessary to train and reinforce the adaptive coping strategies and social support, and thus, to moderate negative personality traits.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms,Parenting Stress and Social Support in Chinese Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Although little is known about the current situation regarding autism spectrum disorder(ASD)in main land China,psychiatric disorders are common among Chinese mothers of preschool children with ASD.Previous studies showed ASD child's behavioral symptoms,maternal anxiety,and maternal depressive symptoms were associated with overall parenting stress in northern China.In the present study,we retrospectively analyzed medical records at the hospital related to neuropsychiatric symptoms,parenting stress and social support in mothers of children with ASD from southern China.A total of 80 mothers of children with ASD were screened.Among them,34 mothers were in low-functioning ASD group(L-ASD group)and 46 mothers were in highfunctioning ASD group(H-ASD group).Identification of the ASD cases was confirmed with a Revised Autism Diagnostic Inventory.Neuropsychiatric symptoms,parenting stress and social support were measured by neuropsychiatric inventory(NPI),parenting stress index short form(PSISF),and multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support(MSPSS).Total mean score of the NPI in the L-ASD group was significantly higher than that in the H-ASD group(P<0.01).The subscale scores of NPI,including depression,anxiety,apathy,irritability,agitation,night time behavior disturbances and change in appetite were significantly higher in the L-ASD group than those in the H-ASD group(P<0.01 or P<0.05).Meanwhile,the total PSI-SF scores and the scores of parental distress(PD),parental-child dysfunctional interaction(PCDI)and difficult child(DC)in the L-ASD group were significantly higher than those in the H-ASD group(P<0.01 or P<0.05).The total score of MSPSS was also higher in the L-ASD group than in the H-ASD group(P<0.01).This study goes further to show the neuropsychiatric symptoms and parenting stress are significantly higher in mothers of children with ASD,and more social supports are needed for mothers of children with ASD from southern China,especially for mothers of children with low-functioning ASD.

Mental and physical symptoms associated with lower social support for patients with hepatitis C

AIM: To systematically examine the impact of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis on patients' level of social support in a large-scale study. METHODS: Patients evaluated and treated for HCV in a tertiary referral center were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Demographic data, functional and emotional status as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), severity of liver disease, mode of acquisition, and physical and psychiatric comorbidities were collected from patients or abstracted from the medical record. All participants completed a semi-structured interview, addressing questions of social support. RESULTS: A total of 342 patients (mean age 45.2 years; 37% women) were enrolled. Ninety-two (27%) patients described lower levels of support by family and friends. Nearly half of the participants (45%) noted the loss of at least one relationship due to the disease. Fears related to transmitting the disease (25%) were common and often associated with ignorance or even discrimination by others (19%). Nearly one fifth of the patients did not share information about their disease with others to avoid being stigmatized. Lower levels of social support were significantly associated with living alone, being unemployed, being excluded from antiviral therapy, having psychiatric comorbidities, contracting HCV through intravenous drug use, having high levels of anxiety and depression as measured by the HAD and negative mood state as measured by the SIP. Patients reporting lower levels of social support also noted more physical symptoms as measured by the SIP. CONCLUSION: Patients with hepatitis C often face significant social problems, ranging from social isolation to familial stress. The most common concerns reflect a limited insight of patients and their relatives and friends about the disease, the risk factors for its spread, and about potential consequences. Our data suggest that educational interventions targeting support persons and the stressors identified in our findings may lessen or alleviate the social strains patients with hepatitis C experience.

Correlation between resilience and social support and anxiety in obstetric nurses

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between psychological resilience and social support and anxiety in obstetric nurses and to provide theoretical basis for improving the mental health of obstetric nurses.Methods: In this study, 190 obstetric nurses were included, using the general information questionnaire and The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale(CD-RISC), Social Support Rating Scale, and survey of Self-evaluation of Anxiety Scale.Results: There are differences in the type of work and the score of psychological resilience(P<0.05), obstetric nurses’ resilience score was 65.58±10.65; self-rating anxiety score of obstetric nurses was 36.89±6.87; and social support score of obstetric nurses was44.3717.86. The psychological elasticity score and anxiety were negatively related(P<0.01), whereas the resilience score and total score of social support were positively related(P<0.01).Conclusions: Obstetric nurses have many responsibilities and stress. Nursing managers should focus on obstetric nurses’ mental health, lighten the obstetric nurses’ anxiety, and thus improve their mental flexibility and optimize the quality of nursing service better,with more passion into work.

Relationship between acute stress and sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel:Mediating effect of social support

Background: To explore the relationship between acute stress, social support and sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel, and construct the relational model through structural equation modeling. Methods: A total of 2,411 grass-root military personnel were randomly selected by cluster sampling, and administered the Chinese Military Personnel Sleep Disorder Scale, Military Acute Stress Scale and Social Support Rating Scale.Results: The total score of acute stress scale was positively correlated with the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale(r=0.209~0.465, P【0.01); The total score of social support scale was positively correlated with the total score of acute stress scale and the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale(r=0.356~0.537, P【0.01). The analysis of mediating effects showed that lack of social support partially mediated between acute stress and the factors of sleep disorder. The analysis of structural equation model showed that acute stress not only had a direct effect on sleep disorder(the path coefficient was 0.29, P=0.000), but also on lack of social support(the path coefficient was 0.39, P=0.000); lack of social support had a direct effect on sleep disorder(the path coefficient was 0.48, P=0.000).Conclusions: Acute stress and lack of social support are two significant factors of sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel. Well-established social support could alleviate sleep disorder induced by acute stress. Lack of social support was a partial mediator between acute stress and sleep disorder.

