Balanced Consideration of Urban Park Green Space to Provide Services and Disservices

Ecosystem services(ES),the benefits of ecosystem function and structure to human well⁃being,have been receiving continued attention from international community since the publication of the millennium ecosystem assessment(MA).While humans enjoy all kinds of services provided by the ecosystem,they are also adversely affected by the services provided by the ecosystem,which are called ecosystem disservices(EDS).Based on EDS related research,this paper expounds the EDS concept and connotation to urban park green space as the research object,defines the concept and classification of urban park green space ecosystem disservices(PEDS),and introduces the influencing factors of the listed examples of urban PEDSs.It also discusses equilibrium relationship of the urban park green space service and disservice,and summarizes the research on urban PEDS to improve the meaning of human well⁃being.Finally,it points out the factors that should be considered in the planning,design,management,and maintenance of future urban park green space.

Diversity Analysis on the Plant Communities of Urban Park Green Space in Wuhan

In order to systematically study the diversity of plant communities in park green space,78 plant communities of 10 representative parks in Wuhan City were investigated.The total 449 species belonging to 275 genera and 112 families were found in this investigation.The communities were divided into 35 dominant-species,13 life-forms and 6 vegetation-forms.The community structures and the composition of dominant species were also studied.The results showed that the shortages of the low diversity,high proportion of exotic species and simple community structures appeared in plant community of park green space in Wuhan City.It is proposed that species,especially native ones,should be abundant to keep a high level species diversity.At the same time,more simulated native communities should be utilized to build the natural,multi-layers,bright local vegetation characteristics landscape of urban parks.

Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Park Green Space in Wuhan City

The distribution characteristics of park green space in Wuhan City were studied by standard deviation ellipse(SDE)method,average nearest neighbor index,kernel density estimation(KDE)method and scale index method.At the same time,the influencing factors of its distribution were discussed from three aspects of nature,social economy and culture with a geographical detector.The results show that(1)the distribution of park green space in Wuhan was relatively concentrated,and the directionality was not strong.The distribution mode was clustered mode.There were four main aggregation centers,which were located in Jianghan District,Qingshan District,Dongxihu District and Wuchang District respectively.Among them,the scale index of Jianghan District was the highest,up to 0.5902,while that of Xinzhou district was the lowest,only 0.0047.(2)The order of interpretation intensity of park green space distribution in Wuhan was population density(0.382)>regional GDP(0.278)>location of historical relics(0.165)>urbanization rate(0.136)>watershed zoning(0.069)>altitude(0.012).(3)The interaction of population density and watershed zoning had the strongest explanation for the distribution of park green space in Wuhan.Except for the influence of population density,the interaction of urbanization rate and regional GDP had the strongest explanation for the distribution of park green space in Wuhan.

The Scale-Effects of Different Land Use Types on the Distribution Pattern of Park Green Space at Multiple Grid Scales-A Case Study on the Main Urban Area of Nanjing,China

Exploring the scale-effect of different land use types on the distribution pattern of urban park green space(PGS)at multiple grid scales would inform rational allocation and efficient collaborative construction of urban development land at different scales.Selecting 300-m,500-m,1,000-m,and 2,000-m grid scales,the research employed Create Fishnet tool in ArcGIS and Geodetector to construct a scale-effect analysis framework that revealed the scale-effects of different land use types on the distribution pattern of PGS at multiple grid scales in the main urban area of Nanjing,China in 2006,2012,and 2017.Main research results are:1)the overall distribution pattern of PGS showed the evolution characteristics from polarization to advancing quality and efficiency,while the trend gradually weakened with the increase of grid scale;2)the scale-effect of other land use types on PGS increasingly enhanced-the larger the grid scale,the more obvious the synergistic or compressive effect;3)the interactive scaleeffects of different land use types gradually enhanced-the larger the grid scale,the more significant the overall factor interaction;and 4)at the 300-m grid scale,the major interaction factors were residential,transportation,industrial/manufacturing,water area,and administration/public services,which gradually changed to residential,water area,and administration/public services up to the 2,000-m grid scale.The findings of this paper are expected to deepen the theory of the coupling between PGS and other land use types,as well as provide scientific support and a basis for efficient allocation,spatial layout optimization,and sustainable development of urban spaces.

