With the rapid development of modern industry,high-grade paving asphalt is massively required to meet the demands for modern transportation.As one of additives,natural asphalt is indispensable since it can improve the...With the rapid development of modern industry,high-grade paving asphalt is massively required to meet the demands for modern transportation.As one of additives,natural asphalt is indispensable since it can improve the performance of paving asphalt in all aspects.However,the application of non-renewable natural asphalt is increasingly restricted by its limited reserves.It is imperative to find alternative approaches to produce high-grade paving asphalt.Fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)slurry oil is an ideal soft component for producing paving asphalt due to its high content of aromatics and resins.However,its bad ageing resistance limits its application to only low-grade paving asphalt.In the present work,a novel approach for producing high-grade paving asphalt was investigated using chemically modified FCC slurry oil and deoiled asphalt(DOA).The FT-IR and NMR results showed that dehydrogenation and condensation reaction occurred during the ageing process.From a series of aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes,propanal was selected as a proper modifier to improve the ageing resistance of FCC slurry oil.The propanalmodified slurry oil possessed more substituted aromatic units and less aromatic hydrogen atoms than other modified slurry oils,thus showing better ageing resistance.With the increase of length of aliphatic chains in modifier,the modified slurry oil contained more and longer alkyl substituent group on aromatics.Compared with the cross-linked oil(slurry oil modified by cross-linking agent),modified slurry oil possessed similar ageing resistance but higher flowing ability.Also,the effect of operation conditions on the kinematic viscosity of modified slurry oil were investigated.Blended with modified slurry oil,the penetration ratio of asphalt product increased from 53.7 to 66.2,which met the standard of 70#paving asphalt.Both the microscopic observations and FT-IR results indicated that modification process effectively reduced the oxidation degree of asphalt product,thus increasing the ageing resistance.Consequently,with aid of this process,high-grade paving asphalt was readily produced from low value oil from downstream products of refinery,instead of the depleting natural asphalt.展开更多
In order to enlarge the use of coal tar pitch(CTP) in paving road,CTP and 60th paving pitch (PP) were extracted by n-heptane,toluene and ethanol step by step in a Soxhlet apparatus.The three fractions of CTP and PP we...In order to enlarge the use of coal tar pitch(CTP) in paving road,CTP and 60th paving pitch (PP) were extracted by n-heptane,toluene and ethanol step by step in a Soxhlet apparatus.The three fractions of CTP and PP were detected using UV-absorption(UV-A),elemental analyses(EA) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) firstly as a whole unit after quality characterization of physical nature of CTP and PP were finished.The CTP had more saturate aliphatic and residue compounds dissolved in ethanol.On the other hand there were more continental type structures of aromatic ring than that of PP.There was almost no residue in PP after extracted by ethanol.The results explained why CTP was crisp in cold winter and was soften in summer.The following research will focus on how to change the chemical construction of CTP into the relative similar structures with those of PP through adding polymer.展开更多
The China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) held the Second Session of the Second Council of its National Congress in the latter half of July. Attending the session were officials in charge of f...The China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) held the Second Session of the Second Council of its National Congress in the latter half of July. Attending the session were officials in charge of foreign economic relations and trade from related Chinese ministries, provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, chairmen of 46 local and 14 industrial sub-councils throughout展开更多
Neurodegenerative diseases are a leading cause of disability worldwide,and despite significant resources put toward the discovery of potential therapeutic targets,there are currently no effective treatments.The rise o...Neurodegenerative diseases are a leading cause of disability worldwide,and despite significant resources put toward the discovery of potential therapeutic targets,there are currently no effective treatments.The rise of methods to derive and propagate stem cells in vitro offered展开更多
The construction method of continuous paving of the upper and lower base of the water stable macadam base can improve the construction efficiency,overcome the quality problems of the traditional layered paving of the ...The construction method of continuous paving of the upper and lower base of the water stable macadam base can improve the construction efficiency,overcome the quality problems of the traditional layered paving of the upper and lower base,such as untimely curing,slow construction,poor interlayer bonding,contraction joint and interlayer,so as to ensure the construction quality of the water stable macadam.It is also the promotion and application of new technology.展开更多
