Robust Fingerprint Construction Based on Multiple Path Loss Model (M-PLM) for Indoor Localization

A robust radio map is essential in implementing a fingerprint-based indoor positioning system(IPS).However,the offline site survey to manually construct the radio map is time-consuming and labour-intensive.Various interpolation techniques have been proposed to infer the virtual fingerprints to reduce the time and effort required for offline site surveys.This paper presents a novel fingerprint interpolator using a multi-path loss model(MPLM)to create the virtual fingerprints from the collected sample data based on different signal paths from different access points(APs).Based on the historical signal data,the poor signal paths are identified using their standard deviations.The proposed method reduces the positioning errors by smoothing out the wireless signal fluctuations and stabilizing the signals for those poor signal paths.By consideringmultipath signal propagations from different APs,the inherent noise from these signal paths can be alleviated.Firstly,locations of the signal data with standard deviations higher than the threshold are identified.The new fingerprints are then generated at these locations based on the proposed M-PLM interpolation function to replace the old fingerprints.The proposed technique interpolates virtual fingerprints based on good signal paths with more stable signals to improve the positioning performance.Experimental results show that the proposed scheme enhances the positioning accuracy by up to 44%compared to the conventional interpolation techniques such as the Inverse DistanceWeighting,Kriging,and single Path LossModel.As a result,we can overcome the site survey problems for IPS by building an accurate radio map with more reliable signals to improve indoor positioning performance.

Statistical Model of Path Loss for Railway 5G Marshalling Yard Scenario

The railway mobile communication system is undergoing a smooth transition from the Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway(GSM-R)to the Railway 5G.In this paper,an empirical path loss model based on a large amount of measured data is established to predict the path loss in the Railway 5G marshalling yard scenario.According to the different characteristics of base station directional antennas,the antenna gain is verified.Then we propose the position of the breakpoint in the antenna propagation area,and based on the breakpoint segmentation,a large-scale statistical model for marshalling yards is established.

Channel Measurement and Path Loss Modeling from 220 GHz to 330 GHz for 6G Wireless Communications

Terahertz(THz)communication has been envisioned as a key enabling technology for sixthgeneration(6G).In this paper,we present an extensive THz channel measurement campaign for 6G wireless communications from 220 GHz to 330 GHz.Furthermore,the path loss is analyzed and modeled by using two single-frequency path loss models and a multiplefrequencies path loss model.It is found that at most frequency points,the measured path loss is larger than that in the free space.But at around 310 GHz,the propagation attenuation is relatively weaker compared to that in the free space.Also,the frequency dependence of path loss is observed and the frequency exponent of the multiple-frequencies path loss model is 2.1.Moreover,the cellular performance of THz communication systems is investigated by using the obtained path loss model.Simulation results indicate that the current inter-site distance(ISD)for the indoor scenario is too small for THz communications.Furthermore,the tremendous capacity gain can be obtained by using THz bands compared to using microwave bands and millimeter wave bands.Generally,this work can give an insight into the design and optimization of THz communication systems for 6G.

Investigating path loss characteristics of UWB signals in vacancy indoor environment based on time-domain technique

The path loss analysis model based on 5 rays in vacancy indoor environment is proposed. The relationship between multipath overlapping and the path loss is analyzed mathematically. Time-domain technique is introduced to compute reflection coefficient in a very short time interval. A 5 rays path loss calculation method, which is satisfactory accurate, is developed. 5 typical environments are involved to analyze and generalize the common path loss characteristics in vacancy indoor environment. The simulation result shows that the path loss can be characterized as 3 zones with different path loss exponent as distance between transmitter and receiver increasing.

Path Loss Modeling: A Machine Learning Based Approach Using Support Vector Regression and Radial Basis Function Models

Path loss prediction models are vital for accurate signal propagation in wireless channels. Empirical and deterministic models used in path loss predictions have not produced optimal results. In this paper, we introduced machine learning algorithms to path loss predictions because it offers a flexible network architecture and extensive data can be used. We introduced support vector regression (SVR) and radial basis function (RBF) models to path loss predictions in the investigated environments. The SVR model was able to process several input parameters without introducing complexity to the network architecture. The RBF on its part provides a good function approximation. Hyperparameter tuning of the machine learning models was carried out in order to achieve optimal results. The performances of the SVR and RBF models were compared and result validated using the root-mean squared error (RMSE). The two machine learning algorithms were also compared with the Cost-231, SUI, Egli, Freespace, Cost-231 W-I models. The analytical models overpredicted path loss. Overall, the machine learning models predicted path loss with greater accuracy than the empirical models. The SVR model performed best across all the indices with RMSE values of 1.378 dB, 1.4523 dB, 2.1568 dB in rural, suburban and urban settings respectively and should therefore be adopted for signal propagation in the investigated environments and beyond.

