The Contradiction between “Soul” and “Body” in André Gide’s Pastoral Symphony

André Gide is one of the most important writers in the history of French literature in the 20th century.His works are highly distinctive:on the one hand,there is strong coherence and beautiful language between his works,which gives them a strong musicality.On the other hand,his works delve deeper into the struggle between the“soul”and the“body”under the oppression of“religious concepts”,which is most evident in one of his representative works:Pastoral Symphony.This article will analyze and explore the contradiction between“soul”and“body”reflected in the work of“Pastoral Symphony”from three aspects:“modernity”,“aesthetics”,and“characters’prototypes”.

内蒙古农牧交错区典型黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布特征

[目的]定量了解内蒙古典型黑土区土壤侵蚀速率,探究该区域土壤侵蚀空间分布特征,阐明土壤侵蚀坡面和区域空间分布规律,以期为区域水土流失治理提供参考。[方法]采集内蒙古农牧交错区(海拉尔区、额尔古纳市和牙克石市)典型黑土坡耕地的土壤样品,利用137 Cs示踪技术计算各采样点土壤侵蚀速率,结合小波分析的方法研究土壤侵蚀在坡面的分布特征。[结果](1)3个坡面所有采样点137 Cs含量均小于背景值(1984.24 Bq/m^(2)),表现为所有坡面土壤流失。(2)3个地区的采样坡面平均侵蚀速率表现为:海拉尔〔6533.37 t/(km^(2)·a)〕>额尔古纳〔4174.35 t/(km^(2)·a)〕>牙克石〔2765.87 t/(km^(2)·a)〕。相同坡面的3个纵向断面的平均侵蚀速率相近,同一断面侵蚀速率的变异程度较高。(3)土壤侵蚀速率沿坡长呈强弱交替的周期性变化,但周期长度并不固定。大部分纵向断面存在周期长度为80~160 m和160~200 m的大小两个周期。部分纵向断面只存在一个周期长度为100~120 m的周期。[结论]该地区土壤侵蚀在坡面尺度表现为全坡面侵蚀且在纵向呈现周期性特征,在区域尺度呈现从东到西逐渐增加趋势。

Supporting of Potential Forage Production to the Herbivore-based Pastoral Farming Industry on the Loess Plateau

For the purpose of contributing to the establishment of optimized eco-productive paradigm, a new layout of land use of the Loess Plateau was carried out and the associated forage potential was estimated. Results indicated that the percentages of the area of grassland, woodland, basic farmland and orchard to the total productive land area were 44%, 22%, 20% and 14% respectively according to this new land use scenario. Based on the datasets of 197 counties in the Loess Plateau, the estimated forage potential would amount to 104 881 028 ton/a (hay), which can raise 104 881 028 productivity sheep unit/ a. According to the unchanged price in 1999, pastoral gross product value would amount to 52 440.51 million yuan RMB/a, which is as much as 5.3 times of that in 1999 and exceeds the agricultural gross product in 1999 by 14%. In addition, there are ca. 59% of counties whose mean pastoral product value per person would be more than 1 000 yuan RMB/a, while ca. 41% of counties whose mean pastoral product value per person would be less than 1 000 yuan RMB/a. On the other hand, the estimated agricultural gross product on the Loess Plateau would amount to 11 472 2.34 million yuan RMB/a and ca. 46% of the total would come from pastoral industry, 27% from orchid industry, 14% from forestry and 13% from farmland. From the perspective both ecologically and economically, this paper holds that the herbi-vore-based pastoral industry is a promising industry bolstering the ecological improvement and economical development on the Loess Plateau.

