PATERNAL INHERITANCE OF PLASTID DNA IN GENUS PHARBITIS

The inheritance of plastid DNA in Pharbitis was studied by the method of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP).Experimental results showed that plastid DNA from Pharbitis was paternally inherited in reciprocal crosses,P. nil ×P. limbata and P. limbata×P. nil hybrids.But,in the cross of P. limbata×P. nil,the possibility of biparental inheritance of plastid DNA could not be roled out in our preliminary experiment.Thus Pharbitis became the third genus among angiosperms characterized with male plastid transmission.The mechanisms of paternal plastids DNA inheritance in Pharbitis is unclear.The authors proposed that dilution,exclusion and/or degeneration of maternal plastid,including their DNA,after fertilization should be considered.

Advanced paternal age and reproductive outcome

Women have been increasingly delaying the start of motherhood in recent decades. The same trend is seen also for men. The influence of maternal age on fertility, chromosomal anomalies, pregnancy complications, and impaired perinatal and post-natal outcome of offspring, has been thoroughly investigated, and these aspectsare clinically applied during fertility and pregestational counseling. Male aging and reproductive outcome has gained relatively less attention. The purpose of this review is to evaluate updated and relevant literature on the effect of paternal age on reproductive outcome.

The effects of advanced paternal age on fertility

Modern societal pressures and expectations over the past several decades have resulted in the tendency for couples to delay conception. While women experience a notable decrease in oocyte production in their late thirties, the effect of age on spermatogenesis is less well described. While there are no known limits to the age at which men can father children, the effects of advanced paternal age are incompletely understood. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding advanced paternal age and its implications on semen quality, reproductive success and offspring health. This review will serve as a guide to physicians in counseling men about the decision to delay paternity and the risks involved with conception later in life.

Developmental Toxicity in Mice Following Paternal Exposure to Di-N-Butyl-Phthalate (DBP)

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of paternal Di‐N‐butyl‐phthalate （DBP） exposure pre‐ and postnatally on F1 generation offspring,and prenatally on F2 generation offspring.Methods Male mice were exposed to either 500 mg/kg or 2 000 mg/kg of DBP for 8 weeks,and mated with non‐exposed females.Three‐quarters of the females were sacrificed a day prior to parturition,and examined for the number of living and dead implantations,and incidence of gross malformations.Pups from the remaining females were assessed for developmental markers,growth parameters,as well as sperm quantity and quality.Results There were no changes in the fertility of parents and in intrauterine development of the offspring.Pups of DBP‐exposed males demonstrated growth‐retardation.Following paternal exposure to 500 mg/kg bw of DBP,there were almost twice the number of males than females born in the F1 generation.F1 generation females had a 2.5‐day delay in vaginal opening.Paternal exposure to 2 000 mg/kg bw of DBP increased the incidence of sperm head malformations in F1 generation males;however,there were no changes in the fertility and viability of foetuses in the F2 generation.Conclusion Paternal DBP exposure may disturb the sex ratio of the offspring,delay female sexual maturation,and deteriorate the sperm quality of F1 generation males.

QTL and genetic analysis controlling fiber quality traits using paternal backcross population in upland cotton

Background:Genetic improvement in fiber quality is one of the main challenges for cotton breeders.Quantitative trait loci(QTL)mapping provides a powerful approach to dissect the molecular mechanism in fiber quality traits.In present study,F14 recombinant inbred line(RIL)population was backcrossed to paternal parent for a paternal backcross(BC/P)population,deriving from one upland cotton hybrid.Three repetitive BC/P field trials and one maternal backcross(BC/M)field trial were performed including both two BC populations and the original RIL population.Results:In total,24 novel QTLs are detected for fiber quality traits and among which 13 QTLs validated previous results.Thirty-five QTLs in BC/P populations explain 5.01%–22.09%of phenotype variation(PV).Among the 35 QTLs,23 QTLs are detected in BC/P population alone.Present study provides novel alleles of male parent for fiber quality traits with positive genetic effects.Particularly,qFS-Chr3–1 explains 22.09%of PV in BC/P population,which increaseds 0.48 cN·tex−1 for fiber strength.A total of 7,2,8,2 and 6 QTLs explain over 10.00%of PV for fiber length,fiber uniformity,fiber strength,fiber elongation and fiber micronaire,respectively.In RIL population,six common QTLs are detected in more than one environment:qFL-Chr1–2,qFS-Chr5–1,qFS-Chr9–1,qFS-Chr21–1,qFM-Chr9–1 and qFM-Chr9–2.Two common QTLs of qFE-Chr2–2(TMB2386-SWU12343)and qFM-Chr9–1(NAU2873-CGR6771)explain 22.42%and 21.91%of PV.The region between NAU4034 and TMB1296 harbor 30 genes(379 kb)in A05 and 42 genes(49 kb)in D05 for fiber length along the QTL qFL-Chr5–1 in BC/P population,respectively.In addition,a total of 142 and 46 epistatic QTLs and QTL×environments(E-QTLs and QQEs)are identified in recombinant inbred lines in paternal backcross(RIL-P)and paternal backcross(BC/P)populations,respectively.Conclusions:The present studies provide informative basis for improving cotton fiber quality in different populations.

