Optimal Design of High-Speed Partial Flow Pumps using Orthogonal Tests and Numerical Simulations

To investigate the influence of structural parameters on the performances and internal flow characteristics of partial flow pumps at a low specific speed of 10000 rpm,special attention was paid to the first and second stage impeller guide vanes.Moreover,the impeller blade outlet width,impeller inlet diameter,blade inclination angle,and number of blades were considered for orthogonal tests.Accordingly,nine groups of design solutions were formed,and then used as a basis for the execution of numerical simulations(CFD)aimed at obtaining the efficiency values and heads for each design solution group.The influence of impeller geometric parameters on the efficiency and head was explored,and the“weight”of each factor was obtained via a range analysis.Optimal structural parameters were finally chosen on the basis of the numerical simulation results,and the performances of the optimized model were verified accordingly(yet by means of CFD).Evidence is provided that the increase in the efficiency and head of the optimized model was 12.11%and 23.5 m,respectively,compared with those of the original model.

Investigation into Recent Temperature and Rainfall Trends in Mali Using Mann-Kendall Trend Test: Case Study of Bamako

Rainfall and temperature variability analysis is important for researchers and policy formulators in making critical decisions on water availability and use in communities. The Western Sahel, which comprises Mali is considered as one of the vulnerable regions to climate change, and also encountered the challenges of climatic shocks such as flood and drought. This research therefore sought to investigate climate change effects on hydrological events and trends in Sahelian rainfall intensity using Bamako (Mali) as a case study from 1991 to 2020, as limited data availability did not allow an extended period of study. Monthly observed data provided by MALI-METEO was used to validate daily rainfalls data from African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) satellite-based rainfall product on monthly basis. The validated model performance used Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Percent Bias (PBAIS) and gave results of 0.904 and 1.0506 respectively. Trends in annual maximum temperatures and rainfalls were analyzed using Mann-Kendall trend test. The result indicated that the trend in annual maximum rainfalls was decreasing, while annual total rainfall was increasing but not significant at 5% significance level. The rate of increase in annual total rainfalls was 0.475 mm/year according to the observed annual rainfall series and decreased to 0.68 mm/year in annual maximum. The analysis further found that annual maximum temperatures were increasing at the rate of 0.03°C/year at 5% significance level. To provide more accurate climate predictions, it is recommended that further studies on rainfall and temperature with data sets spanning 60 - 90 years be carried out.

A method to predict rockburst using temporal trend test and its application

Rockbursts have become a significant hazard in underground mining,underscoring the need for a robust early warning model to ensure safety management.This study presents a novel approach for rockburst prediction,integrating the Mann-Kendall trend test(MKT)and multi-indices fusion to enable real-time and quantitative assessment of rockburst hazards.The methodology employed in this study involves the development of a comprehensive precursory index library for rockbursts.The MKT is then applied to analyze the real-time trend of each index,with adherence to rockburst characterization laws serving as the warning criterion.By employing a confusion matrix,the warning effectiveness of each index is assessed,enabling index preference determination.Ultimately,the integrated rockburst hazard index Q is derived through data fusion.The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a warning effectiveness of 0.563 for Q,surpassing the performance of any individual index.Moreover,the model’s adaptability and scalability are enhanced through periodic updates driven by actual field monitoring data,making it suitable for complex underground working environments.By providing an efficient and accurate basis for decision-making,the proposed model holds great potential for the prevention and control of rockbursts.It offers a valuable tool for enhancing safety measures in underground mining operations.

Adaptive detection of range-spread targets in homogeneous and partially homogeneous clutter plus subspace interference

Adaptive detection of range-spread targets is considered in the presence of subspace interference plus Gaussian clutter with unknown covariance matrix.The target signal and interference are supposed to lie in two linearly independent subspaces with deterministic but unknown coordinates.Relying on the two-step criteria,two adaptive detectors based on Gradient tests are proposed,in homogeneous and partially homogeneous clutter plus subspace interference,respectively.Both of the proposed detectors exhibit theoretically constant false alarm rate property against unknown clutter covariance matrix as well as the power level.Numerical results show that,the proposed detectors have better performance than their existing counterparts,especially for mismatches in the signal steering vectors.