Pastor-Zienkiewicz状态相关本构模型及其参数确定方法研究

当考虑无黏性土初始密实度及围压时,Pastor-Zienkiewicz本构模型需采用多组参数模拟同种材料,给其在实际中的应用带来了困难。针对原始Pastor-Zienkiewicz本构模型存在的这一问题,将新近发展的状态相关参数引入剪胀方程、塑性势方向矢量、加(卸)载方向矢量及塑性模量方程中,提高了模型在考虑初始密实度及初始围压时模拟无黏性土力学特性的能力;详细探讨了修正模型参数的拟定方法,明确了各参数的物理意义;通过试验资料对修正模型的预测能力进行了验证,预测结果与试验资料吻合良好,表明了修正模型的可行性和合理性。

Design of Pastoral Cultural Landscape Oriented by the Concept of Ecology Villages

China is increasingly attaching importance to coordination and scientific development between humanist and economic constructions, especially for protection on rural pastoral cultural landscape. For eco-village theory, planning and construction of pastoral culture landscape is just a breakthrough. The research used modern landscaping technology and analyzed pastoral landscape culture, facilitating transformation of agricultural production pattern and ushering in a new trend in terms of retaining rural cultural landscapes with Chinese characteristics and inheriting and innovating rural culture.

Pastor-Zienkiewicz砂土模型静力参数变形敏感性分析

基于广义塑性理论,针对Pastor-Zienkiewicz(P-Z)砂土模型静力参数,划分为3个方面8个参数,分别分析了各参数变化时对竖向位移的敏感性.研究表明:模型各参数在-40%~40%变化时,弹性模量E的敏感性最大,竖向位移变化率可达66.05%,其次为内摩擦角φ和泊松比μ,竖向位移变化率在±10%以内.而与塑性模量相关的参数,竖向位移变化率均低于±1%,当缺少实测数据时,可根据土工实验资料取值.研究结论可为P-Z砂土模型在地基变形计算时参数的选取提供依据.

基于PLUS模型的典型农牧交错带土地利用驱动力分析与多情景模拟

[目的]实现农牧交错带地区破碎化土地利用变化的精准预测,为农牧交错带土地利用预测与结构调整提供重要工具。[方法]研究针对性构建了农牧交错带土地利用模拟方法(APE-PLUS),引入土地扩张分析策略(LEAS)、基于多类型随机斑块种子的CA模型(CARS)、Markov模型和土地利用情景设计,解决农牧交错带土地利用模拟中斑块零散、景观破碎、变化机制复杂的问题。采用二调、三调土地利用数据,分析了2014-2020年土地利用变化及其驱动力,模拟了2032年科左后旗自然增长、生态优先、耕地保护和可持续发展情景下的土地利用格局。[结果](1)农牧交错带土地利用模拟方法(APE-PLUS)精度较高,Kappa系数为0.87,总体精度达到0.92;(2)科左后旗2014-2020年土地利用变化显著,全旗47.85%的土地类型发生改变,14.65%的土地由耕地转变为草地,DEM和水资源是这一时期土地利用变化的主要驱动力;(3)2032年多情景预测中,可持续发展情景耕地面积增长1.31%,林地和草地分别减少了0.77%和1.72%,其他用地面积减小28.4%,相比于其他3种情景,土地利用数量结构与空间格局更合理。此情景有助于减缓耕地扩张趋势和草地缩减趋势,有效控制水土流失、土壤沙化问题,提高生态保护与经济发展的协调程度。[结论]农牧交错带土地利用模拟方法(APE-PLUS)对科左后旗的土地利用具有较高的模拟精度,可以对农牧交错带斑块级的土地利用变化进行高精度的预测。

甘南高寒牧区小黑麦与豌豆混播草地对施肥种类的响应

为探究施肥种类对小黑麦(Triticosecale)与饲用豌豆(Pisum sativa)和箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)混播草地生产性能,营养品质和经济效益的影响。本试验采用裂区设计,主区为施肥种类(不施肥、化学肥料、有机肥和菌肥),副区为混播组合(M_(1):50%小黑麦×50%‘加拿大’饲用豌豆,M_(2):50%小黑麦×50%‘西牧333’箭筈豌豆,M_(3):50%小黑麦×50%‘绿箭1号’箭筈豌豆)。结果表明:从施肥种类来看,与化肥相比,有机肥和菌肥使混播草地的干草产量分别下降了7.62%和16.40%,但粗蛋白含量分别提高了0.68%和1.29%,相对饲喂价值分别提高了7.46%和5.38%。从混播组合来看,50%小黑麦和50%‘西牧333’箭筈豌豆的混播效果较好,纯收益高,适合在甘南高寒牧区推广种植。总体来看,与化肥相比,单独施用有机肥或菌肥使混播草地的纯收益显著降低。在氮用量相近时,施用有机肥使施肥成本增加6171 CNY·hm^(-2)。因此,甘南州在饲草生产中不宜采用有机肥或菌肥完全替代化肥的方案,应考虑部分替代化肥的策略,以保障作物高产,增加农牧民收入。

