Fine quantitative characterization of high-H2S gas reservoirs under the influence of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption

In order to clarify the influence of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption to high-H2S gas reservoirs,three types of natural cores with typical carbonate pore structures were selected for high-temperature and high-pressure core displacement experiments.Fine quantitative characterization of the cores in three steady states(original,after sulfur injection,and after gas flooding)was carried out using the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)transverse relaxation time spectrum and imaging,X-ray computer tomography(CT)of full-diameter cores,basic physical property testing,and field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging.The loss of pore volume caused by sulfur deposition and adsorption mainly comes from the medium and large pores with sizes bigger than 1000μm.Liquid sulfur has a stronger adsorption and deposition ability in smaller pore spaces,and causes greater damage to reservoirs with poor original pore structures.The pore structure of the three types of carbonate reservoirs shows multiple fractal characteristics.The worse the pore structure,the greater the change of internal pore distribution caused by liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption,and the stronger the heterogeneity.Liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption change the pore size distribution,pore connectivity,and heterogeneity of the rock,which further changes the physical properties of the reservoir.After sulfur injection and gas flooding,the permeability of TypeⅠreservoirs with good physical properties decreased by 16%,and that of TypesⅡandⅢreservoirs with poor physical properties decreased by 90%or more,suggesting an extremely high damage.This indicates that the worse the initial physical properties,the greater the damage of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption.Liquid sulfur is adsorbed and deposited in different types of pore space in the forms of flocculence,cobweb,or retinitis,causing different changes in the pore structure and physical property of the reservoir.

Study of the reaction mechanism for preparing powdered activated coke with SO_(2)adsorption capability via one-step rapid activation method under flue gas atmosphere

In this study,the impact of different reaction times on the preparation of powdered activated carbon(PAC)using a one-step rapid activation method under flue gas atmosphere is investigated,and the underlying reaction mechanism is summarized.Results indicate that the reaction process of this method can be divided into three stages:stage I is the rapid release of volatiles and the rapid consumption of O_(2),primarily occurring within a reaction time range of 0-0.5 s;stage II is mainly the continuous release and diffusion of volatiles,which is the carbonization and activation coupling reaction stage,and the carbonization process is the main in this stage.This stage mainly occurs at the reaction time range of 0.5 -2.0 s when SL-coal is used as material,and that is 0.5-3.0 s when JJ-coal is used as material;stage III is mainly the activation stage,during which activated components diffuse to both the surface and interior of particles.This stage mainly involves the reaction stage of CO_(2)and H2O(g)activation,and it mainly occurs at the reaction time range of 2.0-4.0 s when SL-coal is used as material,and that is 3.0-4.0 s when JJ-coal is used as material.Besides,the main function of the first two stages is to provide more diffusion channels and contact surfaces/activation sites for the diffusion and activation of the activated components in the third stage.Mastering the reaction mechanism would serve as a crucial reference and foundation for designing the structure,size of the reactor,and optimal positioning of the activator nozzle in PAC preparation.

A functionalized activated carbon adsorbent prepared from waste amidoxime resin by modifying with H_(3)PO_(4) and ZnCl_(2) and its excellent Cr(Ⅵ)adsorption

With the application of resins in various fields, numerous waste resins that are difficult to treat have been produced. The industrial wastewater containing Cr(Ⅵ) has severely polluted soil and groundwater environments, thereby endangering human health. Therefore, in this paper, a novel functionalized mesoporous adsorbent PPR-Z was synthesized from waste amidoxime resin for adsorbing Cr(Ⅵ). The waste amidoxime resin was first modified with H3PO4 and ZnCl_(2), and subsequently, it was carbonized through slow thermal decomposition. The static adsorption of PPR-Z conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, indicating that the Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption by PPR-Z is mostly chemical adsorption and exhibits single-layer adsorption. The saturated adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for Cr(Ⅵ) could reach 255.86 mg/g. The adsorbent could effectively reduce Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ) and decrease the toxicity of Cr(Ⅵ) during adsorption. PPR-Z exhibited Cr(Ⅵ) selectivity in electroplating wastewater. The main mechanisms involved in the Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption are the chemical reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) into Cr(Ⅲ) and electrostatic and coordination interactions. Preparation of PPR-Z not only solves the problem of waste resin treatment but also effectively controls Cr(Ⅵ) pollution and realizes the concept of “treating waste with waste”.

