Extensive Resetting of Feldspar Pb Isotopic Composition in Archean–Paleoproterozoic Granitic Rocks from the Kongling Terrane,South China:Implications for Tracing Thermal Evolutionary History

Feldspar Pb isotopes have been widely used to trace magmatic formation and evolution processes.However,it remains unclear whether post-magmatic thermal events can affect feldspar Pb isotopic ratios.Here,the in situ Pb isotopic composition of feldspar hosted in granitic rocks(thirteen Archean and one Paleoproterozoic)from the northern Kongling terrane,Yangtze Craton,South China,is analyzed.The samples reveal a substantial variation in their Pb isotopic composition,spanning the gap between the 1.9 Ga and present-day geochrons,which indicates extensive resetting by later tectonothermal events.This resetting was interpreted to have likely resulted from Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events related to the assembly and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.These results suggest that Pb isotopes should be used cautiously when tracing magma sources and petrogenesis in magmatic rocks that have experienced post-magmatic reworking.However,the in situ Pb isotopic composition of feldspar in ancient granitoids may also potentially be used to reveal later tectonothermal events.The extensive resetting of the Pb isotopic composition in feldspar by regional thermal events may also provide new insights into our understanding of the Pb isotope paradox.

A systematic study of the superdeformation of Pb isotopes with relativistic mean field theory

The microscopically constrained relativistic mean field theory is used to investigate the superdeformation for Pb isotopes. The calculations have been performed with the four different interactions NL3, PK1, TM1 and NLSH, and show that there exists a clear superdeformed minimum in the potential energy surfaces. The excitation energy, deformation and depth of the well in the superdef.ormed minimum are comparable for the four different interactions. Furthermore the trend for the change of the superdeformed excitation energy with neutron number is correctly reproduced. The calculated two-neutron separation energy in the ground state and superdeformed minimum together with their differences are in agreement with the available data. The larger energy difference appearing in the superdeformed minimum reflects a lower average level density at superdeformations for Pb isotopes.

Simultaneous Measurement of Major, Trace Elements and Pb Isotopes in Silicate Glasses by Laser Ablation Quadrupole and Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

A method was developed for the rapid in situ analysis of major and trace elements and Pb isotopes in silicate glass samples that combines laser ablation quadrupole and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（LA-Q-ICP-MS/MC-ICP-MS）. Major, trace elements, and Pb isotope ratio compositions were clearly affected by laser conditions. Using a laser spot size of 160 μm, a laser ablation frequency of 15 Hz, an energy density 18 J/cm^2, and a 1 ： 9 ratio of laser ablation aerosol to the corresponding makeup gas, we obtained accurate major and trace element contents and Pb isotope ratios. Using Ca as the internal standard element, and GSE-1G and NIST 610 as the external standards for calibration, element contents generally matched the preferred values within 15%. Higher relative errors for some elements（e.g., Cr, Ga, Ge） may have been caused by lower than recommended values in some standards. The exponential law correction method for Tl normalization, with optimum adjusted Tl ratio, was utilized to obtain Pb isotopic data with good precision and accuracy. Pb isotopic ratios of the glass reference materials were in good agreement with the reference or published values to within 2 s measurement uncertainties, and the analytical precision was better than 0.17%（e.g., ^（208）Pb/^（206）Pb）. The developed method is a simple, reliable, and accurate technique for determining major, trace elements, and Pb isotope compositions of silicate glasses and minerals within a single ablation event.

Re–Os and Pb isotope features of pyrite in the Shihangli graphite deposit:implications of coal-generated graphite mineralization in central Hunan,South China

The coal metamorphism in Central Hunan pro-vides valuable information about hydrothermal activity and water/rock reactions.Learning how to collect age data on hydrothermal fluid systems is necessary for understanding the history and genetic mechanisms of large-scale coal-generated graphite deposits.The Shihangli graphite deposit,formed by significant siliceous hydrothermal alteration,is the most distinctive in Central Hunan.Re–Os dating of pyrite from the Shihangli graphite deposit demonstrates that the coal-generated graphite mineraliza-tion age is-127.6±3.8 Ma.Based on in-situ mineral analysis,the hydrothermal pyrite in the Shihangli graphite deposit is mostly enriched in Sb,As,Au,W,Ag,Cu,Pb,and Zn.Based on the pyrite Re–Os isochron,the initial(^(187)Os/^(188)Os)values of pyrite were 1.03±0.24 and the Os(t)values varied from 571.8 to 755.1.Pyrite from the Shihangli graphite deposit comprises a Pb isotope composition similar to that of the Madiyi Formation bulk rock and stibnite from the Xikuangshan Sb deposit.Based on the Re–Os,Sr,S,and Pb isotopic compositions of sul-fides in the graphite and Sb deposits in Central Hunan,the Madiyi Formation was likely the primary source of ore-forming elements(Sb,Au,and As).The Re–Os and Pb isotope compositions of pyrite most likely reflect when large-scale fluid migration and coal-generated graphite mineralization occurred in Central Hunan.