放牧干扰下两河源牧区草地群落多样性与生物量的关系及变化

放牧会影响植物群落特征及地上生物量与多样性之间的关系,是近年来草地生态系统研究的热点问题。本研究以两河源牧区草地为例,基于60个采样点,采用样方法对该牧区的草地植被进行调查,使用α-多样性指数测度分析了放牧对植物群落结构特征的影响,探讨植物群落物种多样性与地上生物量之间的关系及变化。结果表明:1)在自然放牧条件下,两河源牧区植物科属种数量降低,植物群落高度和盖度呈下降趋势(P<0.01),密度呈上升趋势(P<0.01)。2)放牧显著降低了植物群落地上生物量(P<0.01)。其中,禾草类植物群落地上生物量降低,杂草类植物群落地上生物量提高,豆科类植物群落地上生物量的变化不大。3)放牧对两河源牧区植物群落产生了显著的影响,导致植物群落物种丰富度、优势度和多样性降低,但群落物种数量的分布更加均匀。4)植物群落地上生物量与Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Alatalo均匀度指数呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与Simpson优势度指数呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。放牧干扰下,植物群落地上生物量与物种多样性之间的关系依然显著。因此,在草地的管理和维护中,应考虑放牧对植物群落结构特征的影响,根据当地实际情况做出合理的应对政策。研究结果为两河源牧区草地维护、管理及生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据。

西双版纳田园综合体发展初探

田园综合体是集现代农业、休闲旅游、田园社区为一体的乡村综合发展模式,对于壮大乡村特色农业产业、发展乡村旅游起着积极作用。文章基于田园综合体相关概念,结合特色农业、农旅融合等发展现状,探讨西双版纳地区建设田园综合体的可行性,提出4种适合西双版纳的农旅融合、独具特色的田园综合体发展模式。

牧区农村公共服务设施布局方法研究——以青海省海晏县哈勒景村为例

调整与优化农村公共服务设施是支撑农村品质发展的基本举措。基于目前牧区农村相关研究处于相对滞后,并且难以直接套用农区农村理论方法的状况,建构牧区农村公共服务设施布局理论方法的价值愈发凸显。基于此,本文结合相关研究综述与牧区农村空间布局、价值观念等特征,从宅基地的空间梳理、人本化的设施内容体系,以及耦合生活圈的配置方式3个维度建构牧区农村公共服务设施布局方法,并以青海省海北藏族自治州海晏县哈勒景村为例进行实证与反馈研究,以期为牧区村庄规划提供参考。

中国北方农牧交错带生境质量时空演变与情景模拟

探究脆弱区生境质量变化过程及未来情景格局对于研究区生态环境科学保护具有重要意义。本研究基于土地利用数据、FLUS-In VEST模型及空间自相关方法,分析中国北方农牧交错带2000—2020年生境质量时空格局,并对2040年生境质量进行多情景模拟。结果表明:(1)草地是研究区的主要土地类型,占比超过41%。2000—2020年研究区耕地变化最为显著,面积减少10157 km^(2),林地和建设用地面积有所增加。(2)研究区东南边界生境质量相对较高;2000—2020年平均生境质量变化不大,但生境质量较低等级和较高等级的面积分别增加2281 km^(2)和1375 km^(2),退化度较高的研究区则呈现为点状集中分布在部分建设用地上。(3)2040年各情景下生境质量呈现出向好趋势,但生态保护情景下生境质量提升最为显著,较高等级面积较2020年增加2514 km^(2)。建议未来土地利用规划和生态环境保护过程中,需重点关注内蒙古东南部、河北北部等生境质量低的区域。