The Paternal Mental Health, Difficulties for Fathers with Children in Early Infancy, and Their Educational Support Needs

Purpose: The purpose is to identify what difficulties fathers have with the roles of fatherhood during pregnancy and early infancy, and to make apparent what their educational support needs are. Methods: This study follows a qualitative descriptive design. The subjects were new first-time fathers of Japanese nationality. Subjects participated in semi-structured interviews administered according to interview guidelines. Results: There were 15 subjects in total. The average age of the subjects’ children was 5.5 months. Fathers’ difficulties with their new roles were abstracted in to five main categories: < Difficulties during early engagement with child >, < Difficulties related to child crying >, < Difficulties arising after getting through the early engagement stage >, < Difficulties related to support of partner >, and < Mental burdens associated with childrearing >. Additionally, the types of support fathers requested to help maintain their mental health after the birth of their infants were abstracted into three main categories: < Support with childcare knowledge/acquiring skills >, < Support in building a positive marital relationship >, and < Support in maintaining own mental health >. Conclusions: 1) The stress experienced by fathers from the birth of their child through early infancy, originating in two elements of fatherhood (engagement with the child and spousal support), placed a great mental burden upon them in a multi-layered structure;2) The support that needs fathers expressed to maintain their mental health pre- and postpartum is based on the difficulties they experienced with paternal roles;3) There is a disparity between the needs of fathers expressed through the results of this study and current paternal support practices in Japan. The supplementation and revision of existing paternal support practices is an issue that merits further consideration. Furthermore, the existing group interview method suffers from low attendance, and attending has become increasingly difficult due to the COVID-19 pandemic spreading throughout Japan. It is necessary to consider alternative methods of educational support moving forward.

Emancipatory reflection on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients

Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.

Large males have a mating advantage in a species of darter with smaller,allopaternal males Etheostoma olmstedi

Theory suggests that males that are larger than their competitors may have increased mating success, due to both greater competitive ability and increased attractiveness to females. We examined how male mating suceess varies with male size in the tessellated darter Etheostoma olmstedi. Previous work has shown that large males tend to move around and breed in vacant breeding sites, and consequently provide less care for their eggs, while smaller individuals can be allopaternal, caring for the eggs of other males as well as for their own. We studied female egg deposition in a natural breeding population using artificial breeding sites and in the laboratory, where female choice of spawning site was restricted to two breeding sites tended by two males of different sizes. In both the field and the laboratory, nests tended by larger males were more likely to receive new eggs. Additionally, the mean size of males associated with a nest was positively correlated with both the maximum coverage of eggs at the nest and the number of times new eggs were deposited. We discuss how the increased mating success of larger males, despite their decreased parental care, may help explain aUopaternal care in this species [Current Zoology 56 （1）： 1-5, 2010].

Marital and Co-parenting Relationships After Divorce： Continuity and Discontinuity

Divorced parents are challenged by the task of creating new role identities as co-parents while no longer living together and being married. The process of families＇ reorganization, following divorce, can be studied in terms of emotional adjustment, co-parenting and family alliance. The aims of this work are to analyze the process（es） of reorganization, in a sample of Italian divorced families （n =104）, with regards to the constructs of adjustment to divorce, co-parenting and family alliance and to explore their relationships. Multi-method procedure involves both self-report measure for the evaluation of representations＇ level and observational measure for the evaluation of interactive models. Preliminary results indicate functional and dysfunctional pathways between the families and show the association between representation level and interactive practices. Results are discussed.