Melt extraction and mineralization: A case study from the Shuangjianzishan supergiant Ag-Pb-Zn deposit(208 Mt), Inner Mongolia, NE China

The supergiant Shuangjianzishan(SJZ) Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is in the southern segment of the Great Hinggan Range(SGHR), northeast China. Previous studies suggest the ore-forming material and fluid originated from the magmatic system, and the mineralization age was consistent with the diagenetic age. However,the relationship between granitic magmatism and mineralization is still unclear in the SJZ. In this study, CH-O-He-Ar and in-situ S-Pb isotope analyses were conducted to determine the sources of ore-forming fluids and metals, which were combined with geochemistry data of SJZ granitoids from previous studies to constrain the relationship between the magmatism and the mineralization. The C-H-O-He-Ar-S-Pb isotopic compositions suggested the SJZ ore-forming material and fluids were derived from a magmatic source, which has mixed a small amount of mantle-derived materials. In addition, the disseminated sulfide from the syenogranite has comparable S-Pb isotopic composition with the sulfide minerals from ore veins,suggesting that the generation of the SJZ ore-forming fluids has a close relationship with the syenogranite magmatism. Combining with the geochemical characters of the syenogranite, the authors proposed that the mantle-derived fingerprint of the SJZ ore-forming fluid might be caused by the parent magma of the syenogranite, which was derived from partial melting of the juvenile lower crust, and underwent the residual melts segregated from a crystal mush in the shallow magma reservoir. The extraction of the syenogranite parent magma further concentrated the fertilized fluids, which was crucial to mineralization of the SJZ Ag-Pb-Zn deposit.

Alkaline Intrusives at the East Foot of the Taihang-Da Hinggan Mountains:Chronology,Sr,Nd and Pb Isotopic Characteristics and Their Implications

Based on the Rb-Sr isochron dating results, this paper suggests that the alkaline intrusive belt at the east foot of the Taihang-Da Hinggan Mountains were formed between 135 and 122 Ma. And the alkaline intrusives in the north and south sections of this belt have entirely different Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics, i.e., all the rocks in the south section have positive εSr(t) and negative εNd(t) values and all those in the north have the opposite values. On the εSr(t) versus εNd(t) correlation diagram, the samples from the south are concentrated along the enriched mantle evolution trend lines and nearby, while those from the north fall along the depleted mantle trend lines and nearby. On the Pb isotope composition diagram, most of the samples from the south section fall on the mantle Pb evolution line and nearby, while those from the north lie between the Pb evolution lines of the mantle and the erogenic belt. The above-stated isotopic characteristics not only indicate that the source rocks of the alkaline intrusives in the south section have a close connection to materials from the enriched mantle reservoir, while those in the north are related to materials from the depleted one, but also reveal that the upper mantle below the North China platform is enriched and that below the Inner Mongolia geosyncline is depleted.

Lead Isotopic Composition and Lead Source of the Huogeqi Cu-Pb-Zn Deposit,Inner Mongolia,China