县域尺度下畜牧业生产空间布局优化与管控策略——以若尔盖县为例

草地是畜牧业的生产基地和重要生态屏障,而普遍存在的草畜失衡问题是破坏草地生态系统的重要原因之一。在优化畜牧业生产空间布局的基础上实现畜牧业生产活动的精细化管控,对草地生态修复和实现草畜平衡至关重要。尽管以往学者在高原地区不同放牧制度与高原草地生态系统关系方面已取得了大量研究成果,但在空间规划领域对畜牧业生产空间布局优化及精细化管控的相关研究仍较少。基于此,本研究以青藏高原典型牧区县—四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州若尔盖县为例,通过草畜平衡状态评估及生态本底条件评估,建立畜牧业生产活动空间精细化分区方法,探索县域尺度下生态高度敏感的青藏高原牧区畜牧业生产空间布局优化与管控策略,以期弥补空间规划领域对畜牧业生产活动空间精细化规划布局及管控相关研究的不足,并为青藏高原牧区实现草畜平衡提供规划新思路。

Impact of livelihood diversification of rural households on their ecological footprint in agro-pastoral areas of northern China

Human-environment relationship is a focus of academic researches and an understanding of the rela- tionship is important for making effective policies and decisions. In this study, based on rural household survey data of Taibus Banner, Duolun county and Zhengxiangbai Banner in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China, we identified the impact of livelihood diversification on ecosystems in these agro-pastoral areas by using the ecological footprint theory and methodology together with the one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and correlation analysis methods. In 2011, the total ecological footprint of consumption （EFC） was 0.665 g hm2, and the total ecological footprint of production （EFP） was 2.045 g hm2, which was more than three times the EFC. The ecological footprint of arable land consumption （EFAC） accounted for a large proportion of the EFC, and the ecological footprint of grassland production （EFGP） occupied a large proportion of the EFP. Both the ecological footprint of grassland consumption （EFGC） and EFGP had a significant positive correlation with the income, indicating that income was mainly depended on livestock production and the households with higher incomes consumed more livestock prod- ucts. The full-time farming households （FTFHs） had the highest EFP, ecological footprint of arable land production （EFAP）, EFGP and EFGC, followed by the part-time farming households （PTFHs） and non-farming households （NFHs）, which indicated that part-time farming and non-farming employment reduced the occupancy and con- sumption of rural households on local ecosystems and natural resources to some extent. When farming households engaged in livestock rearing, both the EFAP and EFAC became smaller, while the EFP, EFC, EFGC and EFGP increased significantly. The differences in ecological footprints among different household groups should be taken into account when making ecosystem conservation policies. Encouraging the laborers who have the advantages of participating in non-farming employment to move out of the rural areas and increasing the diversification of liveli- hoods of rural households are important in reducing the environmental pressures and improving the welfare of households in the study area. Moreover, grassland should be utilized more effectively in the future.

Land Use/Land Cover Change(LUCC) and Eco-Environment Response to LUCC in Farming-Pastoral Zone,China

In order to understand land use/land cover changes （LUCC） and the eco-environment response to LUCC in farming- pastoral zone of the northern China during the recent twenty years, Baotou prefecture was selected as a case study area for investigation and quantitative evaluation. Technologies of remote sensing （RS）, global positioning system （GPS）, geographic information system （GIS）, and other statistical methods were employed to implement. Results showed that： （1） During the recent twenty years, the areas of forest lands, grasslands and water were reduced, whereas the areas of other types were enlarged. Parts of forest lands, grasslands, and waters had become farmlands, and about 31.5% of the changed grasslands transferred into unused lands. The newly increased farmlands mainly came from grasslands and unused lands. And the newly increased construction lands mainly came from grasslands and farmlands. （2） Regional eco- environmental quality decreased by 12.6%, for which the land degradation （especially the meadow degeneration） and the developing of the cultivated land were mainly responsible, and their contributions to the regional eco-environment changes were 51.84 and 23.63% respectively. （3） The tendency of LUCC and the eco-environment response to LUCC displayed spatial heterogeneity. It can be concluded that the present agricultural production mode was not sustainable in farming-pastoral zone of northern China. Land degradation, especially meadow degradation induced by over-trampling and overgrazing, and developing of cultivated land were mainly responsible for regional eco-environment deterioration. Changing the cultivated land to forest or grass, however, can relieve deterioration of local eco-environment to some extents. And in the farming-pastoral zone in the northern China, evaluating regional eco-environment responses to LUCC was very necessary due to its fragile eco-environments.