Propagation Path Loss Models at 28 GHz Using K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

In this paper,we develop and apply K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm to propagation pathloss regression.The path loss models present the dependency of attenuation value on distance using machine learning algorithms based on the experimental data.The algorithm is performed by choosing k nearest points and training dataset to find the optimal k value.The proposed method is applied to impove and adjust pathloss model at 28 GHz in Keangnam area,Hanoi,Vietnam.The experiments in both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight scenarios used many combinations of transmit and receive antennas at different transmit antenna heights and random locations of receive antenna have been carried out using Wireless Insite Software.The results have been compared with 3GPP and NYU Wireless Path Loss Models in order to verify the performance of the proposed approach.

Path loss modelling and comparison based on the radio propagation measurement at 3.5GHz

Wideband IMT-Advanced mobile communication systems tend to operate in the high frequency bandsdue to a relatively large capacity available .Thus,Measurement and modelling methods of radio propaga-tion characteristics are proposed for the field test of Chinese 4th generation(4G)trial system.The mea-surement system is established for 3 .5GHz based on the sophisticated measurement instruments and thevirtual instrument technology.The characteristic parameters of radio propagation such as path loss(PL)exponent and shadow fading standard deviation are extracted from measurement data,which result in thepath loss model finally.The comparisons with other existing international models results validate our mea-surement in terms of path loss model .Based on the analysis of the existing extension model assumed forthe microwave frequency at 3 .5GHz,we find that the Stanford University Interim(SUI)model fits verywell with the measurement result in the hotspot scenario,while the COST 231 model is closer to the mea-surement result in the suburban scenario.This result provides a measurement-based channel reference forthe development of the future IMT-Advanced systems in China.

Modified Ceiling Bounce Model for Computing Path Loss and Delay Spread in Indoor Optical Wireless Systems

This paper proposes modifications to the tradional Ceiling Bounce Model and uses it to characterize diffuse indoor optical wireless channel by analyzing the effect of transceiver position on signal propagation properties. The modified approach uses a combination of the tradional ceiling bounce method and a statistical approach. The effects of different transmitter-receiver separations and height of the ceiling on path loss and delay spread are studied in detail.

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces Enabled Cognitive Internet of Things Based on Practical Pathloss Model

In this paper,we aim to unlock the potential of intelligent reflecting surfaces(IRSs)in cognitive internet of things(loT).Considering that the secondary IoT devices send messages to the secondary access point(SAP)by sharing the spectrum with the primary network,the interference is introduced by the IoT devices to the primary access point(PAP)which profits from the IoT devices by pricing the interference power charged by them.A practical path loss model is adopted such that the IRSs deployed between the IoT devices and SAP serve as diffuse scatterers,but each reflected signal can be aligned with its own desired direction.Moreover,two transmission policies of the secondary network are investigated without/with a successive interference cancellation(SIC)technique.The signal-to-interference plus noise ratio(SINR)balancing is considered to overcome the nearfar effect of the IoT devices so as to allocate the resource fairly among them.We propose a Stackelberg game strategy to characterize the interaction between primary and secondary networks.For the proposed game,the Stackelberg equilibrium is analytically derived to optimally obtain the closed-form solution of the power allocation and interference pricing.Numerical results are demonstrated to validate the performance of the theoretical derivations.

A general altitude-dependent path loss model for UAV-to-ground millimeter-wave communications

A general empirical path loss(PL) model for air-to-ground(A2 G) millimeter-wave(mm Wave) channels is proposed in this paper. Different from existing PL models, the new model takes the height factor of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) into account, and divides the propagation conditions into three cases(i.e., line-of-sight, reflection,and diffraction). A map-based deterministic PL prediction algorithm based on the ray-tracing(RT) technique is developed, and is used to generate numerous PL data for different cases. By fitting and analyzing the PL data under different scenarios and UAV heights, altitude-dependent model parameters are provided. Simulation results show that the proposed model can be effectively used to predict PL values for both low-and high-altitude cases.The prediction results of the proposed model better match the RT-based calculation results than those of the Third Generation Partnership Project(3 GPP) model and the close-in model. The standard deviation of the PL is also much smaller. Moreover, the new model is flexible and can be extended to other A2 G scenarios(not included in this paper) by adjusting the parameters according to the simulation or measurement data.