Detecting Global Vegetation Changes Using Mann-Kendal(MK) Trend Test for 1982–2015 Time Period

Vegetation is the main component of the terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in global climate change. Remotely sensed vegetation indices are widely used to detect vegetation trends at large scales. To understand the trends of vegetation cover, this research examined the spatial-temporal trends of global vegetation by employing the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMMS) time series(1982–2015). Ten samples were selected to test the temporal trend of NDVI, and the results show that in arid and semi-arid regions, NDVI showed a deceasing trend, while it showed a growing trend in other regions. Mann-Kendal(MK) trend test results indicate that 83.37% of NDVI pixels exhibited positive trends and that only 16.63% showed negative trends(P < 0.05) during the period from 1982 to 2015. The increasing NDVI trends primarily occurred in tree-covered regions because of forest growth and re-growth and also because of vegetation succession after a forest disturbance. The increasing trend of the NDVI in cropland regions was primarily because of the increasing cropland area and the improvement in planting techniques. This research describes the spatial vegetation trends at a global scale over the past 30+ years, especially for different land cover types.

Statistical Analysis for Constant-stress Partially Accelerated Life Test with Interval Censored Data

In this paper, a statistical analysis method is proposed to research life characteristics of products based on the partially accelerated life test. We discuss the statistical analysis for constant-stress partially accelerated life tests with Lomax distribution based on interval censored samples. The EM algorithm is used to obtain the maximum likelihood estimations(MLEs) and interval estimations for the shape parameter and acceleration factor.The average relative errors(AREs), mean square errors(MSEs), the confidence intervals for the parameters, and the influence of the sample size are discussed. The results show that the AREs and MSEs of the MLEs decrease with the increase of sample size. Finally, a simulation sample is used to estimate the reliability under different stress levels.

Analysis of capacitive voltage rise during off-line partial discharge tests on power transformers

Partial discharge test on a transformer is carried out according to the items in IEC 60. During the test, unproved measuring system is calibrated by proved system at a voltage no less than 50% the rated testing voltage. The result is then extrapolated linearly, leading to an error related to the distribution of stray capacitance, which varies with the testing frequency, especially to large transformers. In this paper a factor, named the capacitive rise fact, is introduced to assess the rise. The factor can be adjusted to some extent by changing the reactance that is connected to the LV side of the testing circuit to lower the capacity of the power source. However, the factor changes when the voltage divider on the high voltage side is removed after the voltage ratio has been calculated, and a great error is resulted under unfavorable conditios.

Inference and optimal design on step-stress partially accelerated life test for hybrid system with masked data

Under Type-Ⅱ progressively hybrid censoring, this paper discusses statistical inference and optimal design on stepstress partially accelerated life test for hybrid system in presence of masked data. It is assumed that the lifetime of the component in hybrid systems follows independent and identical modified Weibull distributions. The maximum likelihood estimations(MLEs)of the unknown parameters, acceleration factor and reliability indexes are derived by using the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The asymptotic variance-covariance matrix and the approximate confidence intervals are obtained based on normal approximation to the asymptotic distribution of MLEs of model parameters. Moreover,two bootstrap confidence intervals are constructed by using the parametric bootstrap method. The optimal time of changing stress levels is determined under D-optimality and A-optimality criteria.Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out to illustrate the proposed procedures.

Testing Linearity of Nonparametric Component in Partially Linear Model

In this paper, we propose the test statistic to check whether the nonparametric function in partially linear models is linear or not. We estimate the nonparametric function in alternative by using the local linear method, and then estimate the parameters by the two stage method. The test statistic under the null hypothesis is calculated, and it is shown to be asymptotically normal.

Bayesian Analysis in Partially Accelerated Life Tests for Weighted Lomax Distribution

