Comparative study on emotional behavior and parental job stress of only-child and non-only-child preschool children

BACKGROUND Studies have revealed that Children's psychological,behavioral,and emotional problems are easily influenced by the family environment.In recent years,the family structure in China has undergone significant changes,with more families having two or three children.AIM To explore the relationship between emotional behavior and parental job stress in only preschool and non-only preschool children.METHODS Children aged 3-6 in kindergartens in four main urban areas of Shijiazhuang were selected by stratified sampling for a questionnaire and divided into only and nononly child groups.Their emotional behaviors and parental pressure were compared.Only and non-only children were paired in a 1:1 ratio by class and age(difference less than or equal to 6 months),and the matched data were compared.The relationship between children's emotional behavior and parents'job stress before and after matching was analyzed.RESULTS Before matching,the mother's occupation,children's personality characteristics,and children's rearing patterns differed between the groups(P<0.05).After matching 550 pairs,differences in the children's parenting styles remained.There were significant differences in children's gender and parents'attitudes toward children between the two groups.The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ)scores of children in the only child group and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form(PSI-SF)scores of parents were significantly lower than those in the non-only child group(P<0.05).Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that after matching,there was a positive correlation between children's parenting style and parents'attitudes toward their children(r=0.096,P<0.01),and the PSI-SF score was positively correlated with children's gender,parents'attitudes toward their children,and SDQ scores(r=0.077,0.193,0.172,0.222).CONCLUSION Preschool children's emotional behavior and parental pressure were significantly higher in multi-child families.Parental pressure in differently structured families was associated with many factors,and preschool children's emotional behavior was positively correlated with parental pressure.

The Development of a Feeding Coparenting Scale for Japanese Parents of Fifth- and Sixth-Grade Elementary School Children

Aim: Recently, the role of feeding coparenting has gained attention in the child eating research field. The Feeding Coparenting Scale (FCS), a measure of how caregivers interact with their partners when feeding their children was developed in the United States in 2019. However, there is no valid and reliable measure to assess feeding coparenting among caregivers of school-aged children in Japan. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the FCS (FCS-J) questionnaire for caregivers with school-aged children. Methods: This was a web-based cross-sectional survey completed by caregivers of children aged 10-12 years. A preliminary survey using interviews and a web-based survey was conducted and found that the translated items of the FCS into Japanese were understandable to Japanese people. The developed survey was administered to parents of children at an elementary school. The reliability of the survey was assessed using both test-retest reliability and internal consistency analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was used to test construct validity, and known population validity was examined in relation to attributes, marital satisfaction, and feeding tasks. Results: Findings with 135 parents of school-aged children showed good internal reliability and validity of the FCS-J. The mean score for the overall FCS-J score was 46.2 (SD = 6.2), with Cronbach’s α of 0.72. For the subscales, Cronbach’s α ranged from 0.75 to 0.79. In sum, the present study’s results support the three-factor structure of the FCS in Japanese caregivers in Japan. Conclusions: The developed FCS-J was found to have a certain degree of reliability and validity. In this study, a Japanese version of the FCS-J was developed. .

The associations between resilience and socio-demographic factors in parents who care for their children with congenital heart disease

Objective To examine the resilience of parents of children with congenital heart disease and to investigate socio-demographic factors that may influence parents’resilience.Methods This is a web-based survey study using a cross-sectional design.A purposive sampling method was utilized to recruit 515 parents who care for children with congenital heart disease.Resilience was assessed using the Dispositional Resilience Scale-Ⅱ.Based on expert-interviews,a questionnaire was designed to collect socio-demographic data.Descriptive statistics,factor analysis,and linear regressions were used to analyze data.Results A total of 413 parents completed the survey study.The mean resilience score was 3.75(SD=0.61;range=1.89–4.89)with higher scores indicating higher resilience.The linear regression models demonstrated that parents who had lower education levels and lower gross household income had lower resilience(P<0.05).Conclusions Parents reported resilience that reflected their ability to cope with stressful events and mitigate stressors associated with having and caring for children with congenital heart disease.Lower education levels and lower gross household income are associated with lower resilience.To increase parents’resilience,nursing practice and nurse-led interventions should target screening and providing support for parents at-risk for lower resilience.As lower education level and financial hardship are factors that are difficult to modify through personal efforts,charitable foundations,federal and state governments should consider programs that would provide financial and health literacy support for parents at-risk for lower resilience.