电厂粉煤灰、炉渣和污泥复合陶粒对低浓度Pb^(2+)的吸附特性

针对重金属污染具有来源广、危害大等特点,通过以电厂废物(粉煤灰、炉渣)和脱水污泥为原料制备一种高效且价廉的陶粒吸附剂,采用吸附影响因素实验、解吸再生实验、吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型的拟合以及陶粒表征分析,探究陶粒对Pb^(2+)的吸附特性,同时为实现废物资源化利用提供新思路.结果表明:陶粒去除Pb^(2+)的较佳吸附条件为粒径4 mm、pH 4.5~5.0、吸附时间360 min、吸附温度25℃.陶粒再生所用较佳解吸剂为0.5 mol/L的HCl溶液,较佳解吸时间和次数分别为120 min和5次,解吸5次后陶粒对Pb^(2+)的去除率为92.67%.此吸附过程更好地遵循了准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型.陶粒上的O-H、Si-O和金属氧化键在吸附Pb^(2+)的过程中起主要作用.陶粒吸附Pb^(2+)后,出现了新的物相Pb_(2)Cl_(3)OH和PbO,陶粒与Pb^(2+)之间发生化学吸附,为自发进行的放热反应.陶粒处理实际废水中Pb^(2+)的去除率可达93.70%,Pb^(2+)浓度由3.74 mg/L降至0.24 mg/L.研究显示,电厂粉煤灰、炉渣和污泥复合陶粒对Pb^(2+)具有一定的去除效果,可为以固体废物为原料制备的吸附剂在重金属废水处理应用中提供数据支撑.

玉米秸秆复合高吸水树脂的制备及对Pb^(2+)的吸附研究

以来源丰富的玉米秸秆、高岭土为原料,以丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺为聚合单体,通过水溶液聚合法制备了复合高吸水树脂,并用红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其结构进行了表征分析。利用合成的复合高吸水树脂对含Pb^(2+)模拟废水进行了吸附研究,考察了复合高吸水树脂用量、Pb^(2+)初始浓度、吸附时间和溶液pH及对Pb^(2+)去除率的影响,最优条件下复合高吸水树脂对Pb^(2+)的去除率达88.57%,吸附Pb^(2+)后的复合高吸水树脂经处理后可循环使用。

碳化处理对再生微粉吸附Pb^(2+)行为与机理的影响

随着工业的发展,大量含铅废弃物被排放到环境中,给水体带来了严重的污染。本研究采用经碳化处理的再生混凝土微粉(CRCF)作为吸附剂,针对硝酸铅配制的铅污染溶液开展吸附试验,并测试分析了吸附剂的物相、微观结构和稳定性。研究表明,CRCF对Pb^(2+)具有良好的吸附效果,24 h后可达到93.1%(质量分数,下同)的去除率;CRCF对Pb^(2+)的吸附稳定性较高,吸附后仅有极少量的Pb^(2+)浸出;吸附反应中,Pb^(2+)静电吸附在CRCF表面,与CRCF发生离子交换并在表面形成碳酸盐沉淀,最终主要以碳酸盐的形式固定在CRCF中;CRCF可作为一种低成本的Pb^(2+)高效吸附剂,可有效应用于含铅废水的治理,实现废物资源化再利用。

