Analysis of capacitive voltage rise during off-line partial discharge tests on power transformers

Partial discharge test on a transformer is carried out according to the items in IEC 60. During the test, unproved measuring system is calibrated by proved system at a voltage no less than 50% the rated testing voltage. The result is then extrapolated linearly, leading to an error related to the distribution of stray capacitance, which varies with the testing frequency, especially to large transformers. In this paper a factor, named the capacitive rise fact, is introduced to assess the rise. The factor can be adjusted to some extent by changing the reactance that is connected to the LV side of the testing circuit to lower the capacity of the power source. However, the factor changes when the voltage divider on the high voltage side is removed after the voltage ratio has been calculated, and a great error is resulted under unfavorable conditios.

Surface Partial Discharge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation Under Combined AC-DC Voltage

The valve side windings of converter transformers bear AC, DC, impulse, and reversal-polarity voltages during operation, which could result in serious insulation problems of the equipment. By performing experiments with surface discharge model of oil-paper insula- tion at 80 ℃ under combined AC-DC voltage for 200 h, we studied the spectrums and statistical parameters of partial discharges at different discharge stages. Furthermore, some fingerprint parameters were calculated in order to estimate the development situation of par- tial discharge, while the characteristic gases dissolved in the transformer oil were measured by gas chromatography. The surface discharges in the experiments were observed using a high speed camera, and a full discharge process could be marked off into four stages as follows. ①The elementary stage. When a partial discharge occurs near electrodes, electrical charges are injected into the region near electrodes and causing bubble generation. ②Due to their high resistivity and low dielectric constant, the bubbles would bare the major part of the voltage applied to samples. Therefore, discharge happens inside the small bubbles, and it emits a lot of light. ③Micromolecules of gas are produced in discharge, and further ionization in the transformer oil takes place simultaneously when high-energy electrons collide with oil molecules. ④The carrier charge moves forward to electrodes driven by the applied electric field, till they neutralize with the charge from electrodes, and hence discharge channels are formed subsequently.

Characterization and comprehension of corona partial discharge in air under power frequency to very low frequency voltage

For the partial discharge test of electrical equipment with large capacitance,the use of lowfrequency voltage instead of power frequency voltage can effectively reduce the capacity requirements of test power supply.However,the validity of PD test under low frequency voltage needs to be evaluated.In order to investigate the influence of voltage frequency on corona discharge in the air,the discharge test of the tip-plate electrode under the frequency from 50 to0.1 Hz is carried out based on the impulse current method.The results show that some of the main features of corona under low frequency do not change.The magnitude of discharge in a positive half cycle is obviously larger than that in a negative cycle.The magnitude of discharge and interval in positive cycle are random,while that in negative cycle are regular.With the decrease of frequency,the inception voltage increases.The variation trend of maximum and average magnitude and repetition rate of the discharge in positive and negative half cycle with the variation of voltage frequency and magnitude is demonstrated,with discussion and interpretation from the aspects of space charge transportation,effective discharge time and transition of discharge modes.There is an obvious difference in the phase resolved pattern of partial discharge and characteristic parameters of discharge patterns between power and low frequency.The experimental results can be the reference for mode identification of partial discharge under low frequency tests.The trend of the measured parameters with the variation of frequency provides more information about the insulation defect than traditional measurements under a single frequency（usually 50 Hz）.Also it helps to understand the mechanism of corona discharge with an explanation of the characteristics under different frequencies.

Study of partial discharge characteristics in HFO-1234ze(E)/N2 mixtures

HFO-1234 ze(E)(trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene,chemical formula:C3H2F4)is an extremely environmentally friendly SF6 alternative gas with high electrical strength.In this paper,the partial discharge(PD)characteristics of HFO-1234 ze(E)/N2 mixtures were studied using the gas insulation test platform.The PD inception voltage of insulating gas under positive and negative half cycles of power frequency was tested.Using SF6/N2 mixtures as a control group,the effects of electrode spacing,mixing ratio and pressure on the insulation performance of HFO-1234 ze(E)/N2 mixtures were explored.The test results show that the PD inception voltage of the negative half-cycle of pure HFO-1234 ze(E)under short electrode spacing can reach 0.96-1.04 times of pure SF6 under different pressures;the PD inception voltage of40%HFO-1234 ze(E)/60%N2 mixtures at 0.3 MPa is 0.67-0.89 times that of SF6/N2 mixtures under the same conditions,which has great application prospect.