The Huogeqi orefield located on the northern side of Mt. Langshan, Inner Mongolia occurs in the Middle Proterozoic Langshan Group metamorphic rocks, and the orebodies arc stratiform. In the past twenty years, many Chinese geologists have conducted researches on the Huogeqi Cu-Pb-Zn deposit, but there has been still a controversy on its origin. Some advocate that the deposit is of sedimentary-metamorphic rcworking origin, some hold that it is of sea-floor SEDEX origin, and others have a preference for magmatic superimposition origin. The crux of the controversy is that there is no common understanding about the source of ore-forming materials. In this paper, the Pb isotopic compositions of regional Achaean-Early Proterozoic basement rocks, various types of sedimentary- metamorphic rocks and volcanic rocks in the mining district, Late Proterozoic and Hercynian magmatic rocks arc introduced and compared with the orc-lead composition, so as to constrain the source of the ore lead. The result indicates that （1） sulfides in the ores have homogeneous Pb isotopic compositions, showing a narrow variation range. Their ^206pb/^204pb ratios arc within a range of 17.027- 17.317; ^207Pb/^204pb ratios, 15.451-15.786 and ^208Pb/^204pb ratios, 36.747-37.669; （2） the Pb isotopic compositions of the regional Achaean-Early Proterozoic basement rocks arc characteristic of the old Pb isotopic composition at the early-stage evolution of the Earth, which varies over a wider range, reflecting significant differences in Pb isotopic compositions of the ores. All this indicates that the source of ore lead has no bearing on the basement rocks; （3） the sedimentary-metamorphic rocks in the mining district arc characterized by highly variable and more radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions and their Pb isotopic ratios arc obviously higher than those of ores, demonstrating that ore lead did not result from metamorphic rcworking of these rocks; （4） Pb isotopic compositions of Late Proterozoic diorite-gabbro and Hercynian granite are higher than those of ores. Meanwhile, the Pb isotopic compositions of sulfides in the small-sized strata-penetrating mineralized veinlets formed at later stages arc completely consistent with that of sulfides in stratiform-banded ores, suggesting that these veiniets arc the product of autochthonous rcworking of the stratiform-banded ores during the period of metamorphism and the late magmatic superimposition-mineralization can be excluded; （5） amphibolite, whose protolith is basic volcanic rocks, has the same Pb isotopic compositions as ores, implying that ore lead was derived probably from basic volcanism. So, the source of ore-forming materials for the Huogeqi deposit is like that of the volcanic massive sulfide （VMS） deposits. However, the orebodies do not occur directly within the volcanic rocks, and instead they overlie the volcanic rocks, showing some differences from those typical VMS-type deposits.

Pb Isotope Mapping in the Tongbai-Dabie Orogenic Belt, Central China

Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt in Central China is a part of the collisional belt between the Yangtze and North China cratons. It represents one of the most extensive ultrahigh-pressure （UHP） and high-pressure （HP） metamorphic rocks in the world. The Pb isotope mapping in this area is a significant method to constrain the crustal structure and tectonic evolution and to identify the tectonic boundaries within the vertical tectonic stack. Based on the Pb isotope compositions of the Dabie complex （DBC）, the Tongbai complex （TBC）, UHP and HP metamorphic rocks and associated foliated granites, the lower metamorphosed rocks from North Huaiyang （NHY） tectonic belt, and Cretaceous granites in the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt, we determined the Pb isotope geochemical map of the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt. The Pb isotope map shows that the Pb isotope compositions are similar within each geological body or lithotectonic unit, but the Pb isotope compositions of different lithotectonic units show systematic variations in the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt. The NHY tectonic belt contrasts strongly with the Tongbai-Dabie UHP.HP metamorphic belt in Pb isotope compositions. It is suggested that the line along the Xiaotian-Mozitan fault, the north limit of the Tongbai-Dabie UHP and HP metamorphic rocks, represents an important tectonic boundary. Within the Tongbai-Dabie HP -UHP metamorphic belt, to the south of Xiaotian-Mozitan fault, the vertical variations of Pb isotope compositions in different lithotectonic units and the spatial relationship among different major lithotectonic units have been constrained.

Geochemical Characteristics of Pb Isotope of High-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks and Foliated Granites from HP Unit of Tongbai-Dabie Orogenic Belt

Whole-rock Pb isotopic compositions of the high-pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks, consisting of two-mica albite gneisses and eclogites, and foliated granites from the HP metamorphic unit of the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt are firstly reported in this paper. The results show that the HP metamorphic rocks in different parts of this orogenic belt have similar Pb isotopic compositions. The two- mica albite gneisses have 206 Pb/ 204 Pb=17.657-18.168, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb=15.318-15.573, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb=38.315-38.990, and the eclogites have 206 Pb/ 204 Pb=17.599-18.310, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb=15.465- 15.615 , 208 Pb/ 204 Pb=37.968-39.143. The HP metamorphic rocks are characterized by upper crustal Pb isotopic composition. Although the Pb isotopic composition of the HP metamorphic rocks partly overlaps that of the ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, as a whole, the former is higher than the latter. The high radiogenic Pb isotopic composition for the HP metamorphic rocks confirms that the subducted Yangtze continental crust in the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt has the chemical structure of increasing radiogenic Pb isotopic composition from lower crust to upper crust. The foliated granites, intruded in the HP metamorphic rocks post the HP/UHP metamorphism, have 206 Pb/ 204 Pb=17.128-17.434, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb=15.313-15.422 and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb=37.631-38.122, which are obviously different from the Pb isotopic compositions of the HP metamorphic rocks but similar to those of the UHP metamorphic rocks and the foliated garnet-bearing granites in the UHP unit. This shows that the foliated granites from the HP and UHP units have common magma source. Combined with the foliated granites having the geochemical characteristics of A-type granites, it is suggested that the magma for the foliated granites in the UHP and HP unit would be derived from the partial melting of the retrometamorphosed UHP metamorphic rocks exhumed into middle to lower crust, and partial magmas were intruded into the HP unit.

