实验室养殖条件下麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)eDNA浓度与生物量相关性曲线的拟合与比较分析

为探究实验室养殖条件下麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)eDNA浓度与其生物量间关系,根据麦穗鱼线粒体COⅠ基因序列设计特异性引物,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR),得到qPCR标准曲线,采用线性、指数和对数3种模型对麦穗鱼生物量与eDNA浓度的相关性曲线进行拟合和比较分析。结果表明:基于CO I基因设计的引物对麦穗鱼DNA具有特异性扩增,扩增效率为90.94%;qPCR的阈值循环数(Cycle threshold,Ct值)与已知浓度或拷贝数的样品(标准品)间呈现良好的线性关系(R2=0.9952),说明标准品的拷贝数与Ct值之间相关的可信度较好。通过3种曲线进一步拟合比较分析显示:线性模型为麦穗鱼生物量与eDNA浓度间的最佳拟合模型,其R2高达0.9338,y=72.087x+81.978。这表明在本试验条件下,eDNA浓度与麦穗鱼生物量呈正相关性。

Cloning and Characterization of β-actin Gene in Dunaliella parva

[Objective] The aim was to obtain the full-length cDNA sequence of Dunaliella parva β-actin gene.[Method] Based on the highly conserved amino acid regions of known β-actin,a pair of degenerate primers was synthesized to amplify 533 bp cDNA sequences in Dunaliella parva.Then,the 5＇ genomic DNA and 3＇ cDNA sequences were obtained by Genome walking and 3＇-RACE technology based on the obtained sequence.According to the sequences of the 5＇-termini and 3＇-termini,specific primers were synthesized to obtain the full-length cDNA.[Result] The full-length β-actin cDNA included 1 137 bp open reading frame（ORF）,617 bp of 3＇ noncoding region.Similarity analysis indicated that the highest similarity was found between Dunaliella parva and Dunaliella salina.The Dunaliella parva β-actin also showed wide similarity with other algae.[Conclusion] The full-length cDNA sequence of D.parva was firstly obtained,which was highly conserved.

A New Bird Record in China:Red-breasted Flycatcher(Ficedula parva)

The Red-breasted Flycatcher （Ficedula parva） and Taiga Flycatcher （F albicila） have long been considered having a conspecific status under the species Red-throated Flycatcher （Fparva）. Based on the studies on the morphology, vocalizations and molecular biology, the two subspecies have recently been split into separate species that are allopatrically distributed in the Palearctic region. Before our report, there was no formal record of taxon parva in China. Between April and May of 2007, two birds of parva were recorded respectively at Potoi Island, Hong Kong SAR and Xiangyundao Tree Farm, Laoting, Hebei Province, the first known recording of this species in China. We also briefly discussed the general characteristics and field identification of Red-breasted Flycatchers in this article.

受马拉硫磷抑制的麦穗鱼 (Pseudorasbora parva)脑乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)的恢复(英文)

研究了受亚致死剂量马拉硫磷抑制的麦穗鱼 (Pseudorasboraparva)脑乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)的活性恢复。马拉硫磷处理浓度分别为 0 .5mg L、1.0mg L、2 .0mg L ,约为LC5 0 的 1 2 0、1 10、1 5。处理 48h后 ,AChE抑制率随浓度升高而增加 ,分别为 33.76 %、5 7.89%、6 3.0 5 %。恢复 12 0h后 ,0 .5mg L处理过的鱼AChE恢复到了对照的 80 %以上 (80 %被认为是鱼的安全限 ) ;1.0mg L处理过的鱼经 2 88h也恢复到了对照的 80 %以上 ;而 2 .0mg L处理过的鱼恢复 36 0h还低于对照的 6 0 %。恢复期间后两个处理鱼AChE活性差异加大。

Variations in reproductive strategies between one invasive population and two native populations of Pseudorasbora parva

Reproductive traits of one invasive population in Lake Fuxian and two native populations in Lakes Chao and Dongting for Pseudorasbora parva were investigated to determine the variations in their reproductive strategies associated with the change of environmental conditions. Compared with the two native populations, P.parva markedly experienced the protraction in their spawning time and the decrease in mortality for adult individuals in Lake Fuxian. The three populations all got their first sexual maturity at the same age, but their total lengths at maturity were quite different for those in Lake Chao were significantly lower than in Lakes Fuxian and Dongting. Additionally, in spite that no significant difference occurred in their relative fecundities for P. parva in Lakes Fuxian and Dongting, the population in Lake Chao showed the markedly higher relative fecundity than the other two populations. These results were analyzed with the variations in water temperature, nutrient status, fishing stress among the three lakes. The relative decline in fecundity for the invasive population, which conflicted with the enemy release hypothesis, was disscussed with the context of the preponderance of another invasive fish, Neosalanx taihuensis, in Lake Fuxian.

