Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Gastrodia elata and its active ingredients in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Gastrodia elata,a traditional Chinese medicine belonging to the Orchidaceae family,contains several major components such as gastrodin,polysaccharides of Gastrodia elata,and parishin.The pharmacological studies conducted on Gastrodia elata have revealed a variety of therapeutic properties,including antihypertensive,hypolipidemic,analgesic,and sedative-hypnotic properties.Thus,in this paper,we summarized the pharmacological effects of Gastrodia elata’s major components,namely gastrodin,polysaccharides of Gastrodia elata,parishin,and different types of Gastrodia elata extracts,on cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis,hypertension,hyperglycemia,myocardial ischemia,myocardial hypoxia,myocarditis,and heart failure.Additionally,we conclude the mechanisms through which these active ingredients exert their therapeutic effects,including antioxidants,anti-inflammatory,and nitric oxide regulation.We provide insights into the therapeutic potential of Gastrodia elata with a detailed review of its pharmacological effects and molecular targets in cardiovascular disease protection and therapy,and can better understand the effect of traditional medicines in cardiovascular disease.

天麻化学成分分类及其药理作用研究进展

天麻具有悠久的药用和食用历史,具有抗癫痫、抗疲劳、改善学习记忆等多种药理作用。根据化合物的母核结构、官能团种类及连接方式,对天麻中的化学成分进行了系统分类。首先,根据化合物的母核结构,将天麻中的化学成分分为芳香族类、甾体类、有机酸及酯类、糖类及其苷类、氨基酸类和其他类等6大类;再根据官能团及其连接方式,将芳香族类化合物分为单苄基类、parishin类、多芳香取代糖苷类、多苄醚类、聚苄基类、杂原子芳香族类、呋喃芳香族类和其他芳香族类8小类。主要介绍了每类化合物的结构特征和药理作用,以期为深入研究天麻的化学成分、药理作用及其构效关系、新产品开发奠定基础。

Parishin C's prevention of Aβ_(1–42)-induced inhibition of long-term potentiation is related to NMDA receptors

The rhizome of Gastrodia elata(GE), a herb medicine, has been used for treatment of neuronal disorders in Eastern Asia for hundreds of years. Parishin C is a major ingredient of GE. In this study, the i.c.v. injection of soluble Aβ1–42oligomers model of LTP injury was used. We investigated the effects of parishin C on the improvement of LTP in soluble Aβ1–42oligomer–injected rats and the underlying electrophysiological mechanisms. Parishin C(i.p. or i.c.v.) significantly ameliorated LTP impairment induced by i.c.v. injection of soluble Aβ1–42oligomers. In cultured hippocampal neurons,soluble Aβ1–42oligomers significantly inhibited NMDAR currents while not affecting AMPAR currents and voltage-dependent currents. Pretreatment with parishin C protected NMDA receptor currents from the damage induced by Aβ. In summary, parishin C improved LTP deficits induced by soluble Aβ1–42oligomers. The protection by parishin C against Aβ-induced LTP damage might be related to NMDA receptors.

天麻素及派立辛改善东莨菪碱致学习记忆障碍的构效关系

天麻素是天麻的主要有效成分之一,派立辛(parishin)和parishin C也是从传统中药天麻中提取到的水溶性单体化合物,它们与天麻素在结构上关系紧密。Parishin类化合物为天麻素与柠檬酸在不同羧基位点酯合后的化合物。为了比较它们改善学习记忆的能力,本课题组采用东莨菪碱造成的学习记忆障碍模型和在体长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP)记录,研究了天麻素、parishin和parishin C的作用并分析其构效关系。Morris水迷宫实验中,15和50 mg·kg^(-1) parishin C,以及150 mg·kg^(-1) parishin可显著改善东莨菪碱损伤的空间学习记忆能力,缩短寻找平台的潜伏期(P<0.05),而天麻素在150 mg·kg^(-1)时的作用不显著。大鼠在体LTP研究结果显示,parishin C(5、10和20 mg·kg^(-1))及parishin(10、30和100 mg·kg^(-1))均可剂量依赖地改善东莨菪碱抑制的LTP(P<0.05);天麻素(100 mg·kg^(-1))仅有改善趋势(P>0.05)。因而,在东莨菪碱模型中parishin C的作用强于parishin,天麻素的作用最弱。