Isotopic Geochemistry of Evaporite-Carbonate Sediments in Majiagou Formation Euxinic Systems with Implications for Evaluating Ordovician Northern Shaanxi Epicontinental Sea, Ordos Basin

Objective The Ordovician Shaanxi salt basin is located in the junction of the North China Sea and the Qilian Sea.ln this basin the Majiagou Formation accumulated more than 1000m thick evaporite-carbonate sediments, and this basin is divided into east and west saltern sags （ESS, WSS） according to the characteristics of geochemical analysis （Zhang Yongsheng et al., 2014）. Isotope stratigraphy of evaporite sediments represents a fundamental tool in palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate reconstruction. This work first illustrates the stable isotope geochemistry of the Shaanxi evaporites, which represents the most significant example of detailed facies stratigraphy for the Majiagou Formation evaporite-carbonate （M5） in Ordos epicontinental sea （Liu Jingdong et al.,

Paleo-Fluvial Systems during Marine Isotope Stages 6, 4 and 2 in the North Yellow Sea

Objective During the sea-level lowstands of the Late Quatemary, paleo-channels resulting from large-scale glacial regressions were extensively developed on continental shelves worldwide. Great attention has been paid to the mechanisms and ages of these successions of fluvial incisions, which provide insight into the sedimentary evolution and processes of shelves.

Oxygen Isotopic Fractionation in the Kaolinite-Water System during the Synthetic Process

Oxygen isotope fractionation is studied during the synthesis of kaolinite under controlled conditions of temperature and time. Equilibrium conditions have been established and its relationship with temperature has been studied. Kaolinite was hydrothermally precipitated starting from non-crystalline aluminosilicate gels. The amount of kaolinite obtained increases up to a limited constant value and in all cases coexists with the amorphous starting gels. It can be seen that the data obtained at 48 hours of synthesis can be considered as quasi-equilibrium, since the total isotopic equilibrium has not been reached, only the sample obtained at 24 hours should be discarded for studies in equilibrium. This would allow us, with the samples obtained at 720 hours, to try to establish a relationship between isotopic fractionation and temperature, provided that we know the water in equilibrium with the synthesized kaolinite. Two equations have been obtained that show correlation coefficients with a high statistical significance.

Stable Carbon Isotope Geochemical and Hydrochemical Features in the System of Carbonate-H_2O-CO_2 and Their Implications—Evidence from Several Typical Karst Areas of China

On the basis of hydrochemical observation and experimental calculation, the features of stable carbon isotope geochemistry in the karst dynamic systems of the Guilin Karst Experimental Site, Huanglong Ravine and Wujiangdu Dam Site are summarized in this study. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to solve several geochemical problems, such as the origin of CO2 in the system, kinetic fractionation of carbon isotopes during calcite deposition, hydrochemistry and formation of tufa, and carbon-14 dating of tufa of hydrothermal origin. The results show that three kinds of karst dynamic system can be distinguished: (1) the shallow system, such as the Guilin Karst Experimental Site, in which soil CO2 provides the an active agent for karst processes; (2) the geothermal system, such as the Huanglong Ravine, in which metamorphic or/ and juvenile CO, is the source of activity for karst; (3) the anthropogenic system, such as the Wujiangdu Dam Site, in which the stable carbon isotope geochemical and hydrochemical features have been greatly affected by human activity.

Evolution of Carbon Isotope Composition in Potential Global Stratotype Section and Point at Luoyixi, South China, for the Base of the Unnamed Global Seventh Stage of Cambrian System

This work deals with the evolution of carbon isotope composition in the Luoyixi （罗依溪） Section, a candidate of the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point （GSSP）, defining the base of the as-yet-undefined seventh stage of Cambrian System at the first appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid Lejopyge iaevigata. This level is favored in a vote of International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy （ISCS） as the biohorizon for defining the base of a global stage. Two hundred and sixty-four samples for carbon and oxygen isotope analysis have been collected from the carbonate successions at an interval of 0.25 to 0.5 m in this section. Results of the carbon isotope data exhibit a remarkable disciplinarian trend. The pattern of the carbon isotope evolution is gently undulant with a relatively long period during the underlying Drumian Stage, and then the values of δ13C fluctuate sharply with a short period in provisional seventh stage. The onset of sharp fluctuation in the δ13C values begins at the proposed GSSP level, defining the base of the global seventh stage, where δ13C values change from a gentle trend to a sharp trend. Distinct covariant-relationships among δ13C,δ18O, and sea level fluctuations suggest that a warming change in paleoclimate took place during the early global seventh stage, which led to a positive shift in δ13C values.

Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Fractionation Mechanism in the Hydrothermal System and Its Geologic Significance

The geochemical behaviors of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in the hydrothermal system and their inher-ent relationship with the water / rock exchange are discussed in this paper In addition to the temperature con-ditions, the effective W / R ratio is another factor controlling the changes in H and O isotope compositions ofthe altered rock and hydrothermal water. Besides, the application and geological significance of the water-rockexchange theory are also discussed in the light of the H and O isotope compositions and their variation charac-teristics of the mineralizing hydrothermal water and altered rocks from several mineral deposits. Finally, abrief evolutional model of H and O istotope compositions of meteoric and magmatic hydrothermal waters in ahydrothermal system is given.

An Experimental Study of Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in the Quartz-Wolframite-Water System

Oxygen isotope fractionation was experimentally studied in the quartz-wolframite-water systemf rom 200 to 420℃.The starting wolframite was synthexized in aqueous solutions of Na2WOR·2H2O+FeCl2·4H2O or MnCl2·4H2O.The starting solutions range in salinity from 0 to 10 equivalent wt.% NaCl.Experiments were conducted in a gold-lined stainless steel autoclave,with filling degrees of about 50%.The results showed no significant difference in dquilibrium isotope fractionation between water and wolframite,ferberite and huebnerite at the same temperature(310℃）.The equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factors of wolframite and water tend to be equal with increasing temperature above 370℃.but to increase significantly with decreasing temperature below 370℃.

Ore-Fluid Systems of Fine Disseminated Gold Deposits Along the Southeastern Margin of the Yangtze Plate

Fine disseminated gold deposits occurring along the southeastern margin ofthe Yangtze Plate belong to the epithermal type resulting from different systems of oreforming fluids. According to their sources, the ore-forming fluids can be divided intofour systems: a) meteoric water system; b) oil-brine system; c) basin-brine system; andd) magmatic-formation water system. The four hydrothermal systems are responsiblefor four types of gold deposits, respectively The meteoric water system produces hotspring gold deposits. The basin-brines, which are derived from fissure water, structuralwater and absorbed water sealed up in strata, are responsible for the basin-brine-typedeposits. The oil-brine system, having the same source as the basin-brines, is characterizedby the involvment of organic matter and is responsible for the oil-brine-type deposits.Inclusion fluld data show that there are obvious differences in chemical compesition andcarbon, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur isotopes for these hydrothermal systems. Differentmetalloenic provinces, in which one of the four systems is dominant, can be recognizedin the region.

冻土地区矿井水来源的水化学及环境同位素分析

冻土层季节性冻融过程会对地下水的渗流量、渗流方向和速度产生重要影响,进而导致冻土地区具有独特的地下水运移理论和机制。为了研究五九煤田胜利煤矿冻土地区矿井涌水来源及补给特征,采用水化学分析及^(13)C、^(14)C、^(18)O、D 4种环境同位素相结合的方法,分析矿井水的水化学特征及同位素分布特征,明确矿井涌水来源。通过对7组水样的试验研究发现:第四系水、第四系永冻层消融水、矿井水、基岩水均起源于大气降水,地表水、第四系水接受大气降水补给较快,基岩裂隙水、第四系永冻层消融水接受浅层第四系水的微量补给;采空区内黄铁矿氧化量较大,存在溶解少量瓦斯中CO_(2)的可能性,导致采空区积水中13C富集;矿井水中地表水和第四系水入渗量较小,表明第四系永冻层隔水性能良好。研究结果与实际情况相符,不仅为胜利矿水害防治提供依据,还为冻土地区类似矿井水源判别提供借鉴。