Multi-collector ICP-MS Analysis of Pb Isotope Ratios in Rocks: Data, Procedure and Caution

The authors measured Pb isotope compositions of seven USGS rock referencestandards, i.e. AGV-1, AGV-2, BHVO-1, BHVO-2, BCR-2, BIR-1/1 and W-2, together with NBS 981 using amicromass isoprobe multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) at theUniversity of Queensland. ^(203)Tl-^(205)Tl isotopes were used as an internal standard to correctfor mass-dependant isotopic fractionation. The results for both NBS 981 and USGS rock standardsAGV-1 and BHVO-1 are comparable to or better than double- and triple-spike TIMS (thermal ionizationmass spectrometry) data in precision. The data for BHVO-2 and, to a lesser extent, AGV-2 and BCR-2are reproducibly higher for ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb, ^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb and ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb thandouble-spike TIMS data in the literature. The authors also obtained the Pb isotope data for BIR- 1/1and W-2, which may be used as reference values in future studies. It is found that linearcorrection for Pb isotopic fractionation is adequate with the results identical to those correctedfollowing an exponential law or a power law. Precise ^(207)Pb/^(206)Pb, ^(208)Pb/^(206)Pb and^(208)Pb/^(207)Pb ratios can be acquired for sample solutions with Pb>=1 ppb. However, Pb isotoperatios involving ^(204)Pb (i.e., ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb, ^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb and ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb) arereliable for solutions with Pb>=40 ppb. The errors for Pb isotope ratio analysis using the MC-ICP-MSare dominated by errors in the analysis of ^(204)Pb, which is commonly ascribed to the difficultyand imprecise correction for a ^(204)Hg isobaric interference. It is found however that the majorerrors on ^(204)Pb come from the tailings of mass ^(203)Tl and mass ^(205)Tl These mass tailingslead to over-subtraction of the baseline for ^(204)Pb, which is measured at +-0.5 amu on both sidesof mass-204 (i.e., at amu 203.5 and 204.5 respectively). Such errors are insignificant for Pb-richsample solutions (i.e., high Pb/Tl ratios), but can be severe for low-Pb sample solutions whenover-'spiked' with Tl. Experiments in this study suggest that a minimum concentration ratio ofPb/Tl>5 in Tl-'spiked' solutions be required to ensure reliable ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb, ^(207)Pb/^(204)Pband ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb isotopic ratios. The tailings of ^(203)Tl and ^(205)Tl can also lead toover-subtraction of baselines for ^(202)Hg (at amu 202.5) and ^(206)Pb (at amu 205.5). Therefore,the elegance of using ^(203)Tl and ^(205)Tl isotopes for mass fractionation correction becomes asevere problem in low-Pb rock solution-caution is required. Alternative internal standards for massfractionation correction may be considered. Of course, significant instrumental refinement inabundance sensitivity is in demand.

Dupal Anomaly and Identification using Nd-Hf Isotopes

The Dupal anomaly has attracted widespread attention since being discovered and is regarded as the most direct manifestation of mantle inhomogeneity at present. From the initially defined anomalies limited to the southern hemisphere to the global scale, the criteria for identifying anomalies defined by Pb isotopes have also been adjusted, providing an important method and reference for the study of the mantle evolution. Pearce and Peate(1995) proposed the method of NdHf isotope and element ratio to identify the Dupal anomaly. The Nd-Hf method also offers a possible way to discriminate the mantle region of arc magmatism through the correction of Nd in the subduction process. This paper introduces the concepts and determination methods of the Dupal anomaly, and reports new Hf isotopic data of MORB-type rocks with Dupal signature in the several Tethys ophiolites. Our results of Nd-Hf method are in good agreement with those of previous Pb isotope identification. Moreover, origins and their controversy of Dupal anomaly are reviewed, and possible internal connections between Dupal anomalies and the two Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces(LLSVPs) in the lower mantle are discussed in depth. Further studies on origin and evolution of the Dupal anomaly are suggested, especially using integrated approach of Hf-Nd and Pb isotopes.

