Discussion on National Standard GB 6167"Methods for Testing the Performance of Airborne Particle Counter

Airborne pa rt icle counters are used widely to test the air cleanliness of cleanrooms. The cur rent Chinese national standard of airborne particle counter calibration, GB6167 -85, Methods for Testing the Performance of Dust Particle Counter, has kept the same for more than 10 years. It is necessary to be amended in time. This paper discusses the differences between Chinese airborne particle counter calibration procedure and other new calibration procedures in other countries, and points ou t the defects of current Chinese national standard.The draft of revised Chinese National Standard is also introduced. The new revised standard, Methods for Test ing the Performance of Airborne Particle Counter, covers two level calibrations: primary and secondary. Primary calibration procedure includes testing 6 kinds of performances:sample airflow rate, false counting, particle size accuracy and re solution, particle counting stability, counting efficiency and particle concentr ation limit. Secondary calibration is a relative comparing test method to verify the counting accuracy of calibrated airborne particle counters.Finally, how to keep the calibration traceability is suggested.

Development of Laser-Based Handheld Aerosol Particle Counter

The JC-CA300 handheld Aerosol particle counter is designed and developed based on light scattering principle. The JC-CA300 counter is composed of optical sensor, DSP component and microprocessor unit. The hardware architecture is designed in compact style by SMT IC chips. The whole counter weight is less than 2 pounds. With 32K RAM space, the JC-CA300 can store 500 sampling records and support standard printer and communicate with a computer through RS232 interface. Based on experimental results, the main performance of JC-CA300 is better than that of the ARTI＇S HHPC-6 instrument.

A model for aerosol mass concentration using an optical particle counter

A model for measuring aerosol mass concentration by an optical particle counter is presented using the conception of the average mass. In this model, to understand the meaning of the pulse height distribution of particles which is used to inverse mass concentration, the relationship among intensity distribution in the optical sensing volume, particle shape, and the pulse height distribution is discussed. To solve the instability of the equivalent factor, a novel two-step calibration method is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that mass concentrations calculated by the model are in good agreement with those measured by a norm-referenced instrument. For samples of soot and air, the slopes of fitting lines of data points are 0.9582 and 0.9220, and the correlation coefficients are 0.9991 and 0.9965, respectively.

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation effect

Polyaluminum chloride （PAC） was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrease of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.

Dust particles in free troposphere over Chinese desert region revealed from balloon borne measurements under calm weather conditions

The Taklamakan Desert in China is one of the major source regions for Asian dust particles.All balloon-borne measurements in this report were carried out in Dunhuang,in the Taklamakan Desert,during calm weather conditions.The aerosol number concentration,size distribution,mass concentration,and horizontal mass flux due to westerly wind were investigated.The measurements were performed on 17 August 2001,17 October 2001,11 January 2002,and 30 April 2002.Five channels(0.3,0.5,0.8,1.2,and 3.6μm in diameter)were used in the Optical Particle Counter for particle measurements.The aerosol number concentration in the winter season(11 January 2002)at 3–5 km was very high.Variation of free-tropospheric aerosols on 30 April 2002 was noticeable.A super-micron range was noticeable in the size distribution of all the measurements.Many variations in temperature and aerosol concentration were found at these inversion points.High values of estimated mass concentration of aerosols were frequently observed in the atmosphere near the ground(i.e.,1–2 km);and interestingly,relatively high concentrations were frequently detected above 2 km from the surface.Wind patterns observed using ERA-Interim data at 500 and 850 hPa showed that westerly winds dominated in the Taklamakan Desert during the observation period.The average horizontal mass flux of background Asian dust due to westerly wind was observed to fall within the range of 58.5–1219 tons km?2 d?1.Vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations showed that significant transport of aerosols dominated in the westerly region(i.e.,4–7 km).