Accelerated life testing has been widely used in product life testing experiments because it can quickly provide information on the lifetime distributions by testing products or materials at higher than basic conditional levels of stress,such as pressure,temperature,vibration,voltage,or load to induce early failures.In this paper,a step stress partially accelerated life test(SSPALT)is regarded under the progressive type-II censored data with random removals.The removals from the test are considered to have the binomial distribution.The life times of the testing items are assumed to follow lengthbiased weighted Lomax distribution.The maximum likelihood method is used for estimating the model parameters of length-biased weighted Lomax.The asymptotic confidence interval estimates of the model parameters are evaluated using the Fisher information matrix.The Bayesian estimators cannot be obtained in the explicit form,so the Markov chain Monte Carlo method is employed to address this problem,which ensures both obtaining the Bayesian estimates as well as constructing the credible interval of the involved parameters.The precision of the Bayesian estimates and the maximum likelihood estimates are compared by simulations.In addition,to compare the performance of the considered confidence intervals for different parameter values and sample sizes.The Bootstrap confidence intervals give more accurate results than the approximate confidence intervals since the lengths of the former are less than the lengths of latter,for different sample sizes,observed failures,and censoring schemes,in most cases.Also,the percentile Bootstrap confidence intervals give more accurate results than Bootstrap-t since the lengths of the former are less than the lengths of latter for different sample sizes,observed failures,and censoring schemes,in most cases.Further performance comparison is conducted by the experiments with real data.

PARAMETRIC TEST IN PARTIAL LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS

Consider the regression model, n. Here the design points (xi,ti) are known and nonrandom, and ei are random errors. The family of nonparametric estimates of g() including known estimates proposed by Gasser & Muller[1] is also proposed to be a class of new nearest neighbor estimates of g(). Baed on the nonparametric regression procedures, we investigate a statistic for testing H0:g=0, and obtain some aspoptotic results about estimates.

Testing Equality of Nonparametric Functions in Two Partially Linear Models

We propose the test statistic to check whether the nonpararnetric functions in two partially linear models are equality or not in this paper. We estimate the nonparametric function both in null hypothesis and the alternative by the local linear method, where we ignore the parametric components, and then estimate the parameters by the two stage method. The test statistic is derived, and it is shown to be asymptotically normal under the null hypothesis.

Parameter Estimation Based on Censored Data under Partially Accelerated Life Testing for Hybrid Systems due to Unknown Failure Causes

In general,simple subsystems like series or parallel are integrated to produce a complex hybrid system.The reliability of a system is determined by the reliability of its constituent components.It is often extremely difficult or impossible to get specific information about the component that caused the system to fail.Unknown failure causes are instances in which the actual cause of systemfailure is unknown.On the other side,thanks to current advanced technology based on computers,automation,and simulation,products have become incredibly dependable and trustworthy,and as a result,obtaining failure data for testing such exceptionally reliable items have become a very costly and time-consuming procedure.Therefore,because of its capacity to produce rapid and adequate failure data in a short period of time,accelerated life testing(ALT)is the most utilized approach in the field of product reliability and life testing.Based on progressively hybrid censored(PrHC)data froma three-component parallel series hybrid system that failed to owe to unknown causes,this paper investigates a challenging problem of parameter estimation and reliability assessment under a step stress partially accelerated life-test(SSPALT).Failures of components are considered to follow a power linear hazard rate(PLHR),which can be used when the failure rate displays linear,decreasing,increasing or bathtub failure patterns.The Tempered random variable(TRV)model is considered to reflect the effect of the high stress level used to induce early failure data.The maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)approach is used to estimate the parameters of the PLHR distribution and the acceleration factor.A variance covariance matrix(VCM)is then obtained to construct the approximate confidence intervals(ACIs).In addition,studentized bootstrap confidence intervals(ST-B CIs)are also constructed and compared with ACIs in terms of their respective interval lengths(ILs).Moreover,a simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the performance of the estimation procedures and the methodology discussed in this paper.Finally,real failure data from the air conditioning systems of an airplane is used to illustrate further the performance of the suggested estimation technique.

10 kV电缆接头局部放电趋势分析及预警方法研究

电缆接头是局部放电频发的位置,针对目前对局部放电趋势研究的不足和预警不及时的问题,提出了一种基于Mann-Kendall检验法和长短期神经网络(LSTM)的局部放电的趋势分析和预警方法。为了清晰地揭示局部放电数据的趋势特征,文中采用Mann-Kendall检验法对采集的暂态地电压(TEV)数据进行处理,定量计算趋势变化及突变点检测。文中提出基于Mann-Kendall检验法和LSTM算法的综合预警模型,该模型利用LSTM预测TEV序列幅值,并用Mann-Kendall计算预测值的趋势参数,通过综合考虑TEV幅值大小和趋势参数实现了电缆接头局部放电主动预警。算例结果表明,Mann-Kendall能清晰揭示局部放电变化趋势,LSTM对局部放电数据预测效果良好,基于二者构建的预警模型能较好地对局部放电进行预警。