This year is the 25th anniversary of the normalization of Sino-Japanese Rela-tions. In the past 25 years, relations between the two countries were by and largegood, but problems never ceased to occur. Some problems we...This year is the 25th anniversary of the normalization of Sino-Japanese Rela-tions. In the past 25 years, relations between the two countries were by and largegood, but problems never ceased to occur. Some problems were considered pre-dictable but others were quite weird, to the Chinese part at least. To improve thebilateral relationship in the 21st Century, both Beijing and Tokyo need to展开更多
In the construction of asphalt mixture pavement,there are many paving construction procedures,high requirements for machinery and personnel,unreasonable technology and so on.In this paper,the millimeter-scale 3D autom...In the construction of asphalt mixture pavement,there are many paving construction procedures,high requirements for machinery and personnel,unreasonable technology and so on.In this paper,the millimeter-scale 3D automatic paving control technology of asphalt mixture pavement is studied with an engineering example.From the analysis of the test results in the later stage of construction,it can be seen that the technology has achieved the goal of high precision paving,and the successful application of the technology provides valuable reference experience for similar asphalt concrete pavement construction in the future.展开更多
The stability of roads in cities directly affects the safety of traffic and transportation.In the process of pavement laying,relevant personnel should use permeable paving materials in the process of construction.Base...The stability of roads in cities directly affects the safety of traffic and transportation.In the process of pavement laying,relevant personnel should use permeable paving materials in the process of construction.Based on the analysis of road drainage requirements,traditional paving materials have relatively poor water permeability,which leads to ponding problems during road use[1].Within this frame of reference,beginning with the characteristics of permeable paving materials,this paper makes an in-depth exploration on practical application measures.展开更多
China’s largest private equity fund focusing on African investments boosts its footprint on the continent THE China-Africa Development Fund (CADFund),which has traditionally kept a low profile,has often been seen in ...China’s largest private equity fund focusing on African investments boosts its footprint on the continent THE China-Africa Development Fund (CADFund),which has traditionally kept a low profile,has often been seen in the public spotlight over the past year. The fund and cement producer,Jidong Development Group,decided to invest approximately $220 million to set up a cement展开更多
No stranger could detect anything unnatural to see the 14-year-old Zhang Lizheng burst into the house with the greeting remark, "Mom, I’m back!" He’s just returned from school. "You’re the last to co...No stranger could detect anything unnatural to see the 14-year-old Zhang Lizheng burst into the house with the greeting remark, "Mom, I’m back!" He’s just returned from school. "You’re the last to come back today," says the "Mom" indulgently, taking off the boy’s jacket and hanging it on the clothes rack next to the door. "Wash your hands and dinner is ready." On the round dinner table lie several dishes and six sets of bowls and chopsticks. "You’ll also have your favorite scrambled eggs and tomatoes tonight," smiles the lady in her late 20s, who looks too young to be a mother of four boys.展开更多
A modified paving technique for automatic generation of all-quadrilateral mesh fromarbitrary 2-D geometry is presented. The generated mesh elementS are nearly square andperpendicular to boundaries. Aner the nodes and ...A modified paving technique for automatic generation of all-quadrilateral mesh fromarbitrary 2-D geometry is presented. The generated mesh elementS are nearly square andperpendicular to boundaries. Aner the nodes and elementS formation is completed. a fully automaticgrading method is applied to increase the accuracy and reliability of engineering analysis. In thispaper, we mainly describe the theory of mathematical algorithm and present some examples ofautomatically generated mesh.展开更多
In this work,in-situ experimental tests are first performed to investigate the powder spreading process of additive manufacturing,where different kinds of scrapers and spreading speeds are employed.Detailed kinetic be...In this work,in-situ experimental tests are first performed to investigate the powder spreading process of additive manufacturing,where different kinds of scrapers and spreading speeds are employed.Detailed kinetic behaviours of individual powder particles are discussed by discrete element method simulations.It is found that the decrease of inclination angle of the scraper improves the powder pressure and compaction in the spreading process,leading to a denser powder flow and thus a denser powder bed.The increase of spreading speed also improves the powder pressure and compaction in the spreading process.However,the powder flow becomes looser due to the volume dilation,and thus the quality of the paved powder bed decreases.In industrial applications,if the higher powder spreading speed is employed to improve the processing efficiency,the scraper with a smaller inclination angle can be used to ensure the powder bed quality.展开更多