A determination of the quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents

Objective: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic illness which can have a negative effect on the health care and development of children and can put their lives in danger. This descriptive study aimed to determine the quality of life and the factors affecting it of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL).Methods: The study was conducted in the Child Endocrinology Unit of a University Hospital in Bursa, Turkey. Totally 64 children eight-12 years and 85 adolescents aged 13-18 with type 1 diabetes and their parents were recruited. HbA1c measurements were obtained from the records of the endocrinology clinicare, which were made once every three months, and the average of the last three measurements was taken in the study. The PedsQL was used to measure quality of life of the children and adolescents. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and P<0.05 was considered significant. The demographic data of the children and parents were analyzed using means and percentiles. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between two averages. Results: Of the sub-groups on the scale, affective and school function scores were somewhat low, and social function scores were high. The quality of life scores of the children and adolescents were found to correlate with those of their parents. A negative correlation was found between HbA1c levels and adolescent quality of life, a positive correlation was found between the child's age and the quality of life of the child and parents, and a negative correlation was found between the number of children in the family and the quality of life of the child and parents. Conclusions: An evaluation of the quality of life after a diagnosis of diabetes can be used to assess the problems which may be faced by children and adolescents and to combat these problems.

The Relationship between Parental Stress and Child Conformity:The Mediating Role of Resilience

Background:In today’s society,parental stress has become a prevalent and significant issue,impacting not only parents’mental health but also potentially profoundly affecting children’s growth and education.This topic has garnered continuous attention from scholars.The present study aims to delve into the relationship between parental stress and children’s behavior,particularly focusing on children’s conformity and discipline development during crucial stages.This study aims to explore the relationship between parental stress,child conformity,and resilience,and further examines the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between parental stress and child conformity.Methods:We used three scales:the Parental Stress Scale,the Child Conformity Scale,and the Resilience Scale,to survey 890 elementary school students(aged 6–12)and their parents in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China.We employed SPSS 26.0 software for data analysis,conducting descriptive statistics,correlation analysis,and mediation effect tests sequentially.In the mediation effect tests,we utilized structural equation modeling(SEM)and regression analysis to examine the mediation effects,ensuring the accuracy and scientific nature of our analysis.Results:Through descriptive statistics,correlation analysis,regression models,and mediation effect tests,we found that parental stress significantly negatively predicts child conformity,while resilience shows a significant positive prediction.Further mediation analysis indicates that resilience plays a partial mediating role between parental stress and child conformity,with the mediation effect accounting for 36.67%.Conclusion:These findings highlight the importance of the family environment on child behavior and provide valuable insights and recommendations for family education practices in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Therefore,we suggest future research should further explore the complex relationships among parental stress,child conformity,and resilience,and examine regional differences to better promote children’s overall development.

Literature Review on Support for Children and Families Experiencing Parental Bereavement

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the actual nursing support in a wide perspective by reviewing overseas literature on support for children who have experienced parental bereavement and their families. The goal was to identify future challenges in nursing support in clinical practice in Japan. Method: Literature searchable as of May 2023 was retrieved using PubMed, resulting in 11 relevant articles. Result: The results revealed the following: 1) For support provided to children, 13 codes were condensed into 5 subcategories and 4 categories. 2) For support provided to families, 36 codes were condensed into 11 subcategories and 4 categories. Conclusion: Open communication was found to be essential for supporting children and their families who have experienced parental bereavement. Moreover, involvement of multiple professions facilitated the provision of specialized support to address diverse needs of children and families, playing a crucial role in overcoming grief. Additionally, the effectiveness of support systems for bereaved families highlighted the need for nursing professionals in Japan to gain knowledge through learning opportunities and to establish a multi-disciplinary approach to support, thus indicating future challenges in nursing support.