Investigation of Ancient and Large Tree Resources in Green Spaces of Urban Parks: A Case Study of Yunqizhujing Park in Hangzhou, China

Conservation of ancient and large trees in domestic and overseas cities was compared, ancient and large trees were regarded as important cultural relics playing an important role in optimizing urban natural environment and enriching urban humanistic and natural landscapes, and they were also important contents of urban garden works symbolizing urban parks. A case study was carried out Yunqizhujing Park to study conservation of ancient and large trees in park green spaces of Hangzhou City, solutions to current problems were proposed, and constructive suggestions were given for the conservation of ancient and large trees in urban park green spaces.

Research on Micro Technology of Microclimate Environment in Urban Green Space Based on Humanization Concept

To create a comfortable microclimate environment,the design methods of green layout and green structure of four common forms of urban green space(park green space,road green space,waterfront open green space,and green space between houses)were discussed,and the modes"concentric three rings"and"three-layer sandwich cake",as well as the matching principles of three-dimensional green elements of trees and shrubs with lawn and hard matrix elements,were proposed.

Disaster-prevention and Evacuation Functions of Urban Green Spaces in Dujiangyan City

In view of disaster-prevention and evacuation functions of urban green spaces, data collection, field investigation and questionnaire survey were integrated to analyze current situation and functions of green spaces in Dujiangyan City. Suggestions for enhancing disaster-prevention and evacuation functions of urban green spaces were proposed on the basis of analyzing and summarizing investigation results.

Designing Urban Roadside Green Area

The main functions and features of roadside green area are outlined in this paper, and some points about the correlative design are summarized.

城市绿色空间对青少年心理健康的影响:性别和手机娱乐时间的调节作用

本研究探讨了城市绿色公共空间,尤其是公园广场对青少年心理健康的影响,并着重分析了性别差异以及手机娱乐时间的调节作用。研究基于对广州市472名中学生问卷收集的数据,包括居住地、学校周边、工作日和休息日活动路径空间4种不同地理背景,建立回归模型。研究结果显示,绿色空间对青少年心理健康具有显著正向影响,居住地周围影响最大,其次是工作日活动路径、再次是休息日活动路径,学校周围影响最小。绿色空间对男生和女生的心理健康效应在不同的地理背景下表现出明显的差异,对男生在居住地周围和工作日活动路径的心理健康效应高于女生,而对女生在休息日活动空间路径的效应高于男生。手机娱乐时间的增加会抑制绿色空间的心理健康效应,对女生在居住地周围的抑制效应高于男生,对男生在休息日活动路径的抑制效应高于女生。建议可以从增加绿色空间、限制手机娱乐时间以及考虑性别敏感的干预措施3个维度促进青少年心理健康。

Study on Ecological Development of Urban Parks

Research background,significance,characteristics and planning methods of the ecological development of urban parks were elaborated.This paper took green space planning of Xishan Park in Qianxi City for example,explored the application of ecological development theories in green space planning of urban park.

基于改进潜能模型的城市公园绿地可达性评价与优化布局研究——以重庆市江津区为例

城市公园绿地空间布局因城市的自然条件和社会经济条件不同而具有差异性.当前国内外研究多聚焦发达地区和大城市,而小城市和典型城市的公园绿地可达性研究鲜见,且在案例代表性和数据精度方面还有一定的局限性.选择西南山地类型的重庆市江津区中心城区为案例,以居民小区出入口与公园绿地出入口为研究主体,构建改进潜能模型和网络分析方法,揭示其空间特征和存在问题,参考位置分配模型与调研结果,得出优化布局方案并检验.结果表明,江津区中心城区城市公园绿地布局与服务水平空间差异明显.提出拟新建7个游园与5个社区公园,并将部分公园绿地进行合并扩建或新增出入口.

干旱半干旱地区城市公园绿地空气负离子浓度特征及影响因素

为研究干旱半干旱地区城市公园绿地空气负离子浓度(NAIC)特征及影响因素,以呼和浩特市敕勒川公园为对象,于2020—2021年,每个季节选取晴天、晴间多云为主的天气各10 d,同步监测07:00—19:00时段,5种不同结构绿地(乔草型、乔灌型、乔木型、灌草型、乔灌草型)及对照区(CK)空气负离子浓度及PM10、PM2.5、温度、湿度、风速、大气压强、噪声等环境指标。结果表明:不同结构绿地空气负离子浓度季节日变化有所差异;同一季节,复杂结构绿地空气负离子浓度均值较高,不同结构绿地之间空气负离子浓度均值差异不显著;同一结构绿地,夏、秋季空气负离子浓度均值显著高于春、冬季;不同结构绿地空气清洁度夏、秋季较高,空气清洁度评价指数均值分别为0.58~0.78、0.52~0.80。绿地结构、季节对空气负离子浓度影响为主效应,绿地结构×季节对空气负离子浓度交互作用不显著;除此之外,相对湿度、PM10、PM2.5是影响空气负离子浓度的主要因素。