E-ticketing,which has been promoted by the Federal Highway Administration(FHWA)“every day counts”(EDC)initiative,utilizes software applications to digitally track and store information regarding highway construction...E-ticketing,which has been promoted by the Federal Highway Administration(FHWA)“every day counts”(EDC)initiative,utilizes software applications to digitally track and store information regarding highway construction materials paid by state transportation agencies(STAs)by weight in unit bid contract structures.STAs often face implementation barriers such as institutional inertia,or the resistance by stakeholders to adopt changes from the status quo,including new technologies.The purpose of this paper is to determine the progression of STA e-ticketing policy adoption,specifically with a focus on asphalt paving operations,due to the COVID-19 pandemic.To accomplish this research effort,previous FHWA data,National Cooperative Highway Research Program(NCHRP)data,and other literatures are reviewed to determine an implementation baseline.Additional data is collected from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Committee on Con-struction to gain current feedback from STAs and their highway contractor partners after the COVID-19 pandemic.Additionally,a case study featuring the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet(KYTC),the Kentucky Association of Highway Contractors(KAHC),and the Plantmix Asphalt Industry of Kentucky(PAIKY)is performed to provide more in-depth analysis.The major finding includes a statistically significant result indicating increased imple-mentation of e-ticketing for asphalt operations within the last two years,along with noting benefits including employee safety,task loading,and project documentation along with concerns regarding cellular connectivity and procurement responsibilities.These findings indicate the importance of STAs investing in partnership with con-tractors to improve stakeholder buy-in before proceeding towards e-ticketing adoption.展开更多
Since China fully opened its financial market on December 11 last year, a variety of foreign financial institutions have come to share in the blossoming Chinese market. Global private equity firms have also attached k...Since China fully opened its financial market on December 11 last year, a variety of foreign financial institutions have come to share in the blossoming Chinese market. Global private equity firms have also attached keen interest to this emerging market. One Equity Partners LLC (OEP), a North America-based investment company under JP Morgan Chase & Co., is also preparing to enter China to make things happen. Beijing Review had the chance to interview Dr. Utz-Hellmuth Felcht, Managing Director of OEP, at the Bo'ao Forum for Asia in late April to hear his views on the development of Chinese companies, particularly those in the chemical industry.展开更多
An ethnic minority group in China successfully shakes off poverty Huang Bingfeng came to Beijing as a deputy to the National People’s Congress(NPC) annual meeting with good news from his hometown.On May 9,Huanjiang M...An ethnic minority group in China successfully shakes off poverty Huang Bingfeng came to Beijing as a deputy to the National People’s Congress(NPC) annual meeting with good news from his hometown.On May 9,Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region shook off poverty,adding Maonan to the list of ethnic groups in the country to beat back poverty.Some Maonan people wrote a letter to President Xi Jinping sharing the joy of poverty elimination and expressing their determination to continue to build their hometown.Xi replied to the letter.展开更多
With the continuous development of bridge and tunnel construction technologies,large-scale sea-crossing bridges and tunnels have gradually become the preferred choice for regional traffic.The construction technology o...With the continuous development of bridge and tunnel construction technologies,large-scale sea-crossing bridges and tunnels have gradually become the preferred choice for regional traffic.The construction technology of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB),one of the most representative sea-crossing passageways,is instructive for the construction of other large sea-crossing infrastructures.At present,the pavement design method of sea-crossing passageways lacks pertinence as it still refers to specifications for design of common pavement.Therefore,it is necessary to consider the bridge and tunnel pavement of HZMB as a typical example to analyze key technical problems encountered in its design,construction and operation.Novel solutions for material selection and structural design built upon the analysis of such critical problems should thus follow up.Based on comprehensive literature research,it can be found that environmental variability,tunnel closure,structural differential settlement and expansion deformation are the key technical problems faced by pavement of sea-crossing passageways.In view of the environmental variability,the steel deck-paving material and structure design of GMA-10 t SMA-13 is innovatively proposed.As for the closure of immersed tube tunnel,warm-mix flame retardant asphalt mixture is used to control pavement design through key indexes such as temperature and limit oxygen index.Regarding the deformation of immersed pipe joints,BJ200 asphalt seamless expansion joint material is introduced,which effectively satisfies the multi-directional deformation between pipe joints and ensures the smoothness of the road surface and driving comfort.For segmental joints,double-layer waterproof-coiled material is used to effectively prevent reflective cracks while ensuring the continuity of asphalt concrete pavement.Therefore,this paper provides a panel of ideas and methods for the pavement design of the same type of sea-crossing passageways.展开更多
