Research progress in friction stir processing of magnesium alloys and their metal matrix surface composites: Evolution in the 21^(st )century

Rising concerns about climate change drive the demand for lightweight components.Magnesium(Mg)alloys are highly valued for their low weight,making them increasingly important in various industries.Researchers focusing on enhancing the characteristics of Mg alloys and developing their Metal Matrix Composites(MMCs)have gained significant attention worldwide over the past decade,driven by the global shift towards lightweight materials.Friction Stir Processing(FSP)has emerged as a promising technique to enhance the properties of Mg alloys and produce Mg-MMCs.Initially,FSP adapted to refine grain size from the micro to the nano level and accelerated the development of MMCs due to its solid-state nature and the synergistic effects of microstructure refinement and reinforcement,improving strength,hardness,ductility,wear resistance,corrosion resistance,and fatigue strength.However,producing defect-free and sound FSPed Mg and Mg-MMCs requires addressing several variables and their interdependencies,which opens up a broad range of practical applications.Despite existing reviews on individual FSP of Mg,its alloys,and MMCs,an attempt has been made to analyze the latest research on these three aspects collectively to enhance the understanding,application,and effectiveness of FSP for Mg and its derivatives.This review article discusses the literature,classifies the importance of Mg alloys,provides a historical background,and explores developments and potential applications of FSPed Mg alloys.It focuses on novel fabrication methods,reinforcement strategies,machine and tool design parameters,material characterization,and integration with other methods for enhanced properties.The influence of process parameters and the emergence of defects are examined,along with specific applications in mono and hybrid composites and their microstructure evolution.The study identifies promising reinforcement materials and highlights research gaps in FSP for Mg alloys and MMCs production.It concludes with significant recommendations for further exploration,reflecting ongoing advancements in this field.

Statistical Analyses of the Strengths of Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites(PRMMCs)Subjected to Multiple Tensile and Shear Stresses

For design and application of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites(PRMMCs),it is essential to predict the material strengths and understand how do they relate to constituents and microstructural features.To this end,a computational approach consists of the direct methods,homogenization,and statistical analyses is introduced in our previous studies.Since failure of PRMMC materials are often caused by time-varied combinations of tensile and shear stresses,the established approach is extended in the present work to take into account of these situations.In this paper,ultimate strengths and endurance limits of an exemplary PRMMC material,WC-Co,are predicted under three independently varied tensile and shear stresses.In order to cover the entire load space with least amount of weight factors,a new method for generating optimally distributed weight factors in an n dimensional space is formulated.Employing weight factors determined by this algorithm,direct method calculations were performed on many statistically equivalent representative volume elements(SERVE)samples.Through analyzing statistical characteristics associated with results the study suggests a simplified approach to estimate the material strength under superposed stresses without solving the difficult high dimensional shakedown problem.

Simplified prediction model for elastic modulus of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites

Some structural parameters of the metal matrix composite, including particulate shape and distribution do not influence the elastic modulus. A prediction model for the elastic modulus of particulate reinforced metal matrix Al composite was developed and improved. Expressions of rigidity and flexibility of the rule of mixing were proposed. A five-zone model for elasticity performance calculation of the composite was proposed. The five-zone model is thought to be able to reflect the effects of the MMC interface on elastic modulus of the composite. The model overcomes limitations of the currently-understood rigidity and flexibility of the rule of mixing. The original idea of a five-zone model is to propose particulate/interface interactive zone and matrix/interface interactive zone. By integrating organically with the law of mixing, the new model is found to be capable of predicting the engineering elastic constants of the MMC composite.

Microstructure and wear characteristics of ATZ ceramic particle reinforced gray iron matrix surface composites

The alumina toughened zirconia(ATZ) ceramic particle reinforced gray iron matrix surface composite was successfully manufactured by pressureless infi ltration. The porous preform played a key role in the infi ltrating progress. The microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM); the phase constitutions was analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD); and the hardness and wear resistance of selected specimens were tested by hardness testing machine and abrasion testing machine, respectively. The addition of high carbon ferrochromium powders leads to the formation of white iron during solidifi cation. The wear volume loss rates of ATZ ceramic particle reinforced gray iron matrix surface composite decreases fi rst, and then tends to be stable. The wear resistance of the composite is 2.7 times higher than that of gray iron matrix. The reason is a combination of the surface hardness increase of gray iron matrix and ATZ ceramic particles and alloy carbides protecting effect on gray iron matrix.