振动对交流电压下针板电极局部放电起始特性的影响

高压电气设备在实际运行过程中常伴随着持续的机械振动,为探究振动对极不均匀电场局部放电起始放电特性的影响,搭建了空气中振动条件下针板电极局部放电试验平台,采集了起始放电过程的局部放电信号,在工频电压下分别研究了电极间距、振幅、振动频率对局部放电起始过程的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着振幅增加,间隙最大电场强度增大,碰撞电离过程加剧,起始放电电压降低,负半周放电次数和放电量增加,正负半周放电相位扩大;随着电极间距增加,振动对电场不均匀程度影响减小,负半周起始放电过程受振动影响逐渐减弱;振动频率会影响起晕段内高场强区的作用时间,振动频率越高,带电粒子能够获得的最大动能越小,碰撞电离过程越微弱,放电的剧烈程度越低。

10 kV电缆接头局部放电趋势分析及预警方法研究

电缆接头是局部放电频发的位置,针对目前对局部放电趋势研究的不足和预警不及时的问题,提出了一种基于Mann-Kendall检验法和长短期神经网络(LSTM)的局部放电的趋势分析和预警方法。为了清晰地揭示局部放电数据的趋势特征,文中采用Mann-Kendall检验法对采集的暂态地电压(TEV)数据进行处理,定量计算趋势变化及突变点检测。文中提出基于Mann-Kendall检验法和LSTM算法的综合预警模型,该模型利用LSTM预测TEV序列幅值,并用Mann-Kendall计算预测值的趋势参数,通过综合考虑TEV幅值大小和趋势参数实现了电缆接头局部放电主动预警。算例结果表明,Mann-Kendall能清晰揭示局部放电变化趋势,LSTM对局部放电数据预测效果良好,基于二者构建的预警模型能较好地对局部放电进行预警。

干燥空气绝缘开关柜中应用的固封极柱绝缘结构设计及优化

为了实现气体绝缘开关柜的绝缘介质由SF6向干燥空气等环保型气体转变,开发一种结构小型化、绝缘水平满足要求的干燥空气绝缘开关柜中使用的固封极柱是亟需解决的问题。文中分析了40.5 kV SF6固封极柱置于干燥空气绝缘开关柜中的相间及对地电场分布,结果显示灭弧室动、静端盖板以及绝缘拉杆附近的气—固沿面电场严重超标,易造成沿面闪络。依据气—固复合绝缘理论,采取增加均压屏蔽网、改进绝缘壳体外观结构、重新设计绝缘拉杆等措施进行电场优化。通过仿真分析,优化设计后的固封极柱灭弧室端盖附近沿面最大场强由3.4 kV/mm降至2.03 kV/mm,绝缘拉杆沿面最大场强由4.1 kV/mm降至1.7 kV/mm。对优化前后的固封极柱进行了局部放电和雷电冲击耐压试验,局部放电试验的起弧电压由35 kV提升到62 kV,雷电冲击耐压试验的峰值耐受电压由145 kV提升到218 kV,证明了优化方案的可行性,为后续40.5 kV及更高电压等级的类似固封极柱的研发及优化提供了有关参考。

Partial Discharge Measurement and Analysis in High Voltage IGBT Modules Under DC Voltage

Insulation performance of high voltage IGBT modules is one of the key attributes in power system applications.However,the existing standards of IGBT devices and research on the evaluation of insulation performance of high voltage IGBT modules are insufficient;for example,partial discharge resistance under DC voltage blocking condition is not considered.In this paper,a new test was proposed to allow the measurement of partial discharges in all the components of IGBT modules under DC voltage.The topology of the measuring circuit is arranged in the polarity discrimination way to exclude the interference,and the voltage and discharge current waveforms during the partial discharge process are measured by the wideband time domain measurement technique.According to the proposed test,the discharge phenomenon of the IGBT modules below the rating voltage were detected.A comprehensive waveform analysis on the voltage and discharge current was performed,and the influence of the applied voltage on the waveform parameters was obtained.The waveform parameters are influenced by the applied voltage and insulation structure,which enables the discrimination of the causes of the observed partial discharge in the IGBT module under DC voltage by the waveform analysis technique.Based on the waveform analysis technique,the types and causes of the observed partial discharges were discussed and inferred,and the correctness of the inference was further verified by observation.The proposed test and waveform analysis technique provide the possibility to evaluate and distinguish partial discharges in the high voltage IGBT module under DC voltage,which may be helpful to insulation performance evaluation and insulation defect diagnosis in high voltage IGBT module.