A laboratory system was designed to generate bitumen fumes and expose tested samplers in a homogenised chamber. The system was also designed to condense the fumes in the form of oil that could be used as a standard fo...A laboratory system was designed to generate bitumen fumes and expose tested samplers in a homogenised chamber. The system was also designed to condense the fumes in the form of oil that could be used as a standard for further analytical method development. The laboratory system was evaluated in terms of stability, repeatability, aging, and ranges, focusing on the quality and quantity of the fumes and their physical characteristics. The fumes generated with the laboratory system were also compared to fumes emitted at workplaces to evaluate their similarity. The results demonstrated that laboratory fume generation was stable and repeatable. Humidity ranged from 20% to 80% RH and the total fume concentration ranged from 0.01 to 9.36 mg.m<sup>-3</sup>, covering the conditions encountered for road paving worksites. The fumes generated in the laboratory were found to be similar to those of workplaces, with slight differences in light compounds equivalent to C12 and below n-alkanes. Thus, the system designed in this study is considered capable of generating bitumen fumes used to develop sampling and analysis methods.展开更多
基金the financial support by Sinopec Innovation Foundation(118009-3)。
文摘With the rapid development of modern industry,high-grade paving asphalt is massively required to meet the demands for modern transportation.As one of additives,natural asphalt is indispensable since it can improve the performance of paving asphalt in all aspects.However,the application of non-renewable natural asphalt is increasingly restricted by its limited reserves.It is imperative to find alternative approaches to produce high-grade paving asphalt.Fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)slurry oil is an ideal soft component for producing paving asphalt due to its high content of aromatics and resins.However,its bad ageing resistance limits its application to only low-grade paving asphalt.In the present work,a novel approach for producing high-grade paving asphalt was investigated using chemically modified FCC slurry oil and deoiled asphalt(DOA).The FT-IR and NMR results showed that dehydrogenation and condensation reaction occurred during the ageing process.From a series of aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes,propanal was selected as a proper modifier to improve the ageing resistance of FCC slurry oil.The propanalmodified slurry oil possessed more substituted aromatic units and less aromatic hydrogen atoms than other modified slurry oils,thus showing better ageing resistance.With the increase of length of aliphatic chains in modifier,the modified slurry oil contained more and longer alkyl substituent group on aromatics.Compared with the cross-linked oil(slurry oil modified by cross-linking agent),modified slurry oil possessed similar ageing resistance but higher flowing ability.Also,the effect of operation conditions on the kinematic viscosity of modified slurry oil were investigated.Blended with modified slurry oil,the penetration ratio of asphalt product increased from 53.7 to 66.2,which met the standard of 70#paving asphalt.Both the microscopic observations and FT-IR results indicated that modification process effectively reduced the oxidation degree of asphalt product,thus increasing the ageing resistance.Consequently,with aid of this process,high-grade paving asphalt was readily produced from low value oil from downstream products of refinery,instead of the depleting natural asphalt.
基金Supported by the Progress Plan of Science & Technology of Wuhan Pingmei Wugang Unite Coking Chemical Corp.Ltd,Ltd.of WISCO(2008Z012)
文摘In order to enlarge the use of coal tar pitch(CTP) in paving road,CTP and 60th paving pitch (PP) were extracted by n-heptane,toluene and ethanol step by step in a Soxhlet apparatus.The three fractions of CTP and PP were detected using UV-absorption(UV-A),elemental analyses(EA) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) firstly as a whole unit after quality characterization of physical nature of CTP and PP were finished.The CTP had more saturate aliphatic and residue compounds dissolved in ethanol.On the other hand there were more continental type structures of aromatic ring than that of PP.There was almost no residue in PP after extracted by ethanol.The results explained why CTP was crisp in cold winter and was soften in summer.The following research will focus on how to change the chemical construction of CTP into the relative similar structures with those of PP through adding polymer.