Relationship between Authoritative Parenting Style and Preschool Children’s Emotion Regulation:A Moderated Mediation Model

An authoritative parenting style has been shown to promote children’s emotion regulation in European-American family studies.However,little is known about how sleep problems and the child’s sibling status in Chinese families affect this relationship.Based on family system theory,this study attempts to better understand the relationship between authoritative parenting style and emotion regulation.Mothers of preschool children in Chinese kindergartens completed questionnaires about their children’s sleep habits,their authoritative parenting styles,and children’s emotion regulation.A total of 531 children participated in this study.Results showed that authoritative parenting was positively associated with emotional regulation.Sleep problems mediated the effects of authoritative parenting style on emotion regulation.The child’s sibling status moderated the mediating effects of sleep problems in authoritative parenting and emotion regulation relationships.Specifically,the relationship between the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems was significant for only children,while birth order had no significant influence on the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems in two-child families.These findings suggest that a lowauthoritative parenting style predicts low emotion regulation through sleep problems,and this depends on the child’s sibling status,indicating that children without siblings may impair emotion regulation due to increased sleep problems.

Attachment Styles and Traumatic Responses: Exploring the Impact of Parental Interaction on Child Development and Coping Mechanisms

This article explores the intricate relationship between attachment styles formed during early childhood and the subsequent responses to traumatic events, particularly the death of a parent. Drawing on the theoretical framework of attachment theory and incorporating contemporary research, the paper discusses how parental interactions shape the neural circuitry of infants and children, influencing their ability to form secure or insecure attachments. These attachment styles, in turn, play a critical role in determining the child’s coping mechanisms when faced with trauma. This paper focuses on trying to understand how attachment theory is connected to the reaction to trauma with a highlight on the four major styles of attachments which are secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized to mention but a few, and how they influence stress and adversity in children. Attachment theory holds that human beings’ ability to form affectional bonds in infancy determines their patterns of relatedness across the life cycle. The type of attachment that is secure usually supports healthy adaptation and good coping mechanisms regardless of the trauma in the childhood of the child. While secure attachment mostly facilitates favorable trauma-related outcomes, anxious or avoidant attachment can exacerbate or alter the responses. The caregiving system that is avoidant attachment has implications of autonomous self-functioning which has features of suppression of the emotional response and poor search for emotional support during stress. From the principles of developmental psychology and trauma theory, the paper also focuses on the major significance of the child’s early caregivers’ interactions that define the resilience and vulnerability factor. This knowledge is therefore critical in designing specific interventions based on the improvement of coping behaviors and emotional regulatory systems of children who have been exposed to trauma. Finally, we have the synthesis of new knowledge about the role of secure attachment relationships as its fundamental element in shaping adaptive traumatization and psychological development. The article also delves into the physiological processes involved in emotional regulation and the role of cortisol in disrupting attachment. Finally, the implications of these findings for therapeutic interventions and the challenges of addressing prolonged grief and traumatic responses in clinical settings are considered.

Characteristics of Child Labour and Their Health Problems: Findings from Rural Community of India

Background: Child labour is a big problem. Studies have indicated several problems of child labour. However, few studies have indicated the characteristics of child labour rural India. Objectives: This study has explored characteristics of child labour and their families in the rural community of eastern India and also identified their health problems. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to explore their characteristics in purposively selected areas in rural Howrah, India. Frequency table and bar-diagrams were used. Results: The study identified 72% boys and 28% girls as child labour. Majority of the children (67.9%) were labour because they wanted to help their parents. In 8.9% cases, they were forced to work by their parents. In 5.4% cases, they were orphans. Majority of the children were not satisfied (78.6%) with their job place and job status. Conclusions: Child labourers are not satisfied with their job. Their money is used in family. Parents are illiterate. Lack of effective education system and availability of functional schools are both causes and consequences of child labour. Due to illiteracy, working conditions for these children get worse as they are not even aware of the occupational benefits.

Relationship between negative emotions and perceived support among parents of hospitalized,critically ill children

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to describe relationships between negative emotions and perceived emotional support in parents of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU).Methods:This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted face-to-face interviews between January 2019 and January 2020.Study variables included depression(PHQ-9 Scale),anxiety(Emotional Distress-Anxiety-Short Form 8a),anger(Emotional Distress-Anger-Short Form 5a),fear(Fear-Affect Computerized Adaptive Test),somatic fear(Fear-Somatic Arousal-Fixed Form),loneliness(Revised 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale),and perceived emotional support(Emotional Support-Fixed Form).Results:Eighty parents reported symptoms of depression 8.00(4.00,13.75),anxiety(23.43±7.80),anger(13.40±5.46),fear(72.81±27.26),somatic fear 9.00(6.00,12.75),loneliness(39.35±12.00),and low perceived emotional support(32.14±8.06).Parents who were young,single,low-income,and with limited-post secondary education reported greater loneliness and lower perceived emotional support.Fear correlated with depression(r=0.737,P<0.01)and anxiety(r=0.900,P<0.01).Inverse relationships were discovered between perceived emotional support and loneliness(r=-0.767,P<0.01),anger(r=-0.401,P<0.01),and depression(r=-0.334,P<0.01).Conclusions:The cluster of negative emotions identified will serve as potential targets for future interventions designed to enhance support for parents of critically ill children.