Vegetation changes in the agricultural-pastoral areas of northern China from 2001 to 2013

Climate change and human activity have resulted in increasing change of vegetation growth globally. Numerous studies have been conducted on extreme climate events and analyses of ecological environment evolution. However, such studies have placed little emphasis on vegetation change and spatial variation in this type of ecotone. Accordingly, this study analyzed the changes in vegetation type and growth using the 16-d composite MOD13A1 product with 1-km resolution and MOD12Q1 product with 1-km resolution. We used the mean, maximum, standard deviation normalized-difference vegetation index（NDVI） values, and the rate of change（ROC） of NDVI value to explain vegetation changes within the studied ecotone. Our results showed that significant vegetation type and growth changes have occurred in the study area. From 2001 to 2013, for example, with the exception of 2001, 2004 and 2009, a certain extent of grassland area was converted to cropland. Drought severity index（DSI） results indicate that there exists drought in 2001, 2004 and 2009. Such temporal changes in cropland and grassland area confirmed the ecological vulnerability of the ecotone. At the same time, vegetation varied spatially from west to east and from south to north. The mean, maximum and standard deviation NDVI values were all sorted in descending order based on differences in latitude and longitude, as follows： NDVI_（2013）〉NDVI_（2009）〉NDVI_（2004）〉NDVI_（2001）

Livelihood Diversification of Farm Households and Its Impact on Cultivated Land Utilization in Agro-pastoral Ecologically-vulnerable Areas in the Northern China

The relationship between livelihood diversification of farm households and cultivated land utilization has become a core research topic related to global environmental change.Agro-pastoral ecologically-vulnerable areas face challenges such as insufficient ecosystem conservation,low agricultural production,and weak economies.In this study,215 farm households from Zhengxiangbai Banner,Taibus Banner,and Duolun County of Inner Mongolia were surveyed.The sustainable livelihoods framework of the United Kingdom(UK)Department for International Development(DFID)was used to measure the livelihood capital of these farm households.A one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was applied to examine the differences in the livelihood capital of different types households,and a correlation analysis was applied to analyze its impact on cultivated land utilization.Results showed that households with non-farming activities accounted for 64.7%of the total surveyed households,and non-farming employment was becoming more prevalent.Physical and financial capital was the driving factors for livelihood diversity.Each livelihood capital had key factors that affected household farmland use behaviors,such as the age of householder,the labor ratio,proportion of income,farmland scale,number of machines,and these had a significantly positive or negative influence on farmland use.Full-time farming households were more likely to transfer the land into cultivation and invest more labor,while non-farming households with high income were likely to transfer farmland out and invest more money to develop efficient farming or improve the employment skills.The results of this study suggest that policymakers need to fully consider livelihood changes of local households.It is effective to strengthen labor training,create farmland market and improve the efficiency of farmland utilization.We hope to achieve a win-win scenario to improve local economies and ecosystem conservation.

Changes in soil carbon stocks and related soil properties along a 50-year grassland-to-cropland conversion chronosequence in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia,China