PPC斜拉桥主梁多状态疲劳及疲劳后静力性能试验研究

为研究大跨径部分预应力混凝土(PPC)斜拉桥主梁的抗疲劳性能,进一步探究混凝土斜拉桥主梁采用部分预应力设计的可行性及合理性,制作了斜拉桥缩尺节段模型,并对主梁采用部分预应力设计,开展4轮共4×250万次主梁具有不同初始损伤及带裂缝工作状态下的疲劳试验;疲劳试验结束后,以4种不同主梁裂缝宽度(0.1mm、0.2mm、0.3mm和0.5mm)为控制工序,反复加载一定倍数的等效活载至主梁裂缝宽度逐步达到0.5mm,以全面研究PPC斜拉桥主梁多状态疲劳后的受力性能。试验结果表明:在等效设计疲劳荷载作用下,主梁无初始损伤时,体系刚度基本无退化,主梁最大裂缝宽度预损伤分别为0.1mm、0.2mm时,跨中截面体系刚度下降量仅为3.35%、4.44%,且未发现裂缝张开;主梁带裂缝工作状态下,跨中截面体系刚度平缓下降7.46%,上峰值静载下,裂缝数量及高度略有增加,但卸载后裂缝均闭合,说明PPC斜拉桥具有良好的抗疲劳性能;疲劳后主梁大损伤静载试验中,主梁裂缝平稳发展,各工序反复加载过程中,主梁挠度、裂缝状态及斜拉索索力均具有较好的恢复能力,当主梁最大裂缝宽度为0.5mm时,荷载达到了7.49倍活载,斜拉桥体系仍然具有较大的剩余承载力。该文试验研究结果表明混凝土斜拉桥主梁采用部分预应力设计具有工程应用的可行性。

局部超挖或超载作用下桩锚支护基坑连续垮塌试验研究

超挖或超载导致的基坑垮塌事故时有发生,然而局部超挖超载情况下基坑连续垮塌的全过程演化机理仍缺乏深入研究,限制了对此类基坑事故的针对性预防和控制。依托两起基坑垮塌案例,设计了桩锚支护基坑连续破坏模型试验,研究了局部超挖或超载对单道锚杆支护结构变形、土压力、锚杆轴力、支护桩及冠梁内力等的影响。结果表明,基坑局部超挖后,基坑外产生的土拱效应和冠梁荷载传递效应将导致邻近区域支护桩和锚杆内力大幅上升,此情况下超挖区内锚杆局部失效将进一步加剧这两个效应,引发邻近未失效锚杆连续破坏。支护桩嵌固深度较小时,锚杆失效后桩身弯矩始终减小,最终由于桩顶缺少约束而发生倾覆破坏;相反,当嵌固深度较大时,被动区土体对支护桩约束作用较强,最终支护桩的弯矩绝对值将显著提高,更可能发生弯曲破坏导致基坑垮塌。基坑正常开挖深度越大,超挖及锚杆失效产生的土拱效应越强,触发锚杆连续破坏所需的初始破坏锚杆越少,抗连续破坏能力越弱,应考虑局部加强锚杆,将局部破坏限制在一定范围。基坑顶部超载量过大将导致锚杆自超载范围中心向远端依次失效,进而引发基坑垮塌。锚杆设置高度不同,触发锚杆连续破坏的超载量不同,连续破坏路径和为应对潜在的超载风险需重点验算的构件也可能不同。锚杆设置在腰梁上时,超载情况下,锚杆的荷载传递系数大于支护桩,需优先考虑对锚杆进行局部加强设计;锚杆设置冠梁上时,触发锚杆连续破坏所需的超载量较腰梁工况更大,超载情况下,支护桩的荷载传递系数大于锚杆,应优先对支护桩考虑附加荷载作用进行设计。