文摘The China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) held the Second Session of the Second Council of its National Congress in the latter half of July. Attending the session were officials in charge of foreign economic relations and trade from related Chinese ministries, provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, chairmen of 46 local and 14 industrial sub-councils throughout
基金supported by the NIH (NEI grant RO1 EY 018132,Kirschstein-NRSA 4T32HD007505-20)
文摘Neurodegenerative diseases are a leading cause of disability worldwide,and despite significant resources put toward the discovery of potential therapeutic targets,there are currently no effective treatments.The rise of methods to derive and propagate stem cells in vitro offered
文摘The construction method of continuous paving of the upper and lower base of the water stable macadam base can improve the construction efficiency,overcome the quality problems of the traditional layered paving of the upper and lower base,such as untimely curing,slow construction,poor interlayer bonding,contraction joint and interlayer,so as to ensure the construction quality of the water stable macadam.It is also the promotion and application of new technology.
文摘This year is the 25th anniversary of the normalization of Sino-Japanese Rela-tions. In the past 25 years, relations between the two countries were by and largegood, but problems never ceased to occur. Some problems were considered pre-dictable but others were quite weird, to the Chinese part at least. To improve thebilateral relationship in the 21st Century, both Beijing and Tokyo need to
文摘In the construction of asphalt mixture pavement,there are many paving construction procedures,high requirements for machinery and personnel,unreasonable technology and so on.In this paper,the millimeter-scale 3D automatic paving control technology of asphalt mixture pavement is studied with an engineering example.From the analysis of the test results in the later stage of construction,it can be seen that the technology has achieved the goal of high precision paving,and the successful application of the technology provides valuable reference experience for similar asphalt concrete pavement construction in the future.
文摘The stability of roads in cities directly affects the safety of traffic and transportation.In the process of pavement laying,relevant personnel should use permeable paving materials in the process of construction.Based on the analysis of road drainage requirements,traditional paving materials have relatively poor water permeability,which leads to ponding problems during road use[1].Within this frame of reference,beginning with the characteristics of permeable paving materials,this paper makes an in-depth exploration on practical application measures.
文摘China’s largest private equity fund focusing on African investments boosts its footprint on the continent THE China-Africa Development Fund (CADFund),which has traditionally kept a low profile,has often been seen in the public spotlight over the past year. The fund and cement producer,Jidong Development Group,decided to invest approximately $220 million to set up a cement
文摘No stranger could detect anything unnatural to see the 14-year-old Zhang Lizheng burst into the house with the greeting remark, "Mom, I’m back!" He’s just returned from school. "You’re the last to come back today," says the "Mom" indulgently, taking off the boy’s jacket and hanging it on the clothes rack next to the door. "Wash your hands and dinner is ready." On the round dinner table lie several dishes and six sets of bowls and chopsticks. "You’ll also have your favorite scrambled eggs and tomatoes tonight," smiles the lady in her late 20s, who looks too young to be a mother of four boys.
文摘A modified paving technique for automatic generation of all-quadrilateral mesh fromarbitrary 2-D geometry is presented. The generated mesh elementS are nearly square andperpendicular to boundaries. Aner the nodes and elementS formation is completed. a fully automaticgrading method is applied to increase the accuracy and reliability of engineering analysis. In thispaper, we mainly describe the theory of mathematical algorithm and present some examples ofautomatically generated mesh.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 51775207,51705170)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant number 2021M701291)the Ministry of Education,Singapore,under its Academic Research Fund Tier 2 (grant number MOE-T2EP50120-0012).
文摘In this work,in-situ experimental tests are first performed to investigate the powder spreading process of additive manufacturing,where different kinds of scrapers and spreading speeds are employed.Detailed kinetic behaviours of individual powder particles are discussed by discrete element method simulations.It is found that the decrease of inclination angle of the scraper improves the powder pressure and compaction in the spreading process,leading to a denser powder flow and thus a denser powder bed.The increase of spreading speed also improves the powder pressure and compaction in the spreading process.However,the powder flow becomes looser due to the volume dilation,and thus the quality of the paved powder bed decreases.In industrial applications,if the higher powder spreading speed is employed to improve the processing efficiency,the scraper with a smaller inclination angle can be used to ensure the powder bed quality.