A high level of extra-pair paternity in the Chestnut Thrush(Turdus rubrocanus)

Extra-pair copulation(EPC)can potentially maximize individual reproductive fitness,and this process may involve sexual selection of male and female traits that reflect individual quality.Previous studies have implied that adult characteristics are associated with the probability of extra-pair paternity(EPP),but it differs between species.Moreover,there are relatively few examples of the adaptive rationale for females’engagement in EPCs based on an examination of these more traditionally recorded traits,in combination with female flight-mediated traits such as wing length.We investigated whether EPP existed in the wild Chestnut Thrush(Turdus rubrocanus)population during three breeding seasons(2019–2021),and whether paternity was related to morphological traits of males and females.Eight highly variable microsatellite loci were used to identify paternity,and generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the relationship between paternity and morphological traits.We found that EPP existed in the Chestnut Thrush.53.3%(N=41/77)of the broods contained at least one extra-pair offspring(EPO),and 34.6%(N=72/208)of the nestlings were EPO.We also found that male wing length was negatively associated with the probability of EPP and the proportion of EPO.Female body length was positively related to the probability of EPP.Both female body condition and mass were negatively associated with the proportion of EPO.While other traits of male and female did not relate to the probability of EPP or the proportion of EPO.Extra-pair males had better body condition compared to the males they cuckolded.EPO did not differ from their half-siblings in terms of body size or body condition.The results suggest that body size and body condition were associated with EPP in the Chestnut Thrush.This study provides fundamental information for further studies on the evolution and maintenance of EPP in the Chestnut Thrush,and it is also useful for the comparison of EPP among Turdus species.

2016至2020年中国生育年龄时空分布特征研究

目的了解2016至2020年中国产妇及其分娩时丈夫年龄的时间变化趋势及空间分布特征。方法利用2016至2020年《全国妇幼健康统计调查制度》中的出生与分娩信息,开展产妇年龄和丈夫年龄分析。数据清理后,共纳入分析66341749条产妇年龄信息和65984835条丈夫年龄信息。采用Mann-Kendall检验和趋势卡方检验分析产妇和丈夫年龄随时间变化的线性趋势,采用分段线性模型分析产妇和丈夫年龄变化的非线性趋势。结果2016至2020年,产妇平均年龄为(28.8±5.1)岁,丈夫平均年龄为(30.6±5.5)岁;≥35岁的高龄产妇占比为12.1%,≥40岁丈夫占比为6.1%。产妇年龄从2016年的28.3岁上升到2020年的29.2岁,丈夫年龄从30.3岁上升到31.0岁。产妇和丈夫平均年龄均呈非单调上升趋势,即2016至2017年上升速度较快、2017至2018年有所下降、2018年后再次快速上升但慢于2016至2017年。2020年产妇平均年龄超过30.0岁的省份包括北京、上海、内蒙古、山东、天津和辽宁;平均年龄低于28.0岁的省份有云南、青海和贵州。2020年丈夫平均年龄前5位依次是北京、上海、辽宁、广西和内蒙古;平均年龄低于30.0岁的省份分别是贵州、新疆、甘肃和西藏。结论2016至2020年间中国产妇年龄和丈夫年龄均显著上升,2020年分别达29.2岁和31.0岁;产妇和丈夫年龄在省份间分布差异显著,多个经济相对发达省份处于年龄高值。在生育率持续低迷、出生人口逐年降低的背景下,宜多层面多渠道积极引导加强宣教,重塑社会婚育文化,提倡适龄婚育、避免高龄生育风险,促进人口长期均衡发展。