Growth and feeding habits of invasive Pseudorasbora parva in the Chabalang Wetland(Lhasa,China) and its trophic impacts on native fish

In recent years, fish invasion has become one of the main reasons for the decline of native fish stocks. Pseudorasbora parva is considered one of the major invasive species worldwide. The present study investigated the fish resources of the Chabalang Wetland (Lhasa, Tibet) during diff erent seasons in 2009 and 2013. Four hundred and twelve individuals were subsampled to estimate age, growth, and feeding habit of P . parva . Furthermore, food relationships between P . parva and the native Schizothoracinae fish were also examined. The results revealed a significant shift in species composition and community structure characterized by the disappearance of native fish and outbreak of non-native fish. The percentage of nonnative P . parva in the fish collections significantly increased from 33.64% in 2009 to 64.08% in 2013. The standard length (SL) ranged from 22.00 to 78.71 mm, and their age was 1–5 a. The von Bertalanff y function was used to model the observed length-at-age data as L t =112.19(1–e^-0.1495 ( t +0.8012)) for females and as L t =123.12 (1–e^-0.1500 ( t +0.7132)) for males. The results indicated that P . parva in Tibet has lower growth and mortality rates compared with that from the native ranges. Ninety-seven prey taxa belonging to 9 prey categories were identified in the gut of 38 P . parva . P . parva can be considered a generalized and opportunistic predator, competing with the native fish, especially Schizothorax o’connori , Schizopygopsis younghusbandi younghusbandi , and Ptychobarbus dipogon , for Bacillariophyta and Chironomid larvae. This is an important reason for the decline in native fish population.

Perforin Expression in <i>Theileria parva</i>Specific Cytotoxic T Cells Correlates with Cytotoxicity

Theileria parva is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease East Coast fever in cattle which results in major economic losses in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Efforts to generate vaccines involve measurements of cytotoxic activity since CD8 cells are believed to be responsible for protection of the animals. CTL assays are time consuming, and may require use of radioactive material and they also impose a considerable amount of in vitro work, which may skew the response compared to ex vivo assays. Hence it would be beneficial to identify other markers that correlate with the cytotoxicity. In this in vitro study we examined if the number of tetramer positive CD8 cells and the staining intensity of these correlated with lysis of the target cells. Furthermore, we investigated if the expression of the activation marker perforin correlated with the cytotoxicity. Perforin is involved in permeabilization of the cell membrane of the target cell. Bulk CTL lines and purified CD8 cell lines generated from cattle of the A18 BoLA (MHC) type were analysed for the Theileria parva specific immune responses using a peptide-MHC tetramer and antibodies for perforinin FACS analysis. Thelysis of target cells was determined by a chromium release assay. Results demonstrate that the percentage of tetramer positive cells, in six cell lines generated against the whole parasite, correlate with killing of PBMC pulsed with the peptide. The product of the percentages of perforin and tetramer double positive cells and the net MFI of perforin showed a perfect correlation with the cytotoxicity of the peptide pulsed PBMC. Likewise, the product of percentage perforin positive cells and the staining intensity had the best significant correlation with killing of the pulsed PBMC. The present results suggest that perforin could be a possible biomarker for the cytotoxicity to Theileria parva infections/immunizations.