Geology, Pb Isotope Geochemistry and Ore Genesis of the Liziyuan Gold Deposit, West Qinling Orogen, Central China

The Liziyuan gold deposit, situated on the south side of the Shangdan suture zone, West Qinling Orogen, occurs in metamorphic volcanic rocks(greenschist facies) of the early Paleozoic Liziyuan Group and in Indosinian Tianzishan monzogranite. Orebodies in the Liziyuan gold field are controlled by the ductile-brittle shear zone, and by thrusting nappe faults related to the Indosinian orogeny. In detail, this paper analyzed the geological characteristics of the Liziyuan gold field, and the Pb isotopes of the Lziyuan host rocks, granitoids(Tianzishan monzogranite and Jiancaowan syenite porphyry), sulfides, and auriferous quartz veins by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(MC-ICPMS). In addition, previous data on the sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes were employed to discuss the possible sources of the ore-forming fluids and materials, and to further understand the tectonic setting of the Liziyuan gold deposit. The sulfides and their host rocks(Lziyuan Group), Tianzishan monzogranite and Jiancaowan syenite porphyry, and auriferous quartz veins have similar Pb isotopic compositions.Zartman’s plumbotectonic model diagram shows that most of the data for the deposit fall near the orogenic Pb evolutionary curve or within the area between the orogenic and mantle Pb evolutionary curves. In the△β-△γ diagram, which genetically classifies the lead isotopes, most of the data fall within the range of the subduction-zone lead mixed with upper crust and mantle. This indicates that a complex source of the ore lead formed in the orogenic environment. The δ34S values of the sulfides range from 3.90 to 8.50‰(average6.80‰), with a pronounced mode at 5.00‰-8.00‰. These values are consistent with that of orogenic gold deposits worldwide, indicating that the sulfur sourced mainly from reduced metamorphic fluids. The isotopic hydrogen and oxygen compositions support a predominantly metamorphic origin of the oreforming fluids, with possible mixing of minor magmatic fluids, but the late stage was dominated by meteoric water. The characteristics of the Liziyuan gold deposit formed in the Indosinian orogenic environment of the Qinling Orogen are consistent with those of orogenic gold deposits found worldwide.

Geochemistry and Zircon U–Pb–Hf Isotopic Systematics of the Sanchahe Quartz Monzonite Intrusion in the North Qinling Tectonic Zone, Central China: Implications for its Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting

The Sanchahe quartz monzonite intrusion is situated in the middle segment of the North Qinling tectonic belt, Central China mainland, and consists chiefly of sanukitoid–like and granodioritic-monzogranitic rocks. The sanukitoid–like rocks are characterized by quartz monzonites, which display higher Mg#（55.0–59.0）, and enrichments in Na2 O＋K2 O（7.28–8.94 %）, Ni（21-2312 ppm）, Cr（56-4167 ppm）, Sr（553-923 ppm）, Ba（912-1355 ppm） and LREE（（La/Yb）N =9.47–15.3）, from negative to slightly positive Eu anomalies（δEu=＋0.61 to ＋1.10）, but also depletion in Nb, Ta and Ti. The granodioritic-monzogranitic rocks diaplay various Mg#of 6.00-53.0, high Na2 O＋K2 O（7.20– 8.30%）, Sr（455–1081 ppm） and（La/Yb）N（27.6–47.8）, with positive Eu anomalies（δEu=1.03–1.57） and depleted Nb, Ta and Ti. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（LA-ICPMS） zircon U-Pb isotopic dating reveals that the sanukitoid-like rocks were emplaced at two episodes of magmatism at 457±3 Ma and 431±2 Ma, respectively. The monzogranites were emplaced at 445±7Ma. Sanukitoid–like rocks have their εHf（t） values ranging from ＋0.3 to ＋15.1 with Hf–depleted mantle model ages of 445 to 1056 Ma, and the monzogranite shows its εHf（t） values ranging from 21.6 to ＋10.8 with Hf–depleted mantle model ages of 635 to 3183 Ma. Petrological, geochemical and zircon Lu –Hf isotopic features indicate that the magmatic precursor of sanukitoid–like rocks was derived from partial melting of the depleted mantle wedge materials that were metasomatized by fluids and melts related to subduction of oceanic slab, subsequently the sanukitoid magma ascended to crust level. This emplaced mantle magma caused partial melting of crustally metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, and mixing with the crustal magma, and suffered fractional crystallization, which lead to formations of quartz monzonites. However, the magmatic precursor of the granodioritic-monzogranitic rocks were derived from partial melting of subducted oceanic slab basalts. Integrated previous investigation for the adackitic rocks in the south of the intrusion, the Sanchahe intrusion signed that the North Qinling tectonic zone was developed in an early Paleozoic transitionally tectonic background from an island arc to back–arc.