储能电池单元可靠性提升研究

本文基于电池系统(有源系统)在绝缘耐压过程中的“电势叠加”现象,采用“分层解耦、逐级叠加”的思路对电池主体、二次采集线缆和BMU进行绝缘和耐压测试。在理想状态下,储能电池单元绝缘可超过5 kV,耐压可超过8.0 kV,并根据海拔-耐压关系的推算验证了储能电池单元在高海拔条件下(4800 m)应用的可能性。本文后半部分聚焦放电对储能电池单元绝缘耐压的影响,通过改变线束与电池框架距离、线束绝缘包裹层数等参数,验证了产品线束只要存在尖端且距离壳体较近就会导致电池系统内发生放电,从而降低储能电池单元的绝缘耐压能力。通过增加绝缘包裹、改进线束工艺、增强绝缘防护等措施能够极大提升产品稳定性。

港口高压开关柜局部放电信号自适应小波去噪方法

为了有效抑制港口高压开关柜局部放电实测信号中存在的白噪声,文中提出一种基于小波的自适应阈值去噪算法。首先对小波阈值去噪算法中的阈值选取及阈值函数进行优化,通过添加变量增加算法的适用性和灵活性,并使用改进后的粒子群算法(SPSO)对添加的变量进行最优值求解从而实现小波分解层数、小波阈值和阈值函数的自适应选取;其次对仿真信号与实测信号进行去噪。结果表明:与传统软、硬阈值函数去噪相比,使用文中所提算法去噪后的信号信噪比分别提高了5.31 dB和2.38 dB。由去噪后信号的时域图可以看出,与其他几种算法相比本文提出的算法不仅去噪效果良好,还能极大地保留信号中的有效成分。

Study of partial discharge characteristics at repetitive square voltages based on UHF method

Due to overvoltage produced by inverter output,inverter-fed motor insulation systems often experience fast electrical aging process,especially when partial discharge(PD) is incepted.Before putting into use,the PD detection should be performed on inverter-fed motors at repetitive square voltages to avoid the PD caused insulation deterioration when the motors are collected to inverters having specific characteristics.However,unlike PD tests at AC/DC voltages proposed in IEC 60270,the PD detection at repetitive square voltages is much more complex because of serious interference generated by impulse generator.To solve the problem,ultra-high frequency(UHF) method seems recommendable for its preferable signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).The chief aim of this study is to investigate PD pulse and statistical characteristics of turn-to-turn insulation for inverter-fed traction motors.A square-shaped Archimedes antenna,specially designed for the PD detection at repetitive square voltages of fast rise times,was used to perform PD tests on turn-to-turn insulation models.Time and frequency analysis results indicate that energy component of generator disturbance and PD pulses are mainly distributed in the 0-0.5 GHz and 0.6-1.5 GHz range,respectively.Based on the results,suitable filter was designed for power disturbance suppression.Additionally,resorting to the sensor unit(i.e.antenna and filter) and the PD test system,the PD statistical features at square voltages of different frequencies were obtained.Experimental results show that higher frequency will give rise,statistically,to PD of lower magnitudes distributing at smaller phases.A reasonable interpretation of this phenomenon was presented.Lastly,according to the PD statistical features,some suggestions for the PD detection system design,generator parameter optimization and the PD pulse extracting were given.The results of this work would be beneficial to the increase of the sensitivity when performing the PD detection on insulation systems for inverter-fed motors at repetitive square voltages and thus,improving the reliability of inverter-fed motors.