Pb^(2+)对掺杂硼硅酸盐玻璃中CsPbBr_(3)钙钛矿量子点发光性能的影响

硼硅酸盐玻璃包覆钙钛矿CsPbBr_(3)量子点(PQDs@glass)能够大幅提高PQDs的稳定性,使其在LED照明和显示技术中拥有广泛的应用空间。然而,玻璃包覆的同时也导致了PQDs发光强度与量子产率降低。本工作为提高其发光强度探讨了热诱导温度及Pb^(2+)的含量对PQDs@glass结构的影响,当热诱导温度为460℃,Pb^(2+)浓度为6 mol时,其发光强度最高。研究发现,Pb^(2+)浓度的增加会导致玻璃网状结构的致密化,改变玻璃组分的扩散行为,影响PQDs的析晶过程,导致PQDs@glass发光强度的变化。本工作得到量子产率高达95.6%的PQDs@glass,并实现了硼硅酸盐玻璃基质内PQDs的尺寸可控制备。结果表明,PQDs尺寸分布在10 nm左右,超过86%的颗粒尺寸在6~14 nm内,且具有优越的稳定性,经历10次室温至200℃热循环后,发光强度仍能保持初始强度的98.9%。最后,为了验证其在LED照明及显示领域的应用,将制备的量子点微晶玻璃粉料与二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)混合,得到的LED器件性能优异,色域范围覆盖110%sRGB。本研究为PQDs@glass的大规模制备及其在LED器件领域的应用奠定了基础。

酸改性污泥基复合陶粒对Pb^(2+)的吸附性能研究

以污泥、磷尾矿和赤泥为原料制备陶粒,用盐酸、硝酸和柠檬酸进行改性,研究陶粒对水中Pb^(2+)的吸附效果,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、表面基团、零电荷点(pHPZC)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析陶粒对Pb^(2+)的吸附机理。结果表明,低浓度盐酸或硝酸改性陶粒对Pb^(2+)的去除率更好,柠檬酸改性陶粒对Pb^(2+)的去除率低于未改性陶粒。酸改性陶粒具有比表面积大、孔隙结构发达、酸性基团含量多、等电点低等特点,对Pb^(2+)的吸附同时存在物理吸附和化学吸附过程,可用作含Pb^(2+)废水的处理材料。

基于发夹DNA动态自组装树枝状聚合物放大策略的荧光传感体系测定水中Pb^(2+)的含量

基于GR-5脱氧核酶(GR-5 DNAzyme)对Pb^(2+)的特异性识别和发夹DNA动态自组装树枝状聚合物信号放大策略,构建了一种新型无酶、高灵敏检测Pb^(2+)的荧光传感体系。分别于95℃恒温孵育合成序列扩展GR-5 DNAzyme复合物(GR-5E-S,由GR-5 DNAzyme酶链GR-5E和底物链GR-5S合成)以及Y型骨架(由骨架链Y1、Y2、Y3合成),于25℃恒温孵育合成发夹三聚体(由Y型骨架和发夹链H1、H2、H3合成,其中发夹链H1上修饰有荧光团和猝灭团)。将水样4μL添加到96μL含400 nmol·L^(-1)GR-5E-S,400 nmol·L^(-1)发夹三聚体的反应溶液中,于25℃孵育40 min。当水样中存在Pb^(2+)时,GR-5E-S识别Pb^(2+),底物链被切割,酶链和底物链分开并释放出目标链T,目标链T与发夹链H1杂交触发动态自组装过程,生成树枝状聚合物,于520 nm处测量荧光强度。结果显示:建立的荧光传感体系可在40 min内完成检测;Pb^(2+)的浓度在0.1~10.0 nmol·L^(-1)内与对应的传感体系的荧光强度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为19 pmol·L^(-1);按照标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为98.0%~108%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)不大于15%。

重金属Pb^(2+)对早熟禾种子萌发的影响

[目的]探究重金属铅对早熟禾种子萌发的影响。[方法]用不同浓度Pb^(2+)(20、40、60、80 mg/L)处理早熟禾种子,测定Pb2+对早熟禾种子萌发、叶绿素以及生根等指标的影响。[结果]随着Pb2+浓度的增加,草籽的萌发率、发芽指数降低,但降低趋势不明显。逐日萌发率在第3天出现高峰,早熟禾的根茎长度呈下降趋势。叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量降低明显,类胡萝卜素含量在Pb^(2+)浓度80 mg/L时增加。[结论]早熟禾种子的萌发率在Pb^(2+)浓度20~80 mg/L范围内受影响较小,而叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量以及幼苗根茎的生长受到一定的抑制。

Insights into carbon dioxide sequestration into coal seams through coupled gas flow-adsorption-deformation modelling