Sources of the Laoxiongdong carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn deposit in Southwest China:constraints from S–Pb–Zn isotopic compositions

The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)Pb-Zn mineral province,which has significant Pb-Zn repositories in China,is situated in the western Yangtze Block.Despite decades of research,the Pb-Zn source of deposits is still disputed between the basement rocks,sedimentary wall rocks,or the Emeishan flood basalts.The newly-discovered Laoxiongdong Pb-Zn deposit is hosted by the Late Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the SYG province.Moreover,the Laoxiongdong orebodies lie between regional deep faults and close to the Proterozoic basement and Emeishan basalts.Hence,this deposit represents a good case study on the ore-forming material source for the regional Pb-Zn mineralization.The Laoxiongdong Pb-Zn ores are massive,vein,or disseminated and have mainly sphalerite,galena,pyrite,quartz,and calcite.In this paper,we present new sulfide S-Pb-Zn isotope data of the deposit.The sulfideδ34SCDT values(+11.8 to+16.5‰)suggest that the reduced sulfur was mainly sourced from evaporites in the Late Ediacaran-Cambrian sequences.Pb isotopic ratios(206Pb/204Pb=18.004-18.107,207Pb/204Pb=15.652-15.667,and 208Pb/204Pb=38.037-38.248)suggest that the lead metal was primarily originated from the basement rocks.The sphaleriteδ66Zn values(+0.16 to+0.37‰)are also highly similar(within error)to those of basement rocks(+0.10 to+0.34‰),suggesting a basement-rocks zinc source with minor contributions from the carbonate host rocks and Emeishan flood basalts.The narrow sphalerite Zn isotopic range(0.21‰)also indicates that the Zn isotopic fractionation between the sphalerite and initial fluid was limited during the sphalerite ore precipitation.Therefore,we propose that both the Late Ediacaran Dengying Formation rocks and Proterozoic basement rocks were important ore-forming material source for the Laoxiongdong deposit,whereas the Emeishan flood basalts represent only a minor ore-material source.

Pb, Sr AND Nd-ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF PALEO AND NEO-TETHYAN OCEANIC CRUSTS IN THE EASTERN TETHYAN DOMAIN: IMPLICATION FOR THE INDIAN OCEAN-TYPE ISOTOPIC SIGNATURE

The isotopic signature of mid\|ocean ridge basalts (MORB) from the Indian Ocean is different from that of MORB from the Pacific and North\|Atlantic oceans.. The Indian MORB is characterized by lower 206 Pb/ 204 Pb, hi gher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, and lower 206 Pb/ 204 Pb for given 143 Nd/ 144 Nd than the latter (Hart, 1984; Castillo, 1988; Mahoney et al., 1998). Why the Indian Ocean mantle domain is different from the Pacific and North\|Atlantic ocean mantle domain is still unclear. Two general classes of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of Indian mantle (Mahoney et al., 1998). The first one is that the components of the Indian Ocean mantle domain are a fairly young mantle end\|member created during the processes of breakup of the Gondwana continent to form the Indian Ocean. The second hypothesis posits that the Indian MORB\|type isotopic signature is a long\|lived mantle domain that existed prior to the formation of the present Indian Ocean. Thus it appears that one of the keys to a better understanding of origin of the Indian Ocean\|type isotopic signature depends on its age. Although some studies (Mahoney et al., 1998; Weis and Frey, 1997) showed that the isotopic signature was as old as the Indian ocean crust (140Ma), basalts investigated in the Indian Ocean region do not prove or disprove the existence of the Indian MORB\|type isotopic signature prior to the Indian Ocean because they were taken from the Indian ocean basin itself.