Simplification and improvement of prediction model for elastic modulus of particulate reinforced metal matrix composite

In this paper, we proposed a five-zone model to predict the elastic modulus of particulate reinforced metal matrix composite. We simplified the calculation by ignoring structural parameters including particulate shape, arrangement pattern and dimensional variance mode which have no obvious influence on the elastic modulus of a composite, and improved the precision of the method by stressing the interaction of interfaces with pariculates and maxtrix of the composite. The five- zone model can reflect effects of interface modulus on elastic modulus of composite. It overcomes limitations of expressions of rigidity mixed law and flexibility mixed law. The original idea of five zone model is to put forward the particulate/interface interactive zone and matrix/interface interactive zone. By organically integrating the rigidity mixed law and flexibility mixed law, the model can predict the engineering elastic constant of a composite effectively.

Optimization of process parameters for in situ casting of Al/TiB_2 composites through response surface methodology

The mathematical models were developed to predict the ultimate tensile strength （UTS） and hardness of Al/TiB2 MMCs fabricated by in situ reaction process. The process parameters include temperature, reaction time and mass fraction of TiB2. The in-situ casting was carried out based on three-factor five-level central composite rotatable design using response surface methodology （RSM）. The validation of the model was carried out using ANOVA. The mathematical models developed for the mechanical properties were predicted at 95% confidence limit.

PROCESSINGTECHNIQUESANDCHARACTERIZATIONOFCERAMICFIBERREINFORCEDALUMINIUMCOMPOSITES

This paper relates to the fabrication of aluminium matrix composites with various amounts of Al 2O 3 fiber and SiC whiskers by rheocasting, powder metallurgy process and liquid metal infiltration process. To analyze wetting characteristics, the cross sections of composites are examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The bending tests and microhardness tests are performed to evaluate mechanical properties of composites. The results show that the composites produced by liquid metal infiltration give better properties than those produced by rheocasting or powder metallurgy process, primarily due to the decrease of porosity and reinforcement cluster. For liquid metal infiltration composites, a good adhesion between the fiber and matrix is found. Three points bending test results show that there is an increase in flexural modulus with reinforcement contents. In addition, a series of microhardness tests are conducted to determine the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical property of Al 2O 3/Al composites.

Evaluation of Filler Distribution in Particulate Reinforced Composites

Aluminum matrix particulate reinforced composites are of significant interest to industry, but it’s difficult to provide stable properties for this group of material. The mechanical properties of metal matrix composites are deeply influenced by the distribution of reinforcement particulates in the matrix. In this paper uniformity of SiC particles distribution in Al-based composites produced by stir casting and powder metallurgy technique is assessed. Analysis is carried out by means of classical and computer quantification metallographic image analysis methods. In addition, we suggest setting hardness distribution in cross section of samples as an indicator of reinforcement distribution uniformity in the matrix.

Ballistic behavior of boron carbide reinforced AA7075 aluminium alloy using friction stir processing-An experimental study and analytical approach

High strength-to-weight ratio of non-ferrous alloys, such as aluminium, magnesium and titanium alloys, are considered to be possible replacement of widely accepted steels in transportation and automobile sectors. Among these alloys, magnesium is self explosive and titanium is costlier, and aluminium is most likely to replace steels. Application of aluminium or its alloys is also thought of as an appropriate replacement in defence field, especially to enhance the easiness in mobility of combat vehicles while maintaining the same standard as that of conventional armour grade steels. Hence most of the investigations have been confined to aluminium or its alloys as base material and open an era of developing the newer composite materials to address the major limitation, i.e. tribological properties. The surface composites can be fabricated by incorporating the ceramic carbides like silicon carbide, carbides of transition metals and oxides of aluminium using surface modification techniques, such as high energy laser melt treatment, high energy electron beam irradiation and thermal spray process which are based on fusion route. These techniques yield the fusion related problems, such as interfacial reaction, pin holes, shrinkage cavities or voids and other casting related defects, and pave the way to need of an efficient technique which must be based on solid state. Recently developed friction stir processing technique was used in the present investigation for surface modification of AA7075 aluminum alloy, which is an alternative to steels. In the present investigation, 160 μm sized boron carbide powder was procured and was reduced to 60 μm and 30 μm using high energy ball mill. Subsequently these powders were used to fabricate the surface composites using friction stir processing.Ballistic performance testing as per the military standard(JIS.0108.01) was carried out. In the present work, an analytical method of predicting the ballistic behavior of surface composites was developed. This method was based on energy balance, i.e., the initial energy of impact is same as that of energy absorbed by multi layers. An attempt also has been made to validate the analytical results with the experimental findings. Variation between the analytical and experimental results may be accounted due to the assumptions considering such as isotropic behavior of target and shearing area of contact as cylindrical instead of conical interface As the analytical model yields the ballistic performance in the closer proximity of experimentally obtained, it can be considered to be an approximation to evaluate the ballistic performance of targets.