The impact of perceived social support, loneliness, and physical activity on quality of life in South Korean older adults

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to propose and test a conceptual model that explains the interrelationships among perceived social support, loneliness, physical activity(PA), and quality of life(QoL) among active older adults in South Korea.Methods: Data were collected from 332 individuals over the age of 65 using a systematic stratified convenience sampling method. Survey data were collected and analyzed using a structural equation model(SEM).Results: Perceived social support had a significantly positive effect on PA(b = 0.14, p < 0.01) and QoL(b = 0.28, p < 0.001) while decreasing loneliness(b = —0.55, p < 0.001). PA had a significant positive effect on QoL(b = 0.12, p < 0.01), and loneliness had a negative effect on QoL(b = —0.37, p < 0.001). Loneliness mediated the relationship between perceived social support and QoL.Conclusion: The SEM results of the current study support the proposed model that explained the interrelationships among perceived social support, loneliness, PA, and QoL among active older adults in South Korea. These findings suggest the importance of incorporating social support mechanisms for PA interventions in order to enhance QoL. The findings of this study can help create more effective health and physical education programs for the older generations in South Korea to enhance their QoL.

Multiple mediation effects of health locusof control and hope on the relationshipbetween stroke patients’ social supportand self-management

Objective:This study aimed to identify the mediation effects of health locus of control(HLC)and hope between stroke patients’social support and self-management.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.A total of 300 Chinese stroke patients were recruited by convenient sampling from the acupuncture department of two Chinese Traditional Medical Hospitals in Tianjin Province from June to September 2018.The self-report questionnaires include Social Support Assessment Scale,Herth Hope Index,Mental Health Locus of Control Scale,Stroke Self-management Behavior Scale,and personal information questionnaires.All the survey data were entered in Excel and analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 program.Mediation was tested with Bootstrapping in AMOS 23.0 program.Results:The result showed that internal health locus of control(IHLC),chance health locus of control(CHLC)and hope were the mediators between social support and self-management.The direct,indirect,and total effects of social support on self-management behavior were 0.306 (P<0.01),0.109(P<0.01),and 0.415(P<0.01),respectively.Conclusions:Social support can directly influence self-management,and it can also indirectly influence self-management through IHLC,CHLC,and hope.

Parental social support, perceived competence and enjoyment in school physical activity

Background:Beginning in the elementary school years,there are differences among children on how they perceive their competence in physical activity(PA).Children's competence perceptions may influence their affective reactions to PA.A crucial question is how to motivate children who hold low competence perceptions to enhance their enjoyment and PA involvement.Because parents play critical roles in children's development and socialization,social support from parents can be an important factor to complement teachers'effort to enhance children's enjoyment and PA involvement.In this research we identified the associations among children's beliefs about parental social support,perceived competence,and enjoyment in school PA.Methods:Three hundred and twenty children(9-11 years old)participated in a two-wave study.At the first wave,children completed questionnaires measuring their beliefs about parental social support,perceived competence,and enjoyment in school PA;they reported their enjoyment again 8 months later at the second wave.Results:Both concurrent and longitudinal analyses revealed that beliefs about parental social support were important factors associated with children's enjoyment in school PA,especially among girls with low competence perceptions.Conclusion:Family socialization factors should be taken into consideration.The efficacy of individual and community-level strategies should be included and evaluated when designing effective intervention strategies that enhance children's PA in school.

Relationships between Emotional Well-Being, Patient Activation and Social Support among Adults with Severe Obesity Who Have Undergone Gastric Bypass Surgery

Objective: To examine the relationship between emotional well-being, patient activation and social support in a cohort of adults with severe obesity who underwent gastric bypass surgery from January to December 2012. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Subjects: Of a total population of 129 people, aged 18 - 68 years, at a local hospital in central Norway, 64 (50%) responding to the questionnaire, 52 (81%) being women. Main Outcome Measures: The World Health Organization—Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), the 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13), a 16-item instrument on the frequency and content of social support, and demographic and clinical data. Results: A significant positive association was found between higher level of patient activation and better emotional well-being (P = 0.02) in linear regression analysis. A higher level of family support was significantly associated with better emotional well-being (practical social support from the family (P = 0.04), emotional social support from family (P = 0.01) and from friends (P = 0.005)). Conclusion: Screening tools for emotional well-being should be used systematically in postoperative consultations to recognize those who need a more individually tailored post-surgery follow-up care after gastric bypass surgery. In addition, health care providers in both specialist and primary health care settings should consider assessing the level of social support as part of regular follow-up routines.