Geochronology and geochemistry of magmatic rocks in the Dongzi–Changhanboluo Pb–Zn ore district in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia,and their relationship with metallogenesis

Bulk-rock elements,isotopes,and zircon U–Pb ages are reported for magmatic rocks in the Dongzi–Changhanboluo Pb–Zn ore district in Chifeng,Inner Mongolia,China.Zircon U–Pb dating identified four stages of magmatism:Late Silurian gabbroic diorite(*420 Ma),Middle Permian monzonite(*274 Ma),Late Jurassic quartz porphyry and ignimbrite,breccia tuff(153–158 Ma)and Early Cretaceous andesitic porphyrite(*127 Ma).Integrating field observations,geochronology,and element and isotope geochemistry indicated a complex petrogenetic history of the magmatic rocks.The gabbroic diorite may have been sourced from EM1-type mantle.The source of the monzonite may have been mantle metasomatized by melt from the subducting plate.The Jurassic volcaniclastic rocks formed in a medium-pressure,high-temperature environment,possibly in the background of crustal thickening in a syncollisional stage and an early postcollisional stage.During this process,shaly sedimentary rocks were brought into the deep crust and heated,followed by the rapid isostatic uplift of the crust,which caused partial melting of the sedimentary rocks.Quartz monzonite porphyry and quartz porphyry formed by partial melting of mantle metasomatized by subducted sediments,but the quartz porphyry experienced high-degree differentiation and evolution.The andesitic porphyrite has characteristics similar to those of Permian monzonite,indicating that its source area was also the zone of mantle metasomatized by subducted sediment.The late Silurian and Permian magmatic rocks in this area most likely formed against a continental arc background related to the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean Plate beneath the North China Plate.The Late Jurassic magmatic rocks suggest that the northern margin of the North China Craton may have been in a postcollisional setting during the Late Jurassic,with no obvious crustal thinning.The Cretaceous andesitic porphyrite may have formed against the background of lithospheric extension and thinning.According to the comprehensive analysis of geological characteristics,diagenetic and metallogenic epochs,and Pb isotope data,the formation of ore bodies in the Dongzi–Changhanboluo ore district was closely related to the Jurassic quartz porphyry.

Pb Isotope Study of Some Nonferrous Metallic Deposits in China

Based on Pb-Pb isochron data of more than 40 Precambrian polymetallic deposits, the authors consider that there are four mineralization periods for the Precambrian copper deposits in China, and the major copper deposits were formed at about 1800 Ma; there are three mineralization periods for gold deposits formed from Archaean to Proterozoic. By studying hundreds of lead isotope data from some Mesozoic continental subvolcanic Cu and Ag polymetallic deposits and fine-disseminated gold deposits, the authors found that the calculation based on the lead single-stage evolution model or two-stage evolution model cannot give the true ore-forming ages but can provide more information about mineralization and material sources of the deposits.

Re-Os dating,and Pb-H-O isotope characteristics,of the Abra Cu-Ag-Pb-Au polymetallic deposit in Western Australia

The Abra deposit,a large lead-silver-copper–gold polymetallic deposit in Western Australia,is located at the eastern of the metallogenic belt of the Jillawarra basin in the Bangemall basin.The 4 th to the 6 th rock section of the Irrigully Group of Edmund Series are the principal ore-host strata,composed mainly of sandstone and fine sandstone.The orebody in Abra can be classified into two types as upper layer-like lead-silver and lower veins or netvein copper–gold.The metal minerals are mainly galena,chalcopyrite,and pyrite,while the gangue minerals are mainly quartz,dolomite,and barite.Both ReOs isotopic age of the pyrite(1329.5±98 Ma)with the initial(187Os/188Os)=5.0±3.8 and Pb isotopic compositions(206 Pb/204 Pb=15.914–15.967,207Pb/204Pb=15.425–15.454,208Pb/204Pb=35.584–35.667)suggests that the metal minerals were sourced from the wall-rocks.d DV-SMOWvalues of quartz range from-35%to-17%whereas d18 OV-SMOWvalue range from 12%to 16%which indicates that the ore-forming fluids of Abra were mediumlow temperature and medium–low salinity,and were mainly metamorphic water and secondary atmospheric precipitation.When the medium–low temperature oreforming fluids are mixed with oxidizing reducing fluids carrying a large number of metal substances,a large number of ore-forming substances will be precipitated when the physical and chemical conditions change,thus it can be considered that the Abra deposit is a medium–low temperature hydrothermal polymetallic deposit.