文摘E-ticketing,which has been promoted by the Federal Highway Administration(FHWA)“every day counts”(EDC)initiative,utilizes software applications to digitally track and store information regarding highway construction materials paid by state transportation agencies(STAs)by weight in unit bid contract structures.STAs often face implementation barriers such as institutional inertia,or the resistance by stakeholders to adopt changes from the status quo,including new technologies.The purpose of this paper is to determine the progression of STA e-ticketing policy adoption,specifically with a focus on asphalt paving operations,due to the COVID-19 pandemic.To accomplish this research effort,previous FHWA data,National Cooperative Highway Research Program(NCHRP)data,and other literatures are reviewed to determine an implementation baseline.Additional data is collected from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Committee on Con-struction to gain current feedback from STAs and their highway contractor partners after the COVID-19 pandemic.Additionally,a case study featuring the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet(KYTC),the Kentucky Association of Highway Contractors(KAHC),and the Plantmix Asphalt Industry of Kentucky(PAIKY)is performed to provide more in-depth analysis.The major finding includes a statistically significant result indicating increased imple-mentation of e-ticketing for asphalt operations within the last two years,along with noting benefits including employee safety,task loading,and project documentation along with concerns regarding cellular connectivity and procurement responsibilities.These findings indicate the importance of STAs investing in partnership with con-tractors to improve stakeholder buy-in before proceeding towards e-ticketing adoption.
文摘Since China fully opened its financial market on December 11 last year, a variety of foreign financial institutions have come to share in the blossoming Chinese market. Global private equity firms have also attached keen interest to this emerging market. One Equity Partners LLC (OEP), a North America-based investment company under JP Morgan Chase & Co., is also preparing to enter China to make things happen. Beijing Review had the chance to interview Dr. Utz-Hellmuth Felcht, Managing Director of OEP, at the Bo'ao Forum for Asia in late April to hear his views on the development of Chinese companies, particularly those in the chemical industry.
文摘An ethnic minority group in China successfully shakes off poverty Huang Bingfeng came to Beijing as a deputy to the National People’s Congress(NPC) annual meeting with good news from his hometown.On May 9,Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region shook off poverty,adding Maonan to the list of ethnic groups in the country to beat back poverty.Some Maonan people wrote a letter to President Xi Jinping sharing the joy of poverty elimination and expressing their determination to continue to build their hometown.Xi replied to the letter.
基金This paper was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52038001,52122809).
文摘With the continuous development of bridge and tunnel construction technologies,large-scale sea-crossing bridges and tunnels have gradually become the preferred choice for regional traffic.The construction technology of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB),one of the most representative sea-crossing passageways,is instructive for the construction of other large sea-crossing infrastructures.At present,the pavement design method of sea-crossing passageways lacks pertinence as it still refers to specifications for design of common pavement.Therefore,it is necessary to consider the bridge and tunnel pavement of HZMB as a typical example to analyze key technical problems encountered in its design,construction and operation.Novel solutions for material selection and structural design built upon the analysis of such critical problems should thus follow up.Based on comprehensive literature research,it can be found that environmental variability,tunnel closure,structural differential settlement and expansion deformation are the key technical problems faced by pavement of sea-crossing passageways.In view of the environmental variability,the steel deck-paving material and structure design of GMA-10 t SMA-13 is innovatively proposed.As for the closure of immersed tube tunnel,warm-mix flame retardant asphalt mixture is used to control pavement design through key indexes such as temperature and limit oxygen index.Regarding the deformation of immersed pipe joints,BJ200 asphalt seamless expansion joint material is introduced,which effectively satisfies the multi-directional deformation between pipe joints and ensures the smoothness of the road surface and driving comfort.For segmental joints,double-layer waterproof-coiled material is used to effectively prevent reflective cracks while ensuring the continuity of asphalt concrete pavement.Therefore,this paper provides a panel of ideas and methods for the pavement design of the same type of sea-crossing passageways.
文摘A laboratory system was designed to generate bitumen fumes and expose tested samplers in a homogenised chamber. The system was also designed to condense the fumes in the form of oil that could be used as a standard for further analytical method development. The laboratory system was evaluated in terms of stability, repeatability, aging, and ranges, focusing on the quality and quantity of the fumes and their physical characteristics. The fumes generated with the laboratory system were also compared to fumes emitted at workplaces to evaluate their similarity. The results demonstrated that laboratory fume generation was stable and repeatable. Humidity ranged from 20% to 80% RH and the total fume concentration ranged from 0.01 to 9.36 mg.m<sup>-3</sup>, covering the conditions encountered for road paving worksites. The fumes generated in the laboratory were found to be similar to those of workplaces, with slight differences in light compounds equivalent to C12 and below n-alkanes. Thus, the system designed in this study is considered capable of generating bitumen fumes used to develop sampling and analysis methods.