义务教育阶段市场化教育、公共教育支出与教育水平——基于代际视角的分析

实现发展机会的均等化是缓解教育发展不平衡问题的重要着力点。文章从直接效应与间接效应两个方面,构建了一个公共教育支出、父代收入对子代教育水平影响的分析框架,并进一步探讨市场化教育对公共教育支出直接效应与间接效应的影响。文章利用中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),以义务教育阶段为例,进行了实证检验。研究发现,公共教育支出对子代教育水平的影响包含直接和间接机制:一方面,能够直接促进子代教育水平的提升(直接效应);另一方面,有助于削弱父代收入与子代教育水平之间的相关性(间接效应)。研究还发现,市场化教育具有调节效应,会减弱公共教育支出的直接效应与间接效应。文章建议,充分利用公共教育支出在促进教育机会均等化的作用,加大对低收入家庭的公共教育资源投入,规范市场化教育,提升低收入家庭的发展能力。

1例错误否定父权的嵌合体STR分析

随着科学技术的不断发展,亲子鉴定中的嵌合体案例逐渐被发现。亲子鉴定目前通常是在现场采取血样,也有少数机构采取口腔拭子进行STR分型检测。在排除医源性人造异源嵌合体和检材被污染风险因素后,当不同基因座出现多个等位基因异常情况时,往往会考虑被检者为先天嵌合体。但是,如果嵌合体的血液中只存在一种细胞群的时候,血样常染色体STR分型不会出现异常,很容易得出错误的鉴定结论,直接排除亲缘关系。本文所分析案例,就属此类非常罕见的情况。

体育课后服务中的家长主义协商与理性自我重构——基于H市12位家长的追踪观察与深度访谈

遵循家长主义协商的理论解释,运用参与观察法及访谈法,讨论“双减”政策下家长在体育课后服务中的态度、角色、责任和行动特征。研究认为,孩子健康状况和运动习惯之间存在交集,健康状况的强弱和运动习惯的强弱会影响家长对体育课后服务的态度。在时间维度上,基于亲子、自我、家校的家长主义协商,家长经历从“从未有过的新体验”到“没有想象的那么好”再到“协商更多的参与方式”的认知演变进程。当前,参与到体育课后服务中的家长深陷于新旧秩序的两难境地,承受着来自孩子身体健康、技能习得、文化学习和自身期望的多重压力,往往采取以下行动重构理性自我:通过观望、协商和建言,重构参与角色;强调经验、问题和绩效,重构责任意识;诉诸于他者化、妥协和互动,重构决策机制。

家长主义视角下家长对“双减”的认知、响应及支持期待——基于Nvivo对家长访谈的质性研究

家长参与是现代教育的必然要求,家长主义为考察家长参与提供了理论视角。家长是“双减”的重要利益相关方,家长响应对政策实施具有重要影响。通过对川渝地区21位家长访谈资料的分析发现,家长对“双减”政策判断、态度、效果的认知存在较大分歧,家长参与学校教育、家庭教育、校外教育的行为与政策期望有差距,家长对学校和教师的期待较多,对政府的诉求相对较少。为促进家长对“双减”的响应,应弥合认知分歧,达成普遍共识;加强家长教育,提升参与能力;回应家长关切,完善支持体系。

如何预测她会拥有“花心”男友?女性童年环境对其伴侣短期择偶策略的预测机制

本研究基于生命史理论和父亲投资理论,探讨从童年环境到女性拥有“花心”伴侣的预测机制。研究1采用问卷法,以250名有恋爱经历的未婚女性为研究对象,结果显示:童年环境不可预测性调节童年父女关系和女性自感配偶价值间的关系;当童年环境的不可预测性较低时,童年父爱缺乏将通过女性自感配偶价值的中介作用进而预测其男友的短期择偶策略偏好。研究2采用实验启动童年父女关系的途径,以169名未婚女性为被试,因变量改为女性对伴侣短期择偶策略的容忍度,再次支持了研究1的模型。基于上述结果,本研究提出“父亲投资敏感度限制假说”和“童年环境社会化假说”,以期揭示童年环境对个体生命史策略的塑造机制。

产前母体及父体因素对儿童孤独症谱系障碍影响机制的研究进展

近年来,国内外关于产前母体因素对儿童孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)发病机制的研究取得了一定的进展,认为ASD是遗传因素和环境因素共同作用导致大脑发育异常。然而父体影响因素的研究较少,深入了解遗传因素与产前因素在ASD发病机制中的因果关系以及相互作用尤为重要。本文就国内外产前母体及父体因素、环境相互作用对ASD影响机制的研究进行综述,为全面认识本病提供参考。

