Pathological images for personal medicine in Hepatocellular carcinoma:Cross-talk of gene sequencing and pathological images

Background:Considering the great heterogeneity of Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),more accurate prognostic models are urgently needed.This paper combined the advantages of genomics and pathomics to construct a prognostic model.Methods:First,we collected data from hepatocellular carcinoma patients with complete mRNA expression profiles and clinical annotations from the TCGA database.Then,based on immune-related genes,we used random forest plots to screen prognosis-related genes and build prognostic models.Bioinformatics was used to identify biological pathways,evaluate the tumor microenvironment,and perform drug susceptibility testing.Finally,we divided the patients into different subgroups according to the gene model algorithm.Pathological models were constructed by obtaining HE-stained sections from TCGA in corresponding subgroups of patients.Results:In this study,we constructed a stable prognostic model that could predict overall survival in HCC patients.The signature consisted of six immune-related genes(BX537318.1,TMEM147,CSPG4P12,AC015908.3,CEBPZOS,and SRD5A3).We found increased levels of infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment in patients with low risk scores,indicating significant antitumor immunity and corresponding to better clinical outcomes.We then screened nine drugs that were more sensitive in the low-risk group than in the high-risk group.Finally,we addressed the complex cellular changes and phenotypic heterogeneity in the HCC microenvironment by combining genomics and pathomics analysis methods.Conclusion:Our study showed that the prognostic evaluation model of HCC based on the immune signaling pathway is feasible and provided a reference value for potential immunotherapy for HCC.

PATHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF EXPERIMENTAL ACETABULAR DYSPLASIA

Objective To investigate the pathological mechanism of hip dysplasia. Methods The leftknee joints of eighteen rabbits were fixed in extending position with plaster cylinder for four weeks, but their hip joints were flexed. The right side served as control. Roentgenogram was made in all animals. The changes of the x-ray films and the pathological findings between left and right hips were compared. Results Appearance of hip dysplasia was obvious at four weeks after plaster fixation. There were pathological changes, including shallow ace-tabulum and flat femoral head, increased acetabular index and decreased acetabular head index on the x-ray films. Conclusion The hip dysplasia is the result of prolonged extending position of the knee joint. Abnormal knee posture seems to be one of the important factors of hip dysplasia. This kind of deformation may be worsened with time.

STUDY ON INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN BALF OF SMOKE-INDUCED CHRONIC BRONCHITIS RAT MODEL

Objective To establish a smoke-induced chronic bronchitis rat model and evaluate the patho-logical change semi-quantitatively, and study the characteristics of the inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lav-age fluid (BALF) in various stages. Methods Chronic bronchitis sequential rat model was established by passively inhaling smoke mixture. Experiments were performed in 30 young male Sprague-Dawley rats, which comprised 5 groups in random, i.e.,4 chronic bronchitis model groups and 1 control group. After stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the specimens were studied by semi-quantitative method to evaluate the morphologic changes in various stages. Meanwhile, the inflammatory cells of the BALF and the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) of lung tissue were analysed. Results During the process of the chronic bronchitis, the pathologic score was increasing as time went on, and the typical morphologic changes of chronic bronchitis emerged in the group 7 weeks. The total number of inflammatory cells in BALF was increasing as time went on, correlated with the pathologic scores (P <0.01). And the percentage of lymphocyte increased as well as positively correlated with pathologic scores (P < 0. 05) , whereas that of macrophage decreased and negatively correlated with pathologic scores (P <0. 05). The MPO lever of lung tissue was correlated with the pathologic scores (P < 0. 01). But the percentage of the neutrophil in the BALF was just in a high level during the first week, then it maintained relatively lower. Conclusion Smoke-induced chronic bronchitis is a slowly progressive inflammation process. The model we established is convenient and simple for the longitudinal study on the inflammatory process of chronic bronchitis and the therapy in the early stage. The semi-quantitative evaluation for the pathological change is with much more value. During the inflammatory sequential process of early stage of chronic bronchitis, the cellular characteristics are similar to that of the common chronic inflammation.

Auxiliary Diagnosis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Based on Spectral Phenotype

Thyroid cancer,a common endocrine malignancy,is one of the leading death causes among endocrine tumors.The diagnosis of pathological section analysis suffers from diagnostic delay and cumbersome operating procedures.Therefore,we intend to construct the models based on spectral data that can be potentially used for rapid intraoperative papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)diagnosis and characterize PTC characteristics.To alleviate any concerns pathologists may have about using the model,we conducted an analysis of the used bands that can be interpreted pathologically.A spectra acquisition system was first built to acquire spectra of pathological section images from 91 patients.The obtained spectral dataset contains 217 spectra of normal thyroid tissue and 217 spectra of PTC tissue.Clinical data of the corresponding patients were collected for subsequent model interpretability analysis.The experiment has been approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Wuhu Hospital of East China Normal University.The spectral preprocessing method was used to process the spectra,and the preprocessed signal respectively optimized by the first and secondary informative wavelengths selection was used to develop the PTC detection models.The PTC detection model using mean centering(MC)and multiple scattering correction(MSC)has optimal performance,and the reasons for the good performance were analyzed in combination with the spectral acquisition process and composition of the test slide.For model interpretable analysis,the near-ultraviolet band selected for modeling corresponds to the location of amino acid absorption peak,and this is consistent with the clinical phenomenon of significantly lower amino acid concentrations in PTC patients.Moreover,the absorption peak of hemoglobin selected for modeling is consistent with the low hemoglobin index in PTC patients.In addition,the correlation analysis was performed between the selected wavelengths and the clinical data,and the results show:the reflection intensity of selected wavelengths in normal cells has a moderate correlation with cell arrangement structure,nucleus size and free thyroxine(FT4),and has a strong correlation with triiodothyronine(T3);the reflection intensity of selected bands in PTC cells has a moderate correlation with free triiodothyronine(FT3).