Injecting carbon dioxide(CO_(2))into coal seams may unlock substantial carbon sequestration potential.Since the coal acts like a carbon filter,it can preferentially absorb significant amounts of CO_(2).To explore this further,desorption of the adsorbed gas due to pressure drop is investigated in this paper,to achieve an improved understanding of the long-term fate of injected CO_(2) during post-injection period.This paper presents a dual porosity model coupling gas flow,adsorption and geomechanics for studying coupled processes and effectiveness of CO_(2) sequestration in coals.A new adsorption?desorption model derived based on thermodynamics is incorporated,particularly,the desorption hysteresis is considered.The reliability of the proposed adsorption-desorption isotherm is examined via validation tests.It is indicated that occurrence of desorption hysteresis is attributed to the adsorption-induced pore deformation.After injection ceases,the injected gas continues to propagate further from the injection well,while the pressure in the vicinity of the injection well experiences a significant drop.Although the adsorbed gas near the well also decreases,this decrease is less compared to that in pressure because of desorption hysteresis.The unceasing spread of CO_(2) and drops of pressure and adsorbed gas depend on the degree of desorption hysteresis and heterogeneity of coals,which should be considered when designing CO_(2) sequestration into coal seams.

Double plasma molecular adsorption system for Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis:A case report

BACKGROUND Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis(SJS/TEN)are very serious skin allergies,with an etiology related to infections and medication.Since the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 has also been considered to cause SJS/TEN.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a woman in her thirties who took acetaminophen after contracting COVID-19.After 3 d of fever relief,she experienced high fever and presented with SJS/TEN symptoms,accompanied by intrahepatic cholestasis.Three days of corticosteroid treatment did not alleviate the skin damage;therefore,double plasma molecular adsorption system(DPMAS)therapy was initiated,with treatment intervals of 48 h.Her skin symptoms improved gradually and were resolved after seven DPMAS treatments.CONCLUSION DPMAS therapy is beneficial for abrogating SJS/TEN because plasma adsorption and perfusion techniques reduce the inflammatory mediators(e.g.,tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 and-12)speculated to be involved in the pathology of the skin conditions.

无机-有机复合材料沸石@聚丙烯酰胺的制备及对Pb^(2+)的吸附研究

重金属污染会引起严峻的环境问题。因此,必须对重金属离子进行测定,但由于重金属离子的含量低并受基体效应影响,检测前需要先将其分离富集。利用一锅法制备沸石@聚丙烯酰胺复合材料,将其作为分离富集材料,结合火焰原子吸收光谱仪,研究对Pb^(2+)的吸附性能。为了得到最佳的吸附性能,对制备条件中的沸石用量进行了优化,并对优化后的复合材料进行了扫描电镜、热重分析和比表面积表征。利用单一变量法,对固相萃取条件中的溶液pH值和振荡时间进行了优化。研究了复合材料在吸附Pb^(2+)过程中的动力学模型、等温线模型和热力学参数。结果表明:在沸石用量为333 mg/g,溶液pH值为5和振荡时间为80 min时,复合材料的吸附效率最佳;沸石@聚丙烯酰胺复合材料吸附Pb^(2+)的过程符合二级动力学和Freundlich模型,且在298.15 K时,热力学参数ΔH=15614.18 J/mol、ΔS=65.2 J/(mol·K)、ΔG=-1878.059 J/mol,是一个吸热且熵增的自发过程;此外,复合材料经过连续三次吸附和解吸实验,对Pb^(2+)的吸附量基本不变,且解吸率保持在89.7%以上,说明沸石@聚丙烯酰胺复合材料具有较好的再生性能。

Mechanochemical synthesis of oxygenated alkynyl carbon materials with excellent Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption performance from CaC2 and carbonates

Adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater is very important,and the key is the development of efficient sorbents.In this work,oxygenated alkynyl carbon materials(OACMs)were synthesized via mechanochemical reaction of CaC_(2) and a carbonate(CaCO_(3),Na2CO_(3),or NaHCO_(3))at ambient temperature.The resultant OACMs are micro mesoporous carbon nanomaterials with high specific area(>648 m2 g^(-1)),highly crosslinked texture,and rich alkynyl and oxygenated groups.The OACMs exhibit excellent Hg(Ⅱ)adsorption due to the soft acid-soft base interaction between alkynyl and Hg(Ⅱ),and OACM-3 derived from CaC_(2) and NaHCO_(3) has the saturated Hg(Ⅱ)adsorbance of 483.9 mg g^(-1)along with good selectivity and recyclability.The adsorption is mainly chemisorption following the Langmuir mode.OACM-3 also shows high adsorbance for other heavy metal ions,e.g.256.6 mg g^(-1)for Pb(II),232.4 mg g^(-1)for Zn(II),and 198.7 mg g^(-1)for Cu(II).This work expands the mechnochemical reaction of CaC_(2)with carbonates and possibly other oxyanionic salts,provides a new synthesis approach for functional alkynyl carbon materials with excellent adsorption performance for heavy metal ions,as well as a feasible approach for CO2 resource utilization.

Integrated vacuum pressure swing adsorption and Rectisol process for CO_(2) capture from underground coal gasification syngas

An integrated vacuum pressure swing adsorption(VPSA) and Rectisol process is proposed for CO_(2) capture from underground coal gasification(UCG) syngas. A ten-bed VPSA process with silica gel adsorbent is firstly designed to pre-separate and capture 74.57% CO_(2) with a CO_(2) purity of 98.35% from UCG syngas(CH_(4)/CO/CO_(2)/H_(2)/N_(2)= 30.77%/6.15%/44.10%/18.46%/0.52%, mole fraction, from Shaar Lake Mine Field,Xinjiang Province, China) with a feed pressure of 3.5 MPa. Subsequently, the Rectisol process is constructed to furtherly remove and capture the residual CO_(2)remained in light product gas from the VPSA process using cryogenic methanol(233.15 K, 100%(mass)) as absorbent. A final purified gas with CO_(2) concentration lower than 3% and a regenerated CO_(2) product with CO_(2) purity higher than 95% were achieved by using the Rectisol process. Comparisons indicate that the energy consumption is deceased from 2.143 MJ·kg^(-1) of the single Rectisol process to 1.008 MJ·kg^(-1) of the integrated VPSA & Rectisol process, which demonstrated that the deployed VPSA was an energy conservation process for CO_(2) capture from UCG syngas. Additionally, the high-value gas(e.g., CH_(4)) loss can be decreased and the effects of key operating parameters on the process performances were detailed.

Amine-functionalized mesoporous UiO-66 aerogel for CO_(2) adsorption

A mesoporous UiO-66-NH_(2) aerogel is prepared via a straightforward sol-gel method without using any binders or mechanical pressures, in which the amine groups are directly introduced into the matrix by using 2-aminoterephthalic acid. The novel UiO-66-NH_(2) aerogel also exhibits high specific surface area and mesopore-dominated structure, implying its highly potential use in CO_(2) adsorption. For ulteriorly investigating the effect of amine loading on the CO_(2) adsorption ability, a series of UiO-66-NH_(2) aerogel with different amino content is fabricated by changing the ligand/metal molar ratio. When the molar ratio is 1.45, the CO_(2) adsorption capacity reaches the optimum value of 2.13 mmol·g^(-1) at 25 ℃ and 0.1 MPa, which is 12.2% higher than that of pure UiO-66 aerogel. Additionally, UiO-66-NH_(2)-1.45 aerogel also has noticeable CO_(2) selectivity against N_(2) and CH_(4) as well as good regeneration stability. Such results imply that it has good application prospect in the field of CO_(2) adsorption, and also contains the potential to be applied in catalysis, separation and other fields.