Effect of repetitive square voltage frequency on partial discharge features

The inverter-fed motor is a key component of environmental-friendly hybrid cars, high-speed trains, and other industrial applications. After the widespread use of inverter-fed motors, the repetitive impulse surges from inverters were found to cause new insulation problems in inverter-fed motors that were linked to premature insulation failure. The partial discharge (PD) induced by the overvoltage inner stator windings was found to be the root cause of insulation reliability problems. To mitigate this problem, PD detection and life testing at repetitive square voltages should be performed on new types of insulation models and entire motor insulation systems. The obtained partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and lifetime of insulation in the tests can be used to evaluate the insulation status of inverter-fed motor insulation systems and thus to improve the insulation designs. At AC voltage conditions, the voltage frequency can significantly affect PD activity. At repetitive square voltage with rapid rise time, the influence of the square voltage frequency on PD activity should be investigated (1) to suggest values for the repetitive square voltage frequency selection for the PDIV and lifetime tests, and (2) to increase the signal-to-noise ratio when extracting PD pulses from strong disturbances generated by the operating switch of impulse generators. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper was to investigate the effects of repetitive square voltage frequency on PD events. Insulation models of both Type I (low-voltage inverter-fed motor) and Type II (high-voltage inverter-fed motor) were used to obtain single-PD and multi-PD statistical features, respectively. Experimental results indicated that higher frequencies caused less PD events with lower PD magnitudes and shorter delay times in one square voltage cycle. This phenomenon was attributed to the different surface charge decay ratios and the initial electron emission probabilities resulting from different square voltage frequencies. Finally, a number of considerations for PD measurements on inverter-fed motors were provided to improve the sensitivity of the PD test system and to obtain high objective insulation lifetime test results, which are used to assess the insulation status of inverter-fed motors.

Characteristics of Partial Discharge in Oil-paper Insulated Needle Plate Electrode Model Under Composite AC-DC Voltage

Converter transformers are the core device in ultrahigh voltage direct current(UHVDC)transmission systems,and the oil-paper insulation at its rectifying valve side deals with the composite AC-DC voltage.A detailed investigation of the partial discharge(PD)mechanism in the oil-paper insulation under the composite AC-DC voltage is,therefore,very important.The oilpaper insulated needle plate electrode simulation model for the electric field and charge distribution can be established using hydrodynamic drift-diffusion theory and bipolar charge carrier theory,and the simulation results can reflect the morphological changes of PD.The development characteristics of PD under composite AC-DC voltage are researched.In addition,the effects of simulation time,the AC-DC component proportion,and model parameters on PD are also explored.Results indicate that differences in applied voltage,interface charge,and geometry structure can cause changes in the electric field strength,which consequently influences the PD process in the simulation model.Oil-immersed paperboard is a type of liquid-immersed dielectric(LID).When the LID is arranged in perpendicular,only the positive streamers have narrow channels oriented toward the LID.When the LID is arranged in parallel,the PDs are in the form of creeping discharges and the negative streamers are more dispersed.The development characteristics of PD and its influencing factors reported here may provide theoretical and simulation support to explain the physical mechanism of PD at the rectifying valve side of the converter transformer.

Pattern recognition of typical defects in high-voltage storage capacitors based on DC partial discharge

High-voltage storage capacitors(hereinafter call capacitors for short)have been widely used in pulsed power technology.In accordance with the actual work conditions of capacitors,direct current partial discharge(DCPD)detection was put forward.The whole test system was based on the impedance balance circuit characterized by good configuration and anti-interference ability.Through DCPD detection on capacitors which contained four typical defects respectively,test results revealed that DCPD signals could well reflect the state of capacitor insulation.DCPD distribution spectra of capacitors containing four typical defects were obviously different.Defects in capacitors could be exactly judged by computer–aided pattern recognition based on support vector machine(SVM).

一种用于高压电气设备局放超声检测的新型EFPI传感器

文章介绍了一种新型结构的光纤EFPI超声传感器,可内置于变压器、GIS等高压电气设备,这种新型结构的光纤EFPI超声传感器可在不同温度、不同压强条件下,进行局部放电超声信号的检测。新型传感器采用全石英焊接工艺,在F-P腔上开孔,使绝缘介质进入F-P腔,平衡了石英膜片两侧由于温度和绝缘介质密度不同产生的压强差,并在石英膜片内表面上局部镀铝膜,提高膜片内表面的光反射率,提升了传感器的灵敏度。通过用新型传感器在不同温度、不同距离下进行测试,验证了传感器的温度、频率、灵敏度等性能。新型光纤EFPI超声传感器为检测高压电气设备内部局部放电提供了一种新的检测方法。实际应用中也取得了非常好的效果。