增强体表面改性在高导热金属基复合材料中的应用

随着电子技术的高速发展和电子器件的更新换代,电子封装材料的性能需求越来越高。金属基复合材料,尤其是铝基和铜基复合材料具有高导热、低膨胀、高稳定性等特点,是具有广阔应用前景的电子封装材料。然而,金刚石、石墨烯、硅等增强体与基体的润湿性差,或者在高温下与基体发生有害的界面反应,限制了此类高导热金属基复合材料的开发和应用。本文简述了金属基复合材料的界面研究进展,结合影响金属基复合材料界面结合的因素,提出了几种改善界面结合的方法。增强体表面改性是改善金属基复合材料界面的重要途径之一,常用工艺有磁控溅射法、化学气相沉积法、溶胶凝胶法、化学镀法等;最后,对增强体表面改性在高热导金属基复合材料中的应用进行分析和展望。

芯片用金刚石增强金属基复合材料研究进展

随着电子设备集成化程度越来越高,对高导热封装材料的需求也越来越大,金刚石增强金属基复合材料凭借其高导热性能成为研究焦点。然而,由于金刚石颗粒与金属基体之间的不润湿特性,具有高导热性的金刚石增强金属基复合材料难以制备。文中综述了金刚石增强金属基复合材料的研究进展,包括界面改性、工艺参数优化和复合材料制备方法,并指出了金刚石增强金属基复合材料目前存在的问题和今后的研究方向。

预处理对TiB_(2)增强铝基复合材料电弧增材影响

以TiB_(2)/6056铝基复合材料丝材为焊材,采用冷金属过渡焊接技术,研究TiB_(2)增强铝基复合材料丝材的电弧增材,重点分析预热处理对增材层成形及接头质量的影响。结果表明:当焊接电流为140 A、送丝速度为8 m/min、焊接速度为5 mm/s、基板预热温度为200℃时制备的增材层与基板未预热制备的增材层相比,外观成形更好,气孔数目降低,气孔尺寸减小,晶粒更细小,TiB_(2)颗粒分散更好,且增材层硬度与拉伸性能均得到了提高。

纤维增强热塑性复合材料/金属连接界面调控研究进展

综述了纤维增强热塑性复合材料/金属界面连接机制和界面调控的国内外研究动态,涵盖粘附和机械结合两种机制。简要概述了粘附机制的主要结合力类型,探讨了粘附机制下连接界面轻度较差的原因;重点关注了机械方法、化学方法、金属表面增材处理和激光加工4类机械结合界面调控方法,其中化学方法的使用会对环境造成一定危害,且难以精确控制微结构的形貌尺寸。而金属表面增材制备微观结构的方法目前还存在难以实现完全锚固且易变形造成应力集中的问题。利用高能量密度激光对金属表面进行粗化、清洗以及引入化学基团,可以在毫米、微米和纳米等不同尺度下调控微结构形貌,对接头强度的改善效果远高于喷砂、喷丸、砂纸打磨、铣削加工等机械方法。同时,超快脉冲激光与材料相互作用时间极短,热影响小,能加工出跨尺度复合结构,相比于其他金属表面处理方式,超快激光表面处理能更大程度上提高接头强度。

颗粒增强铝基复合材料研究进展

综述了颗粒增强铝基复合材料研究现状,从增强体选择、材料制备方法、机械性能、应用研究等各个领域,详细阐述了复合材料的特点,并指出了今后复合材料的研究方向。

颗粒增强钛基复合材料研究进展

综述了颗粒增强钛基复合材料的研究现状,从增强体、基体合金选择,材料制备方法,机械性能,应用前景等各方面,详细阐述了颗粒增强钛基复合材料的特点,并指出了今后颗粒增强钛基复合材料的研究方向。

颗粒增强金属基复合材料的干摩擦性能与磨损机理

颗粒增强金属基复合材料 (PMMCs)具有优良的耐磨性 ,在摩擦磨损领域有着广阔的应用前景。本文评述了近年来关于PMMCs干摩擦磨损行为的研究结果 ,从材料因素和外部条件两个角度分析了各种因素对材料耐磨性、摩擦系数和配偶件磨损的影响 ,总结了不同条件下复合材料的磨损机制 。

喷射沉积成形颗粒增强金属基复合材料制备技术的发展

分析了喷射沉积成形颗粒增强金属基复合材料制备技术的研究现状。系统地介绍了原位反应喷射沉积成形过程中进行的各类反应。在总结国内外喷射沉积成形颗拉增强金属基复合材料制备技术优缺点的基础上,发展了熔铸-原位反应喷射沉积成形金属基复合材料制备新技术。

SiC_p/Al复合材料的制造及新动向

颗粒增强铝基复合材料是当前研究较多、比较成熟、应用较广泛的金属基复合材料,SiCp/Al是其中的一类。本文综述了SiCp/Al复合材料的发展状况、制备方法、存在的技术难题,提出了今后需要完善和进一步研究的方向。