中国发现分距姬蜂亚科新记录属

记述在山东省泰安市徂徕山自然保护区发现的分距姬蜂亚科Cremastinae我国新记录属——迪姬蜂属Dimophora Förster和中国新记录种——小迪姬蜂Dimophora parva Omatsu&Konishi,2023。介绍描述迪姬蜂属的鉴别特征和小迪姬蜂的形态特征,提供该种的整体形态图和部分形态特征图,并介绍该种的世界分布。标本保存在国家林业和草原局生物灾害防控中心。

麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)对宝钢工业配水池藻类污染物治理研究

运用淡水生态系统中ＴＯＰ－ＤＯＷＮ效应等生态学原理，经宝钢工业配水池现场调查 及实验室试验，筛选出一种专一性取食底栖性丝状蓝藻的鱼类──麦穗鱼．对其进行生物学 特性、饥饿试验，清除丝状蓝藻效率比较及配水池现场初试等，进一步确证其对于宝钢工业配 水池壁藻类复合体的清除及抑制水体藻类污染是有效的，从而为宝钢水源污染和管道阻塞问 题的综合整治提供了可行的手段和方法．

重庆两种兽类新纪录——滇北缺齿鼩和斯氏缺齿鼩

2021年6月和2023年7月于重庆市金佛山采集到5号缺齿鼩属动物标本,其中2号标本体型较小,头体长55~58 mm,尾长小于头体长,脑颅扁平,与滇北缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa parva)的特征相符;基于线粒体Cyt b基因构建的系统发育树显示其与云南丽江的滇北缺齿鼩聚在一起,两地标本的遗传差异为5.24%。其余3号标本的体型较大,尾长大于头体长,尾尖裸露,颌骨前端突然收窄,脑颅隆起,与斯氏缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa smithii)的特征相符;基于Cytb基因构建的最大似然树显示其与斯氏缺齿鼩聚为一支,与四川的斯氏缺齿鼩的遗传差异为1.37%。滇北缺齿鼩和斯氏缺齿鼩均为重庆市哺乳动物新纪录,这两个物种在重庆金佛山与霍氏缺齿鼩同域共存。

刺槐小皱蝽的生活习性及防治试验研究

对刺槐小皱蝽的形态特征、生活史及生活习性进行了详细介绍。在沂水县沂山林场设置3种药剂处理对刺槐小皱蝽进行防治试验,结果表明,敌百虫800倍液喷药、吡虫啉1倍液打孔注药和溴氰菊酯2倍液涂环对其均有较好的防治效果。

新疆巴州部分地区秋季黑头羊消化道寄生虫虫卵检测及分析

为了解新疆巴州部分地区秋季黑头羊消化道寄生虫感染情况,于2023年8-9月从新疆巴州和静、和硕县11个乡镇(1~11号)共采集黑头羊新鲜粪便1143份,进行粪便检测。结果显示,1143份粪便样品经虫卵漂浮法共检出3种虫卵,分别为肝片吸虫、细颈线虫和小型艾美耳球虫。整理巴州不同地区、年龄、性别黑头羊消化道寄生虫感染情况,发现巴州地区黑头羊细颈线虫感染率最高,肝片吸虫和小型艾美耳球虫感染率均较低。母羊细颈线虫、肝片吸虫感染率比公羊高,小型艾美耳球虫感染率比公羊低。5~6岁黑头羊细颈线虫感染率最高,3~4岁黑头羊小型艾美耳球虫感染率最高,仅5~6岁黑头羊检出一例肝片吸虫感染。研究表明,巴州地区黑头羊存在肝片吸虫、细颈线虫和小型艾美耳球虫感染,且不同性别、年龄的黑头羊寄生虫感染情况存在一定差异。

治疗麦穗鱼扁弯口吸虫病药物对比试验

采用中草药槟榔、雷丸和化学药物氯化铜、甲苯咪唑、90%晶体敌百虫,开展治疗麦穗鱼扁弯口吸虫病的药物对比试验。结果表明,槟榔和雷丸作用时间较长,槟榔在48 h时杀虫效果最佳,杀虫浓度为200 mg/L时,杀虫率为60%;雷丸无杀虫效果。甲苯咪唑,氯化铜,敌百虫作用时间短,一般在6 h;甲苯咪唑对麦穗鱼扁弯口吸虫病的杀灭效果最好,杀虫率为80%;90%晶体敌百虫的杀虫率为78%;氯化铜的杀虫率为75%。指出,槟榔相对于甲苯咪唑、氯化铜等化学药物,具有高效、低残留的优势。

RICONFERMA PER LA RISERVA NATURALE TORBIERE DEL SEBINO DELLA NIDIFICAZIONE DI INTERESSANTI SPECIE E PRESUNTA NIDIFICAZIONE DI SCHIRIBILLA(Porzana Parva)

A seguito di regolari osservazioni effettuate nella Riserva Naturale Torbiere delSebino nel corso delle stagioni riproduttive 1992-1993 abbiamo riconfermato la nidi-ficazione di interessanti specie che hanno colonizzato la Riserva nel 1991.Questeulteriori nidificazioni confermano le notevoli potenzialità delle Torbiere per la nidifi-cazione degli uccelli acquatici.