重大公共卫生事件驱动下国外城市公园绿地需求变化启示

根据多个国家和地区调查研究结果,在以全球性新冠疫情大流行为标志的突发公共卫生事件冲击下,国内外学者普遍认识到城市公园绿地的使用需求向“生活必需品”方向转化的客观事实;同时还发现,具有出色服务模式、社区凝聚力以及健康作用和公平可达等优势的城市公园绿地在新冠疫情期间呈现出城市“重要生命线”的独特属性。在此基础上,总结出以上新价值的认识对未来城市公园绿地规划设计产生的影响:1)服务向下游覆盖,关注点从使用权向邻近性转移,公园绿地供给和分配的公平性要求凸显;2)注重人均面积向关注可获得性转变,尤其是作为健康服务功能和生活必备资源的可获得性及可达性受到重视;3)重视公园绿地的社会性作用,其社会韧性和协同作用在重大突发公共卫生事件中受到广泛关注。最后,针对我国未来城市公园绿地建设提出几点启示,即以社区为单位完善城市公园绿地体系、注重增强独立社区内部公园绿地空间的开放与融合性、注重发掘并弘扬我国人居空间环境的社会协同性作用。

基于POE的城市公园绿地满意度评价及提升策略:以丽水市为例

以国家生态“双示范区”丽水市主城区8个公园为研究对象,应用使用后评价(post occupancy evaluation,POE)的原理,采用问卷调查、实地调研和满意度计算的方法,就丽水市民的公园绿地满意度进行深入调研与分析。研究结果显示:1)丽水市民对城市公园的总体满意度一般,分别有18%和43%的受访者表示满意和比较满意。2)丽水市民对城市公园的不同特征的满意度存在差异。其中,公园绿地景观环境满意度最高,为65%;公园绿地卫生条件满意度最低,为42%。3)丽水市民的个人特征对城市公园满意度存在影响。其中,男性、60岁以上人群、企业职工的满意度在同一分类标准的人群中最高。4)丽水市民期望新建的公园类型依次为综合公园>社区公园>儿童公园>动物园>街旁小游园>郊野公园>其他公园>植物园。

基于GIS的天水市公园绿地可达性分析

本研究以天水市中心城区公园绿地作为研究对象,结合天水市遥感影像图、道路网交通图、人口数量分布图、主要公园绿地分布图等,利用ArcGIS网络分析功能,对步行、骑行、机动车三种出行方式下,公园绿地的服务面积及服务人口以及不同城区公园可达性进行对比分析。其步行方式下5 min内的公园绿地服务面积比平均为4.16%,15 min内的服务人口比为平均为39%;在骑行方式下10 min内仍然有15%居民无法到达公园及机动车方式下5 min内依然有40%公园绿地无法到达。

开放共享背景下城市公园绿地建设举措与路径探索

【目的】城市绿地开放共享已成为新时代城市人居环境发展的重要趋势,但现阶段尚未充分发挥公园开放共享的最大价值,因此探索公园绿地的建设举措与路径,对于推动中国城市绿地建设落地实践意义重大。【方法/过程】通过分析开放共享发展背景,总结当前公园绿地开放共享工作,结合当前试行的四大举措及潜在提升方向,从空间、养护、管理、运营4个方面提出新时代开放共享的公园绿地精细化建设路径。【结果/结论】开放共享的公园绿地将成为城市建设中绿色生态价值转化的重要驱动力。从空间打开边界连通共享、养护科学精准、管理多方共建共治、运营满足供需诉求等优化升级,为公园绿地开放共享工作提供了理论参考和借鉴,为城市公园绿地的高质量建设、高品质使用和高效能治理提供科学支撑和指引。