《民法典》第一千零一十五条(自然人姓氏的选取)评注

《民法典》第一千零一十五条是关于自然人姓氏选取的规定,旨在确定自然人姓氏选取的基本规则。本条共有两款,第一款是关于自然人姓氏选取原则与例外的一般规定,旨在在作为原则的父姓或者母姓与作为例外的其他直系长辈血亲的姓氏、其他扶养人的姓氏及不违背公序良俗的其他正当理由的姓氏之间形成适当的平衡,解决自然人姓氏选取自由与社会公共利益保护之间存在的冲突。本条第二款是关于少数民族自然人姓氏选取的规定,属于本条第一款的例外规定。由于第二款是引致规范,所以适用该款应以该少数民族自然人本民族的文化传统和风俗习惯中有关姓氏选取的基本规则为前提;第二款亦是赋权规范,少数民族自然人既可以选择依据本款引致的规则选取姓氏,亦可以选择依据本条第一款规定选取姓氏。另外,获得我国国籍的外国人的姓氏选取,可以类推适用本条第二款。

青海省果洛藏族自治州4个牦牛群体父系遗传分子评估

【目的】探究青海省果洛藏族自治州牦牛的父系起源、群体遗传结构、遗传多样性水平以及分化状况。【方法】通过基因组DNA提取、PCR扩增和测序分型,利用5个Y染色体单核苷酸多态性(Y-SNPs)标记(SRY4、USP9Y、UTY19、AMELY3和OFD1Y10)和1个Y染色体微卫星(Y-STR)标记(INRA189)对玛多、久治、甘德、班玛4个牦牛群体共144头牦牛个体进行父系遗传分析。通过软件计算单倍型多样度(Hd)和群体间固定分化指数(Fst),评估各牦牛群体的父系遗传多样性水平、群体间遗传分化程度。利用Mega 5.05和Network 10.1软件分别构建UPGMA树状图和网络中介图,探究各牦牛群体间的父系遗传关系和群体结构组成。【结果】青海省果洛藏族自治州4个牦牛群体中共鉴定出7种Y染色体单倍型。玛多、久治、甘德、班玛牦牛群体分别鉴定出6、4、4、4种单倍型。玛多、班玛牦牛群体中分别检测到2种(H2Y1和H3Y1)和1种(H7Y1)特有单倍型。遗传多样性分析表明,4个牦牛群体的父系遗传多样性较为丰富(Hd=0.506),其中玛多牦牛的单倍型多样度最高(Hd=0.632),甘德牦牛的单倍型多样度最低(Hd=0.324)。遗传分化分析结果显示,除班玛牦牛与甘德、玛多牦牛群体间均呈中等遗传分化外(0.05<Fst<0.15),其他牦牛群体间分化程度均较弱(0<Fst<0.05)。聚类分析结果显示,4个牦牛群体明显地聚为2类,其中久治、玛多牦牛群体最先聚在一起,再与甘德牦牛群体聚为一类,而班玛牦牛群体单独为一类。系统发育分析表明,除班玛牦牛群体由1个父系支系(Y1)组成外,其他3个牦牛群体均由2个父系支系(Y1和Y2)组成。【结论】本研究基于Y染色体分子标记初步揭示了青海省果洛藏族自治州4个牦牛群体的父系遗传多样性、分化程度和群体遗传结构,4个牦牛群体拥有较为丰富的父系遗传多样性,存在2个父系起源;群体间父系遗传分化程度较弱,但父系遗传结构存在一定差异。研究结果为当地牦牛遗传资源的保种选育和开发利用提供了理论依据。

普惠制殡葬改革的正当性探析——以法律家长主义为视角

殡葬改革对每位公民来说都具有重要意义。不论是出于改革效果的提升还是基本的政治道德考量,殡葬改革都需要向公民解释其正当性,以赢得公民内心的认同。从法律家长主义的角度出发,对普惠制殡葬改革的正当性进行论证后发现,目前公权力在干预殡葬行为时,以节约土地等经济利益为依据说服力不足,法律家长主义对公权力的正当性的论证存在缺陷。应当增强个体的主体性和对公民参与立法过程的重视,以此提升公权力的正当性,促进殡葬法治的良性发展。