Parents＇ Experiences of When an Adult Child Is Seriously III--＂lt Does Not Matter That It Is a Grown-Up Person, They Are Still Your Child＂

Purpose and Topic： A longer life expectancy is expected to rise continuously in all populations on all continents. Older parents are at risk of having to accompany their adult children through a severe illness, sometimes even to their death. The present study investigates the experiences of being a parent to an adult child with a severe illness and what support was helpful during the child＇s period of illness. Method： A qualitative approach with in-depth interviews which were analyzed using content analysis. Results： The results showed that a common perception was that it is very special to have a child with a severe illness. The underlying elements of existential experience and the relationship both influenced the parents＇ conceptions of life and permeated the whole situation. There were four areas that the parents found important and influenced how they could manage the situation： having information, participation, strategies to cope with the situation, and support. Conclusions： Accompanying an adult child through a severe and potentially fatal disease in the context of a growing elderly population will become an increasingly frequent problem. So far there is limited research in this area and more research should be a high priority in the future.

What Should Parents Say to a Child Bullied at School?

The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective. This month we discuss how parents should respond when their child is bullied at school.

Children’s Health, Parent-Child Activities, Using Digital Devices, and Social Competence: Serial Mediation

Background: Studies have pointed out the influence of different children’s activities and prolonged use of digital products on their social development. However, whether the parent-child activities and using digital devices were serial mediators of the relationship between children’s health and social development needs further verification. Purpose: This study explored how parent-child activities and children’s use of digital devices influence the relationship between children’s health and their social competence. Method: This study used data from Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development and Care. A total sample of 2164 participants was used in this study. Serial mediation analyses were performed using model six of Hayes’ PROCESS (2012). Results: This study found that parent-child activities and the use of digital devices can serially mediate the relationship between children’s health and social competence. Children’s health could directly improve their social competence, but it could also serially mediate social competence by increasing parent-child activities and reducing the use of digital devices. Conclusion: Childcare policy planners and parenting educators should not only call on parents to reduce the use of electronic products for their children, but also encourage parents to spend more time interacting with their children, so that children can learn social skills by interacting with others in their daily lives.

流动儿童社会排斥、自尊、亲子依恋与抑郁的关系:一项追踪研究

目的:为探讨流动儿童社会排斥、自尊、亲子依恋与抑郁的动态关系。方法:以班级为单位对385名流动儿童进行为期一年的纵向追踪调查。采用协方差结构方程模型对前、后两次4个研究变量间的动态关系进行检验。结果:控制年龄和性别作用后显示:①流动儿童前测社会排斥可以预测其后测抑郁水平(β=0.12,P<0.01);②流动儿童前测自尊在社会排斥对抑郁的即时和延时预测中均起部分中介作用,中介效应值分别是0.11和0.03;③流动儿童前测亲子依恋在其前测社会排斥影响后测抑郁的中介路径前半段中起延时调节作用,调节效应值为-0.12。结论:①社会排斥可以预测流动儿童的抑郁水平;②自尊在社会排斥和流动儿童抑郁中起即时和延时中介作用;③亲子依恋能够延时调节流动儿童社会排斥与自尊的关系。

基于KJ-KANO模型的亲子家居文创产品设计研究

以亲子用户群体需求为设计导向,综合使用KJ-KANO模型对亲子家居文创产品进行研究与设计,打破亲子沟通障碍的桎梏,营造和谐有爱的亲子氛围。首先运用KJ法获取亲子对于家居文创产品的相关需求,梳理出需求清单;其次运用KANO模型甄别亲子需求的属性以及对需求进行优先级排序。在此基础上,进行亲子家居文创产品设计实践。通过综合运用KJ-KANO模型精准获取用户需求,从而避免设计人员的主观臆断,为设计实践提供合理的设计要素,从而提升亲子群体对于家居文创产品的满意度和幸福体验指数。