口岸截获国内未见分布种小异甲蠊(Diplopterina parva)形态学与分子生物学鉴定

目的 利用形态学与分子生物学的方法对中山港口岸进口集装箱中截获的2只蜚蠊进行种类鉴定。方法2021年11月在中山港口岸来自尼日利亚的集装箱截获了1只雌性蜚蠊和1只蜚蠊若虫,通过形态学方法检索雌性蜚蠊的形态特征,并同时提取2只蜚蠊基因组DNA,用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)的基因片段进行PCR扩增和测序,测序结果在GenBank中进行比对,采用邻接法构建系统进化树。结果 雌性蜚蠊形态鉴定为小异甲蠊,2只蜚蠊的COⅠ基因序列在GenBank中未比对出相似度>98%的同源物种,但是2只蜚蠊COⅠ基因序列相互比对相似度>98%,可判定该蜚蠊若虫与雌性成虫同为小异甲蠊(Diplopterina parva)。经查证国内未见该种蜚蠊分布。结论 中山港口岸进口集装箱截获的2只蜚蠊通过形态学和分子生物学的方法鉴定均为小异甲蠊,为国内未见分布种。

鱼菜共生系统中麦穗鱼肠道菌群研究

为探究鱼菜共生养殖模式对鱼体肠道菌群的影响,于2020年11月24日至2021年1月4日(计6周)在9个泡沫养殖箱中放养平均体质量(3.88±0.78)g的麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)12尾(对照组),再分别与株高(13.85±0.92)cm罗莎生菜(Lactuca sativa)(PL组)和株高(26.10±1.84)cm的水蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)(PI组)组成两种鱼菜共生系统,用16S rRNA测序技术和生物信息学方法对比分析各系统鱼体肠道的菌群,探究鱼菜共生养殖模式对鱼体肠道菌群的影响。每个鱼菜共生养殖箱的箱体边缘都固定等面积蔬菜浮床(覆盖面积占水体面积的35%),并在浮床底部覆盖纱布以避免鱼类啃食。结果表明,3种系统中麦穗鱼主要优势门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),主要优势属为苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)、沉积物杆状菌属(Sediminibacterium)和慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)。两种鱼菜共生系统中沉积物杆状菌属丰度明显高于传统养殖系统;而乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)仅见于传统养殖系统。聚类树与功能热图显示,两种鱼菜共生系统聚集为一支。微生物群落功能预测(PICRUSt2)表明,鱼菜共生模式对麦穗鱼的代谢、机体系统和环境信息加工等功能起到正向作用,其中麦穗鱼-水蕹菜共生系统优势更大。麦穗鱼在两种鱼菜共生系统中的存活率均显著高于传统养殖系统(P<0.05)。本研究认为,鱼菜共生模式可以改变麦穗鱼肠道菌群的结构,有利于维持麦穗鱼肠道健康,能够显著提高存活率。本结果可为进一步探究鱼菜共生系统鱼体肠道菌群提供理论参考。

水蕹菜和罗莎生菜对麦穗鱼养殖系统水质的影响

将9个40 cm×24 cm×16 cm泡沫箱放在实验室靠窗处,每个箱中放养12尾体长(7.3±0.56)cm,体质量(3.88±0.78)g的麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva),搭建占水体面积35%的水蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)和罗莎生菜(Lactuca sativa)浮床,菜根裹海绵固定防止其松动,用纱布裹住菜根防止麦穗鱼啃食。试验设水蕹菜-麦穗鱼和罗莎生菜-麦穗鱼2个处理组和1个单养麦穗鱼的对照组,每组设3个重复。每隔7 d取一次水样,检测水体pH、溶氧(DO)、总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_(2)^(-)-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)和总氮(TN)含量等指标,研究水蕹菜和罗莎生菜对麦穗鱼养殖系统水质的影响。结果显示,水蕹菜和罗莎生菜能维持麦穗鱼养殖水体pH及DO浓度稳定,使水体TAN浓度降至较低水平;水蕹菜组和罗莎生菜组水体NO_(2)^(-)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);水蕹菜组降低水体TN的能力优于罗莎生菜组,吸收NO_(3)^(-)-N的效率显著高于罗莎生菜(P<0.05)。在浮床覆盖率为35%的条件下,水蕹菜和罗莎生菜均能有效吸收麦穗鱼养殖水体中的无机氮盐,促进有害氮盐向可吸收利用氮盐转化,起到净化水质的作用。本研究结果可以为鱼菜共生养殖提供理论参考。