Subcarrier assignment considering path loss for multiuser OFDM systems with proportional fairness

This article studies downlink subcarrier assignment problem to maximize rate-sum capacity subject to total power and proportional rate constraints in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems. Previous algorithms assume that the initial power is equally distributed over all subcarriers. The presence of path loss makes the assumption not correct any more. This article proposes a novel subcarrier assignment algorithm which makes full use of path loss and rate proportionality information to improve rate-sum capacity. The proposed algorithm determines optimal initial power allocation according to path losses and rate proportionalities of different users, assigns subcarriers to users in a greedy fashion, and then exchanges subcarfiers between users to obtain fairer rate distribution. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm approximately achieves double the capacity of static assignment schemes, such as fixed frequency band approach, and obtains better performance than previous subcarrier assignment algorithms in the presence of different path losses and proportional rate requirements..

Maximum Inner Product Method for Extracting the Path-Loss Parameters in Primary Transformer Substations

In order to deploy short-range wireless communication devices in the primary transformer substation, a Maximum Inner Product(MIP) Method is proposed to extract the path-loss parameters in 110 kV and 220 kV primary transformer substations. The maximum inner product of the testing data is calculated to find out the loss index n and the standard deviation σ, and then the pathloss models can be set up. By comparing the MIP with Minimum Mean Square estimation(MMSE) and Cumulative Sum(CUSUM), MIP can match the measured values best. In order to apply the MIP path-loss model, under the initial signal to noise ratio(SNR) at 5 dB and 10 dB, a ZigBee simulation system is constructed to validate the situation that bit error rate(BER) varies with distance. And the ZigBee devices with 5 units are tested in a 220 kV primary transformer substation. The result of the test proves that the path-loss model is accurate.

基于RFID的医疗设备远程管理系统设计

为提高医院内设备定位精度,设计基于RFID的医疗设备远程管理系统。通过阅读器、电子标签和处理器组成RFID节点,引入AS3992芯片作为核心芯片,实现数据处理和编码,执行远程指令。采用自由空间传播模型计算路径损耗产生值,通过三角定位数学方法计算待定标签位置,采用RFID定位方法确定标签的最近邻居,实现医疗设备的远程定位。实验结果表明,在没有障碍物的情况下,所提系统设备定位误差少于1 m,在有障碍物的情况下,定位误差在2 m左右,证明所提出系统定位准确性较高,满足系统的设计需求。

蜂窝车联网侧行链路信道测量与分析

蜂窝车联网侧行链路接口(PC5)采用终端到终端直接通信的形式,因其通信延迟低、传输容量大和传输可靠性高的特点而具备广阔的科研和工程前景。为了实测蜂窝车联网侧行链路信道特性,使用具有PC5接口的车载板卡在城市道路进行了通信测量工作,并依据测量结果从信道特征对PC5接口信道进行了分析。分析了通信收包时延随距离和信噪比变化的特征,将实测参考信号接收功率值与自由空间和双射线两种路径损耗经验模型及对数距离和双斜率两种路径损耗拟合模型的预测值进行了对比,并引入了四种相关性分析算法,从数值偏移量、线性相关程度和几何形态相似度等角度分析了模型预测值与实测数据的关联性,最终验证了双斜率路径损耗模型最适合表征PC5接口通信信道在城市环境下的衰落特征,基于该模型测算得到的路径损耗指数和阴影衰落方差也进一步说明此模型能够更好地结合实验环境表征信道特性。

无线紫外光MIMO通信系统信道容量估算方法

无线紫外光通信系统易受大气散射等因素的影响,导致通信信道容量估算准确率较低。为此,提出一种无线紫外光多入多出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, MIMO)通信系统信道容量估算方法。根据信道特征,构建无线紫外光MIMO通信系统的信道容量估计模型,获取无线紫外光的单次散射传输特性,利用符号补码式的方法改进空时编码,设定高级检测器中符号的接收能耗,使每个符号保持在标准功率数值范围内,完成通信系统信道检测式编码。根据不同发射角和接收角计算无线紫外光通信的路径损耗比,通过泊松随机分布获得最终通信系统信道容量的估算结果。实验结果表明,所提方法的传输速率可高达8 Mbps,误码率始终低于10-3bit/s,估算准确率在90%以上,估计时间低于4 ms,估算效果好,可为通信行业发展提供理论依据。