Analysis of Professional Quality Cultivation Strategies for Infant and Child Care Service Talents from the Perspective of Collaboration of Medical Care,Parenting,and Education,and Integration of Industry and Education

The collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education aims to integrate nursing,midwifery,infant and child care services,and management with speech and hearing rehabilitation technology,among other elements related to the infant care industry chain.This integration targets pediatrics talent training in nine infant care positions,including nursing,infant health care and management,and child rehabilitation,to ensure that the capabilities and quality of professional talents can meet the health care needs of infants and young children.This article briefly explains the background of the“collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education,and integration of industry and education.”It analyzes the necessity of cultivating infant and child care service talents based on the perspective of“collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education,and integration of industry and education.”Based on this perspective,we conducted an in-depth study of the cultivation of professional qualities of infant and child care service talents.

父母回应幼儿消极情绪的方式与幼儿问题行为的关系研究

采用《儿童消极情绪回应问卷》《长处与困难问卷》对220位幼儿的父母分别进行调查,探究父母回应幼儿消极情绪的方式与幼儿问题行为的关系,并进一步比较父母回应方式的单独效应与联合效应,为幼儿问题行为的家庭干预提供依据。研究结果显示:母亲/父亲的低支持性回应/高非支持性回应在不同程度上增加幼儿的问题行为,父亲的影响范围更广;父母的支持性回应一致低/非支持性回应一致高在不同程度上增加幼儿的问题行为,父母回应方式的联合效应与单独效应存在差异,部分支持加法模型。父母回应幼儿消极情绪的方式直接影响幼儿的问题行为,且存在累积效应,父母应给予一致的支持性回应来减少幼儿的问题行为。

“三孩”政策背景下婴幼儿家庭养育压力的影响因素探究

为了解“三孩”政策背景下0~6岁婴幼儿家庭养育压力的现状及其影响因素,采用基本信息问卷、简式养育压力量表(PSI-SF)对我国东、中、西部六省3982个婴幼儿家庭所面临的养育压力展开调查,并从个体家庭因素、经济因素和社会区域因素三个方面分析0~6岁婴幼儿家庭养育压力产生的原因。结果显示,在0~6岁婴幼儿家庭中,近五成家庭养育压力超出正常范围,且从养育压力的各个维度来看,育儿愁苦得分高于困难儿童得分高于亲子互动失调得分;家庭结构、社会经济地位以及城乡地区对0~6岁婴幼儿家庭的养育压力有显著影响。基于此,建议关注父亲的养育压力,政府社区家庭合作共育;明确家庭压力来源,缓解家庭养育压力;加大政府投入,降低家庭养育成本;完善社会服务支持,提高家庭养育知识与技能。

亲子关系和环境敏感性对青少年心理健康的共同作用

目的从青少年人格-家庭环境交互作用的视角,考察亲子关系及环境敏感性对青少年心理问题的共同作用。方法2023年3月-5月在陕西省西安市6个地区随机选取12所中学开展横断面研究,以7010名青少年为研究对象,采用高敏感儿童量表(Highly Sensitive Child Scale,HSC),病人健康问卷(Patient Health Questionnaire-9,PHQ-9),长处和困难问卷(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,SDQ)和幸福指数量表分别评估青少年的环境敏感性及心理健康水平。结果①女生与男生相比,对环境更加敏感(t=-7.504,P<0.01);②在预测青少年抑郁情绪和外化问题时,亲子冲突、支持和环境敏感性主效应显著(b=-0.263、0.237、0.332,P<0.001;b=0.201、0.220,P<0.001),同时亲子冲突与环境敏感性的交互作用显著(b=-0.072,P<0.05;b=0.092,P<0.05);③Widaman’s的验证和竞争分析发现,亲子冲突与环境敏感性对抑郁情绪和外化行为的交互作用分别支持差异敏感和素质-压力模型(BIC=2170.98、2162.6)。结论高环境敏感性的青少年更易受与父母更多冲突关系的负面影响,也更易从低水平冲突关系中获益,环境敏感性可能是一种易感因素而非脆弱因素。