硅对迷你椒草试管苗抗逆生理特性的影响

【目的】探究硅对迷你椒草试管苗生理特性的影响,为提高高温季节移栽成活率提供理论和技术支持。【方法】以迷你椒草不定芽为材料,采用单因子试验方法,探究不同硅源(硅酸钾、硅酸钠、硅酸钙、二氧化硅)及硅浓度(0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 g/L)对迷你椒草不定芽增殖系数、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及抗氧化酶活性的影响,筛选出最佳硅源及硅浓度,并用于不定芽生根培养,移栽后进行高温、高湿胁迫,研究其对迷你椒草抗逆特性的影响。【结果】除添加硅酸钾0.6 g/L的迷你椒草不定芽增殖系数与CK相比无显著差异外,其余均显著低于CK;添加硅酸钾、硅酸钠培养25 d各处理的不定芽可溶性糖含量均显著高于CK,0.4g/L硅酸钠处理后可溶性糖含量较CK增长97.92%。添加二氧化硅后,各浓度处理的不定芽可溶蛋白含量均显著高于CK,涨幅13.49%~26.63%。添加硅提高了迷你椒草不定芽的POD、SOD活性,硅酸钙和二氧化硅处理后不定芽SOD活性较CK分别增长13.49%~62.87%、0.86%~75.85%;添加0.2 g/L硅酸钠后不定芽SOD活性较CK提高45.43%。所有施硅处理不定芽的MDA含量均显著低于CK,其中添加硅酸钾0.6 g/L时各指标表现最佳,迷你椒草不定芽增殖系数为2.67,其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量分别比CK增长95.39%、27.34%,POD、SOD活性分别提高137.67%、39.01%,MDA含量降低56.20%。高温高湿胁迫5 d后,0.6 g/L硅酸钾处理不定芽的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量以及POD、SOD活性均显著高于CK。【结论】在MS+6-BA 4.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+AD 10.0 mg/L+硅酸钾0.6 g/L时,迷你椒草不定芽的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量以及POD、SOD活性均显著高于CK,可增强迷你椒草苗在高温高湿环境下的抗逆性。

龙延河几种挺水植物上麦穗鱼卵的分布及其孵化率

调查了太湖流域龙延河内常见挺水植物茎叶和枯树枝等介质上麦穗鱼（ Pseudorasbora parva）卵的数量分布特征，分析了鱼卵孵化率、鱼苗成活率的差异，系统评价挺水植物作为麦穗鱼产卵介质的适宜性。结果表明，活体茭草茎、喜旱莲子草茎、枯芦竹、枯树枝等4种介质是该河道内麦穗鱼主要利用的产卵介质，茭草组和枯树枝组卵带面积最大（107.9 cm2，95.3 cm2），喜旱莲子草组卵径最大（1463.9μm），枯芦竹和枯树枝组卵密度最大（25.4个/cm2，24.9个/cm2）。茭草组和喜旱莲子草组受精卵孵化率最高，分别达到92.9％和87.9％。枯树枝组鱼苗死亡高峰出现较早（在14～16 d），而茭草和喜旱莲子草组发生较晚（18～20 d）。

麦穗鱼对盐度和酸碱度的耐受性

研究了小型鱼类麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)对盐度和酸碱度的耐受性。结果表明,24、48、72和96 h其盐度的LC50分别为11.668、11.428、11.376和11.246 g/L;其酸度的LC50分别为9.02×10-5、7.21×10-5、4.37×10-5和2.88×10-5 mol/L,相应的pH分别为4.05、4.14、4.36和4.54;其碱度的LC50分别为5.50×10-4、3.80×10-4、3.48×10-4和2.95×10-4 mol/L,相应的pH分别为10.74、10.58、10.54和10.47。结果提示,麦穗鱼属于狭盐性鱼类,其适宜生存的酸碱度范围(pH 5.5～9.5)大于黄鳝等种类,但小于鲤鱼等种类。