局部受热锈蚀预应力混凝土梁力学性能试验研究

随着我国基础建设的发展,大量混凝土桥梁在恶劣环境影响下发生腐蚀和老化,腐蚀桥梁结构的灾害破坏机理研究对桥梁结构的运营安全具有重要意义。为研究已经锈蚀受损的桥梁在局部受热状态下的高温力学性能,设计10根预应力混凝土梁试件。其中对照组的2根试件在常温下加载,试验变量为预应力筋初始应力,试验组的8根试件在高温下加载,试验变量分别为钢筋锈蚀、预应力筋初始应力、初始荷载。首先,基于电化学原理对4根预应力混凝土梁进行钢筋加速锈蚀处理,然后利用复合高温试验炉对8根预应力混凝土梁(4根锈蚀、4根未锈蚀)在跨中进行三面受火试验。最后,采用数值方法对局部受热预应力混凝土梁进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明:局部受热条件下,预应力混凝土梁的承载能力会发生明显降低,下降幅度约为11.3%~14.9%;钢筋锈蚀导致的混凝土开裂会对预应力混凝土梁的抗火性能产生不利影响,主要表现为2个方面,1)相同试验条件下,锈蚀后的试件预应力增量更大;2)锈蚀试件在局部受热条件下承载能力下降幅度更大,约为19.4%~21.9%;增大预应力筋的初始应力可以减小预应力混凝土梁在局部受热时的高温蠕变变形;局部高温作用下预应力混凝土梁对初始荷载较为敏感,当试件初始荷载值提升20%时,三分点位移量约增大60%。研究成果可以为实际锈蚀桥梁的防火设计和灾后应急提供理论依据。

襄阳东站钢屋盖超多杆连接节点设计与足尺模型试验研究

襄阳东站屋盖南北向长358m,东西向最大跨度86m,采用焊接球钢网架,整体不设变形缝,南端开设瀑布造型大洞口,由于屋盖结构超长、不连续、大悬挑及瀑布造型使得钢屋盖空间受力十分复杂,特在分叉柱柱顶沿南北向设置加强杆以加强屋盖瀑布区洞口两侧边缘约束刚度及改善结构整体受力性能。钢屋盖瀑布区悬挑端分叉柱柱顶节点相连杆件达12根之多,该节点作为屋盖结构的关键节点,其受力状态尤为复杂,创新地采用了半铸造半相贯焊连接形式并采取了构造加强措施,针对该超多杆连接节点进行了足尺模型加载试验验证,详细介绍了试验加载装置、加载方案、试验现象及试验结果,并进行了有限元对比分析。结果表明有限元对比分析结果与加载试验吻合较好;该超多杆半铸造半相贯焊连接节点构造合理、承载力高,薄弱部位出现在与铸造本体相连的接长钢管上,满足强节点弱构件、强连接弱构件的设计要求。

一种用于高压电气设备局放超声检测的新型EFPI传感器

文章介绍了一种新型结构的光纤EFPI超声传感器,可内置于变压器、GIS等高压电气设备,这种新型结构的光纤EFPI超声传感器可在不同温度、不同压强条件下,进行局部放电超声信号的检测。新型传感器采用全石英焊接工艺,在F-P腔上开孔,使绝缘介质进入F-P腔,平衡了石英膜片两侧由于温度和绝缘介质密度不同产生的压强差,并在石英膜片内表面上局部镀铝膜,提高膜片内表面的光反射率,提升了传感器的灵敏度。通过用新型传感器在不同温度、不同距离下进行测试,验证了传感器的温度、频率、灵敏度等性能。新型光纤EFPI超声传感器为检测高压电气设备内部局部放电提供了一种新的检测方法。实际应用中也取得了非常好的效果。

基于基坑支护工程的区段复式配筋预应力管桩抗弯试验及数值模拟

复式配筋预应力混凝土管桩(PRC管桩)作为基坑支护桩使用时,为提高非预应力钢筋的利用效率,提出将区段配置非预应力钢筋的管桩作为基坑支护桩。通过对天津地区80个基坑工程中的支护桩弯矩分布情况统计分析,并对区段复式配筋预应力混凝土管桩(PR-PHC管桩)进行足尺抗弯试验及有限元分析,研究区段配筋的可行性和PR-PHC管桩的抗弯性能。研究表明,单支撑排桩、倾斜桩及悬臂桩的桩身弯矩区间分布具有规律性。PR-PHC管桩区段配置的非预应力筋,可以提高其抗弯极限承载力及其抗弯刚度,并有效改善桩身裂缝的展开情况,构建的数值模型可以较好地反映试验的实际情况。并对PR-PHC管桩在实际应用中可能遇到的不利工况做了影响分析。研究结果表明可以在基坑工程中使用PR-PHC管桩替代PRC管桩,减少钢筋使用量,促进碳减排。