Land use change significantly influences soil properties. There is little information available on the long-term effects of post-reclamation from grassland to cropland on soil properties. We compared soil carbon （C） and nitrogen （N） storage and related soil properties in a 50-year cultivation chronosequence of grassland in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia. Field surveys on land use changes during the period of 1955-2002 were conducted to build a chronosequence of cropland of different ages since the conversion from grassland. The results showed that soil C and N storage, soil texture, and soil nutrient contents varied with land use types and cropland ages （P〈0.01）. In the 0-30 cm soil layer, the soil organic carbon （SOC） density was significantly lower in the crop- lands （3.28 kg C/m2 for C50 soil） than in the grasslands （6.32 kg C/m2）. After 5, 10, 15, 20, 35, and 50 years of crop planting （years since the onset of cultivation）, the SOC losses were 17%, 12%, 19%, 47%, 46%, and 48%, respec- tively, compared with the grasslands. The soil total nitrogen （TN） density of the grasslands was 65 g N/m2, and TN density of the cropland soil was 35 g N/m2 after 50 years of crop planting. Both the SOC and TN densities could be quantitatively determined by a negative exponential function of cropland age （P〈0.0001, R2=0.8528; P〈0.0001, R2=0.9637）. The dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content, pH value were decreased; and the soil bulk density and soil available potassium （AK） content, clay content, and sand content were increased since the conversion of grassland into cropland during the 50-year period. Our results show soil nutrients were higher in grassland than in cropland. The conversion of grasslands to croplands induced a loss of soil C storage and changes of related soil properties. The reclamation time of cultivated soil （cropland age） had significant effects on soil properties in the study area.

Changes and spatial patterns of eco-environment in the farming-pastoral region of northern China

This paper firstly selects 10 kinds of indexes to reflect eco-environment background condition and builds the multi-subject spatial database by using ground meteorological data, remote sensing data and DEM. It then discusses in detail the methods about evaluating eco-environment background condition and analyzing eco-environment change. The eco-environment background conditions of 1989 and 1999 are synthetically appraised. Finally, the paper analyzes the spatial distribution, quantitative change, the trend of change, the areas of change and the dynamic spatial pattern of eco-environment. The results are as follows： （1） The eco-environment background condition becomes worse from southeast to northwest in the fanning-pastoral region of northern China. （2） The eco-environment background condition deteriorates from 1989 to 1999. （3） In the adjacent areas of Shanxi-Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia-Gansu-Ningxia, Horqin Sandy Land and its peripheries, and eastern Qinghai orovince, eco-environmental deterioration is very serious.

Spatial pattern and mechanisms of farmland abandonment in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Qingzang Plateau

With the rapid development of social economy and urban−rural integration,the phenomenon of farmland aban-donment worldwide has proved to be one of the main trends of land use and land cover change(LUCC),and profoundly affected the rural landscape and regional ecological environment.Restricted by the natural environ-ment,economic development and backward agricultural technology,the phenomenon of farmland abandonment is also common in the Qingzang Plateau(QP).Therefore,this paper adopted the spatial autocorrelation method to analyze the spatial pattern of abandonment in the agricultural and pastoral areas of the Qingzang Plateau(APA−QP)in 2017,and the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model to explore the effects of geograph-ical resources,socio-economic development and location conditions on farmland abandonment.This study found that:1)From 2015 to 2017,the abandoned farmland area in the APA−QP was approximately 18.23×10^(4)ha,with an overall abandonment rate of 15.18%.On the whole,it showed the distribution characteristics of“strong in the south and weak in the north,strong in the east and weak in the west”.2)There were positive spatial correlation between both abandoned area and abandonment rate in the APA−QP,showing“concave”and“convex”patterns,respectively,mainly concentrated in the Huang−shui Valley and the Southeast Tibet;while in the western and northern regions,the degree of abandonment was relatively low.3)Farmland abandonment in the APA−QP was mainly driven by the geographical environment changes and farmers’decision−making on farmland utilization.There was significant spatial heterogeneity on farmland abandonment associated with the impact of geographical resources,socio−economics and location conditions.The geographical resource factors had a positive impact on the abandonment,and were strongly constrained by natural geographic conditions such as altitude and slope.The farmland resources in the Qingzang Plateau are limited,but are of strategic significance for the sustainable development of agriculture in the whole Qingzang Plateau.In order to realize the rational distribution of agricul-ture and animal husbandry and the sustainable utilization of farmland resources in the plateau region,land use strategies should be implemented according to regional differences and regional advantages in order to ensure the ecological environment security of Qingzang Plateau.