锌有机骨架材料的合成及对水中Pb^(2+)的萃取性能研究

采用溶剂热法,利用5,11,17,23-四叔丁基-25,26,27,28-四羧基杯[4]芳烃、2,2′-联吡啶和六水合硝酸锌反应制备了一种锌的有机骨架材料(Zn-MOF),并对这种材料从溶液pH值、时间以及Pb^(2+)的初始浓度方面研究了其对Pb^(2+)萃取性能的影响。结果表明,在pH值为4~7范围内,Zn-MOF对Pb^(2+)的萃取效率均能达到99%。且能在20 min内对Pb^(2+)萃取达到平衡。随着Pb^(2+)初始浓度增大,Zn-MOF对Pb^(2+)的萃取容量增大,最大萃取量为243.57 mg·g^(-1)。同时,Zn-MOF对Pb^(2+)的萃取符合Langmuir等温模型和准二级动力学模型。

不同两性复配修饰半碳化纤维对Pb^(2+)的吸附差异

以聚丙烯腈为原料制备半碳化纤维(SCF),经化学和生物两性修饰后,再以海藻酸钠进行复配修饰,得到不同的两性复配修饰SCF,通过试验考察其对Pb^(2+)的等温吸附和动力学特征,分析pH值、温度和离子强度对Pb^(2+)吸附的影响。结果表明:供试材料对Pb^(2+)的吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,最大吸附量(q_(m))为495.09 mmol/kg~770.56 mmol/kg,两性和两性复配修饰后的SCF对Pb^(2+)的吸附量提高了1.8%~55.6%。pH值升高有利于各供试材料对Pb^(2+)的吸附,离子强度在0.01 mol/L~0.5 mol/L范围内,各供试材料对Pb^(2+)的吸附量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并在0.1 mol/L时达到最大。热力学参数表明,Pb^(2+)吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。

化学老化对Zn改性生物炭性质及吸附Pb^(2+)的影响

本文采用60及90℃非生物化学老化方法,对ZnSO_(4)浸渍改性生物炭(PRZn)进行了为期6个月的老化试验.通过元素分析仪,比表面积分析仪,X射线光电子能谱法和傅里叶红外光谱等手段明确老化后生物炭性质的变化特点,并利用等温吸附实验比较老化对Zn改性生物炭Pb^(2+)吸附性能的差异.结果表明,化学老化过程会生成活性自由基,显著增加生物炭表面含氧官能团的数量,导致500℃制备的PRZn老化后比表面积显著提高(从24.67m^(2)/g提升到85.51m^(2)/g),改性引入的Zn氧化物从晶型结构转化为有机结合态,因此,PRZn经60℃老化后,其对Pb^(2+)的吸附量从31.18mg/g提高至47.70mg/g.但经90℃老化后,700℃制备的PRZn吸附量变化不大,这主要是老化过程中产生的活性氧化物质在90℃下发生自猝灭过程,且700℃制备的PRZn碳结构相对稳定,导致老化后含氧官能团的量没有显著升高而比表面积下降.本研究结果将为改性后老化生物炭在铅污染土壤中的长期利用提供具体理论依据.

Comparative study of the adsorption performance of NH_(2)-functionalized metal organic frameworks with activated carbon composites for the treatment of phenolic wastewaters

To better understand the role of the-NH_(2)group in adsorption process of phenolic wastewaters,NH_(2)-functionalized MIL-53(Al)composites with activated carbon(NH_(2)-M(Al)@(B)AC)were prepared.The results showed that the-NH_(2)group could increase the mesopore volume for composites,which promotes mass transfer and full utilization of active sites,because hierarchical mesopore structure makes the adsorbent easier to enter the internal adsorption sites.Furthermore,the introduction of the-NH_(2)group can improve the adsorption capacity,decrease the activation energy,and enhance the interaction between the adsorbent and p-nitrophenol,demonstrating that the-NH_(2)group plays a crucial role in the adsorption of p-nitrophenol.The density functional theory calculation results show that the H-bond interaction between the-NH_(2)group in the adsorbent and the-NO_(2)in the p-nitrophenol(adsorption energy of -35.5 kJ·mol^(-1)),and base-acid interaction between the primary-NH_(2)group in the adsorbent and the acidic-OH group in the p-nitrophenol(adsorption energy of -27.3 kJ·mol^(-1))are predominant mechanisms for adsorption in terms of the NH_(2)-functionalized adsorbent.Both NH_(2)-functionalized M(Al)@AC and M(Al)@BAC composites exhibited higher p-nitrophenol adsorption capacity than corresponding nonfunctionalized composites.Among the composites,the NH_(2)-M(Al)@BAC had the highest p-nitrophenol adsorption capacity of 474 mg·g^(-1).