Light scattering:A review of particle characterization applications

This review covers the progress of light scattering applications in the field of particle characterization in the past decade. The review addresses static light scattering （the measurement of scattering intensities due to light-particle interaction at various spatial locations）, dynamic light scattering （the measurement of scattering due to light-particle interaction as a function of time）, and scattering tracking analysis （the tracking of particle movement through scattering measurement）.

Fractal Characteristics of Particle Size Distribution in Dynamic Flocculation Process

This study selected polyaluminum chloride（PAC） coagulant to remove suspended particles in Kaolin suspension solution and used a turbidimeter and particle counter to monitor the flocculation process online and collected the experiment data. The experiments were conducted to study the dynamic distribution characteristics of suspended particles under different hydrodynamic conditions. The results show the self-similarity and scale invariance of particle size distribution. The study further proposed the concept of fractal dimension of particle size distribution and found out that fractal dimension changed in a similar way as residual turbidity did and could excellently indicate the variation of coagulation effect. Therefore, fractal dimension could be adopted to optimize the addition of coagulants and the quality of outflow could be further improved to reduce production costs.

Determining the relationship between chemical composition and size, shape and effective density of airborne fine particles through concurrent use of inertial and optical based measurements

This study presents the development of a medium flow, multiple slit based PM2.5 （particle aerodynamic diameter 〈2.5 μm） inertial impactor. Its performance was compared with that of a light scattering based optical particle sizer in a field study and in controlled lab based experiments using polydisperse dolomite powder as test aerosol. The impactor＇s optimum nozzle configuration had a cutoff size of 2.51 μm （aero- dynamic diameter） at an operating flow rate of 215 L/rain with a pressure drop of 0.35 kPa across the impactor stage. Because the apparent particle density of an ambient aerosol depends on the physical properties and the chemical composition of the particles, the PM2.5 mass concentration was measured with an optical particle sizer and an inertial impactor over a weekday and a weekend day in a field study during which the effective particle shape factor and density were in tandem modified in order to com- pare the results from the two sampling techniques. The correlation of the two instrument results tended towards 1：1 with increasing values of shape factor （irregular shaped） and effective particle density. This observation was supported through chemical investigations of the collected mass, which showed a higher percentage contribution from elements which are mostly of crustal nature （namely, Ca, Fe, and Mg）.

Characteristics of the dynamic distribution of suspended particles in the flocculation process

Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) synthetic water was selected as a coagulant and kaolin suspension particles as objects to be removed. Online instruments such as the turbidimeter and particle counter were employed to monitor the flocculation process online and collect test data. The aim of the experiments was to study the dynamic distribution characteristics of suspension particles in the flocculation process. The 3D flow field in the reacting vessel was also simulated at different slow stirring speeds. The experiments showed that particle collision and aggregation in the flocculation process is in compliance with the Sutherland cluster aggregation model. This study further indicated that under appropriate hydrodynamic conditions, the distribution of turbulent flow in the reactor could be improved to increase the odds of effective particle collision and restrain the breakup of formed flocs by vortex shearing force. A good flocculation effect could therefore be produced.

ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE MASS CONCENTRATION,AEROSOL NUMBER CONCENTRATION AND VISIBILITY IN BEIJING

Particulate mass concentration (PM10, PM2.5), aerosol number concentration (NOPC), aerosol size distribu-tion and atmospheric visibility were simultaneously measured in Beijing in the summer and winter of 2001. From the profuse data collected, the following conclusions can be drown: (1) there are two peaks for the average diurnal variations of PM10 and NOPC in the summer, an obvious valley can be seen between 12:30 and 15:00 for their average diurnal variation in the winter; (2) there is one single peak for the average diurnal variation of atmospheric visibility in the summer, while there are two peaks in the winter; (3) PM10 and NOPC are usually smaller in the summer than those in the winter; (4) the average visibility is much lower during 00:00~09:00 in the summer than that in the winter, because of the very high relative humidity and higher concentration of the large particles (r>1.25 mm) in the summer during the period; (5) aerosol size distributions usually depend closely on season and relative humidity at the same place.