城市公园绿地可达性与社会公平性研究

【目的】研究城市公园绿地的可达性与社会公平性,为提升公园绿地质量、保障弱势群体环境正义提供科学依据。【方法】以杭州市上城区公园绿地为研究对象,通过获取手机信令、大众点评、兴趣点(POI)等多源大数据,组建数据库,引入公园质量评价结果、吸引力算法和高斯衰减函数,改进两步移动搜索法,计算步行和公共交通模式下居住小区老龄人口获取公园绿地的可达性值,并利用Pearson相关系数分析公园绿地的社会公平性差异及其成因。【结果】(1)上城区各类公园质量存在较大差异,综合得分高于平均值的公园绿地占21.37%。(2)不同交通模式下的可达性程度差异较大,步行模式下65.98%的居住小区可达性值极低,而公共交通模式下可达性值极低的小区占33.81%;随着时间阈值的增大,可达性均出现高值扩散、低值消退的趋势;2种交通模式可达性均呈现集聚分布,公共交通模式下集聚程度更高。(3)上城区公园绿地存在社会不公平现象,步行模式下不公平程度最高,公平性低值达74.8%;叠加分析显示:不公平区域集中在上城区中部,呈片状分布。【结论】公园绿地供给与老龄人口需求之间存在不公平现象。将来,在城市绿地规划建设时应提升现有公园绿地服务质量,完善交通网络,适度增加绿地数量和改善小区居住环境。

基于改进两步移动搜索法的合肥市中心城区综合公园可达性评价

为提高城市综合公园布局均衡性地定量评估的准确性,以合肥市中心城区为例,提出一种基于改进多出行模式的两步移动搜索法,利用高德地图的路径规划模型,结合双变量局部空间自相关、洛伦兹曲线以及基尼系数等方法,在手机信令数据的基础上对不同时间阈值下的城市综合公园的可达性及供需情况进行分析,进一步揭示中心城区综合公园布局的合理性。结果显示:合肥市中心城区综合公园的可达性空间差异显著,可达性较高区域通常分布在新城区以及综合公园周边地区,并且随着时间阈值的提高,可达性水平的空间分布呈现均衡态势;合肥市中心城区在15 min与30 min时间阈值下均只有近5%的居住网格处于供需匹配状态;近7%的居住网格处于供需显著不匹配状态,主要集中于老城区西部以及滨湖区北部区域,居住区密度与综合公园数量是影响供需匹配的重要原因。研究结果表明,通过利用手机信令数据与高德路径规划数据作为数据源对传统可达性的计算方法以及两步移动搜索模型进行改进,建立微观尺度下城市综合公园的可达性评价框架,能够精确地评估城市综合公园的可达性;通过优化城市交通的通达程度以提高居民综合公园游憩出行的阈值,能够显著促进城市综合公园整体的空间分布合理性。

基于GIS的三门峡市公园可达性分析

基于GIS技术,以三门峡市中心城区城市公园为例,利用网络分析法定量评价步行、非机动车、机动车3种交通方式下的公园可达性,并结合可达面积与人口分析比较研究区、各行政区、各行政街道间的差异。结果表明,研究区内公园分布不均,湖滨区公园多、陕州区公园少;研究区公园绿地非机动车和机动车方式下的可达性较好;步行方式下的可达性较差,只有不到36.11%居民可步行30 min内到达相近公园;湖滨区公园绿地可达性要好于陕州区;前进街道、涧河街道、湖滨街道公园的可达性最佳,会兴街道、张湾乡公园的可达性最差。

生活圈视阈下公园绿地圈层分布及其协同区位演变特征——以南京为例

公园绿地是城市的民生性生态福祉,揭示其时空分布规律是提升生活圈生态宜居质量的关键。基于生活圈全服务设施要素体系,利用POI与土地利用数据,借助多环缓冲区与协同区位商方法,系统揭示2012、2016、2020年南京中心城区公园绿地布局特征与水平。结果表明:1)公园绿地集聚性与临近性在古城>副城>主城边缘,圈层特征显著;2)公园绿地在各级生活圈分布由均衡渐趋聚集,5 min生活圈是游园、社区公园的核心聚集区,大型公园绿地则多圈层均衡分布;3)公园绿地协同区位水平快速、均衡提升,其中游园与生活配套设施协同区位特征近似,社区公园与大型公园绿地协同区位水平仍较低。提出通过复合增效与跨区延伸、挖潜拓维与内外联动、多功能补位与缩距提质,满足不同区域居民日常性、偶发性活动需求。成果深化了生活圈中公园绿地布局演化规律,可为协同配置公园绿地与服务设施要素提供科学依据。