Zircon U–Pb dating,geochemical,and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic constraints on the age and origin of intermediate to felsic igneous rocks at South Altyn,Xinjiang,China

As a part of a giant trending fault system in the Asian continent and one where a strong zone of left strikeslip fault is present,the Altyn Orogenic belt(AOB)has become an important focus for research.Magmatic rocks are widely distributed across the AOB.However,many investigations have focused primarily on Paleozoic igneous rocks;discussion of Mesozoic related igneous activity is often ignored.Here we present the result of studies of representative diorite and granite rocks outcropping in the AOB,within the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,South Altyn,China.We present new zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age,geochemical,and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic data for these sample suites,identifying them as typical igneous rocks formed between 238±1.5 and 238.8±1.1 Ma.The rocks that we studied fall into the alkaline series,also enriched in light rare earth elements(LREE),some large ion lithophile elements(LILE;e.g.,Rb,Ba,Sr,and K),Pb,Th and U,and depleted in heavy rare earth elements(HREE),Nb,Ta,Hf,and Ti.The granite and diorite have high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios(0.7062-0.7114),negativeεNd(t)values(-8.8 to-11.3),εHf(t)values(-8.7 to-18.7),and relatively constant Pb isotopic ratios((206-Pb/204Pb)i=6.74-17.884,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.51-15.58,and(208Pb/204Pb)i=35.36-38.04),respectively.This suggests that the magmas parental to these rocks were generated from the partial melting of the ancient crust.The parental magmas to these rocks experienced a degree of fractionation of plagioclase,K-feldspar,and hornblende,possibly during rapid magma ascent.Based on these studies,we propose a reasonable model for the origin of the investigated rocks from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of South Altyn,which involves crustal thickening,lithospheric extension,and asthenosphere upwelling,that induced crustal melting.

Fluid inclusion and H-O-S-Pb isotope systematics of the Chayong Cu-polymetallic deposit,Sanjiang Metallogenic Belt,Qinghai Province,China

The Chayong Cu-polymetallic deposit is a recently discovered Cu-polymetallic deposit hosted in the Sanjiang Metallogenic Belt within the Tibetan Plateau of China to the northeast of the North Qiangtang terrane.The ore body occurs in siltstone and is controlled by a northwest-trending fault structure.According to the associations,assemblages,and cutting relationships between ore veins,the hydrothermal mineralization period can be divided into three mineralization stages:(1)a molybdenite mineralization stage,(2)a Cu-polymetallic sulfide stage,and(3)a quartzcarbonate stage.Two types of fluid inclusions(FIs),namely,liquid and vapor-rich inclusions,are present in quartz as so ciated with sulfide minerals.Early-stage FIs are both iquid and vapor-rich,homogenized at temperatures ranging from 364.1 to 384.2℃,and have salinities ranging from0.70%to 9.60%NaCl equivalent(eqv).The middle-stage FIs are also both liquid-and vapor-rich,homogenized at temperatures ranging from 272.4 to 355.6℃,and have salinities ranging from 0.53%-17.10%NaCl eqv.The late-stage FIs are liquid,homogenized at temperatures ranging from 209.4to 255.3℃,and have salinities ranging from 0.35%-6.87%NaCl eqv.The samples from the deposit haveδ^(34)S values of-21.8‰to-19.2‰and-5.5‰to-6.0‰,suggesting that sulfur was derived from the host sediments and magmatic fluids,respectively.The metallic minerals within the deposit have^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb,^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb,and^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb values of 18.439-18.458,15.656-15.679,and 38.772-38.863,respectively,suggesting that the metals were derived from the upper crust and orogenic belts.The samples from the deposit haveδ^(18)O_(W)values of 2.99‰-7.99‰andδD_(W) values ranging from-84.4‰to-73.9‰,indicating that the pre-forming fluids were magmatic and mixed with minor amounts of meteoric water.The ore-forming fluid of the Chayong copper polymetallic deposit was a high-temperature,medium-to low-salinity H_(2)O-NaCl-CH_(4)-N_(2)±CO_(2)fluid system.The early high-temperature magmatic fluid,due to boiling,decreased in temperature,and via the mixing of meteoric water,gradually evolved towards the later-stage medium-to low-temperature and low-salinity fluid,causing nolybdenite mineralization and forming copper polymetallic sulfide veins and quartz carbonate veins.