Fine-grained grid computing model for Wi-Fi indoor localization in complex environments

The fingerprinting-based approach using the wireless local area network(WLAN)is widely used for indoor localization.However,the construction of the fingerprint database is quite time-consuming.Especially when the position of the access point(AP)or wall changes,updating the fingerprint database in real-time is difficult.An appropriate indoor localization approach,which has a low implementation cost,excellent real-time performance,and high localization accuracy and fully considers complex indoor environment factors,is preferred in location-based services(LBSs)applications.In this paper,we proposed a fine-grained grid computing(FGGC)model to achieve decimeter-level localization accuracy.Reference points(RPs)are generated in the grid by the FGGC model.Then,the received signal strength(RSS)values at each RP are calculated with the attenuation factors,such as the frequency band,three-dimensional propagation distance,and walls in complex environments.As a result,the fingerprint database can be established automatically without manual measurement,and the efficiency and cost that the FGGC model takes for the fingerprint database are superior to previous methods.The proposed indoor localization approach,which estimates the position step by step from the approximate grid location to the fine-grained location,can achieve higher real-time performance and localization accuracy simultaneously.The mean error of the proposed model is 0.36 m,far lower than that of previous approaches.Thus,the proposed model is feasible to improve the efficiency and accuracy of Wi-Fi indoor localization.It also shows high-accuracy performance with a fast running speed even under a large-size grid.The results indicate that the proposed method can also be suitable for precise marketing,indoor navigation,and emergency rescue.

基于无线传播环境的无蜂窝大规模MIMO系统接入点部署优化

无蜂窝大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)系统通过在覆盖区域内部署大量的接入点(AP),可以为用户提供均匀、可靠的服务。传统的无蜂窝大规模MIMO系统采用随机部署,未考虑AP周围的路径损耗、阴影衰落散射物以及环境遮挡对覆盖质量的影响。为了考虑实际环境下无蜂窝大规模MIMO能实现均匀、一致的覆盖,提出了基于无线传播环境的AP部署方案。首先,通过混合概率路径损耗模型对无线传播环境进行表征,其次构建了以最大化平均吞吐量为目标的AP部署优化问题,最后将问题转化为马尔可夫博弈过程,并且基于多智能体深度确定性策略梯度(MADDPG)算法得出最优的AP部署策略。仿真结果表明,相比于传统的随机部署和现有AP部署策略,所提方案可明显改善复杂环境下的非均匀覆盖问题,为用户提供良好一致的均匀覆盖。

极低频电流场透地通信路径损耗建模与分析

针对水平方向地电极电流场无线强穿透信息传输需求,研究了基于极低频水平双电极电流场信道传输特性。考虑到电极半径、电极入土深度、电极间距、发射信号频率和信号传输距离等参数对透地(Through-The-Earth,TTE)通信传输性能的影响,建立了地电极电流场TTE通信路径损耗模型,分析了各参数对路径损耗的影响,确定了信号传输最佳工作参数。根据选定参数搭建了极低频电流场TTE通信系统,在200 m和400 m通信距离下测试了3~10 Hz信号的路径损耗,通过试验数据与仿真结果对比分析验证了模型的准确性。

基于RSSI参数动态修正的ZigBee室内定位算法

ZigBee室内定位技术近年来发展迅速,但使用固定路径损耗模型的传统算法环境适应能力较差,会引起较大定位误差,影响定位精度。本文提出一种基于ZigBee平台的对数路径损耗模型参数动态修正的室内定位算法。首先经过高斯滤波对所得RSSI值进行筛选优化,然后根据锚节点之间的距离以及RSSI值来动态修正对数路径损耗模型参数,包括路径损耗因子以及距待测节点处的信号强度值,从而得到当下环境中具体的对数路径损耗模型;再利用卡尔曼滤波对现有的定位参数进行二次修正,以更正上述算法中因时刻变动引起的环境变化导致的定位偏差。实验结果表明,该定位算法比基于ZigBee的固定路径损耗模型定位性能提升了46.8%,可以改善因环境变化产生的定位误差问题。