鄱阳湖湿地碟形湖-河流水稳定同位素变化特征及其指示意义

为深入认识鄱阳湖湿地区域水循环过程,于2019年112月在鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区对降水、河流水、主要碟形湖水进行系统采集,综合分析碟形湖-河流水稳定同位素的动态变化特征及其指示意义。结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地修河和赣江的同位素组成具有明显的季节性变化规律,4月河水同位素最为富集,57月逐渐贫化,之后呈现出不断富集的变化趋势,整体上与降水同位素的时间变化特性相似。在空间分布上,各段河水的同位素组成均具有相对稳定的沿程分布特征,赣江在修河汇入点上、下游的同位素特性在大多数月份没有呈现出明显变化。碟形湖水同位素的年内变化范围比河水大,并且相对富集。主要碟形湖水的δ2 H-δ18 O关系接近当地大气降水线,具有更小的蒸发线斜率以及系统性偏离的特征,反映碟形湖主要受到当地降水补给,经历了一定程度的蒸发作用。基于指数模型方法估算修河和赣江水体的平均滞留时间(mean residence time,MRT)分别为1.54和0.81年,赣江较短的MRT表明鄱阳湖流域具有不同水体组分相互快速转化的水力条件,修河上游柘林水库的调蓄作用导致其MRT明显大于赣江。通过假定碟形湖水的蒸发过程遵循瑞利分馏模型,全年的同位素监测结果揭示蚌湖、沙湖、大湖池的年平均蒸发损失量分别为15.5%、15.0%、14.1%,不同碟形湖之间蒸发程度的差异可能与地形、植被和水动力条件等因素的综合影响有关。

西藏羊八井—当雄断裂带地热系统B、Li、Rb、Cs富集机制

【目的】西藏地热资源丰富,大部分温泉水体或泉华沉积物中罕见富集B、Li、Rb、Cs等元素,除自身具有矿产资源价值外,更被认为是青藏高原盐湖资源的重要矿源。开展地热水体B、Li、Rb、Cs物源、演化富集规律研究,既有基础理论意义,也对正确评价其潜在资源价值有指导作用。【方法】对最为典型的羊八井—当雄断裂带温泉、河流、泉华等样品化学组成与B、Li同位素系统分析可知,沸泉水多为Na-Cl型且中偏碱性,属于大陆非火山型地热。温泉最显著的地球化学特征是δ^(11)B值普遍偏负,且具有B、Li浓度越高,B、Li同位素越偏负的典型分布规律。【结果与结论】地壳重熔型残余岩浆流体上涌,可以合理解释地热系统独特的元素富集组合特征与同位素分布规律,以及极高的热储温度等。基于岩浆活动与各类元素富集规律之间的耦合关系,类似羊八井—当雄深大断裂带地热系统不但具有良好的地热能开发前景,而且各类异常或超常富集的B、Li、Rb、Cs等元素也具有作为矿产资源进行综合回收利用的潜力。

亚东-谷露断裂带中北段地热流体碳硫硼同位素特征

亚东—谷露断裂带中北段地热系统深循环过程十分复杂,对该区域地热资源的评估具有较大影响。加深对地热水起源、演化和循环过程的研究,对地热资源的勘探和开发具有较大的意义。地热流体中碳硫硼稳定同位素特征分析是研究地热水来源、地热水循环深度和地热水作用过程的方法之一。对亚东—谷露断裂带中北段地热水进行了系统性采样,测量了碳硫硼同位素。进行了碳硫硼同位素分析,结果显示:稳定同位素特征源于地热流体对围岩和地层的淋滤作用和水-岩相互作用。该地热系统中碳的主要来源为碳酸盐的溶解,与区域上分布的碳酸盐地层有关。谷露和续迈地热田δ^(34)S具有较大的分散性,显示出硫来源的非单一性,δ^(34)S均在大气碳酸盐和蒸发碳酸盐范围内,δ^(34)S同位素的来源为大气降水和热储层中的硫酸盐矿物。谷露地热田具有较低的δ^(11)B值和较低的Cl/B比值,较高的硼含量,且硼含量和硼同位素值相对集中,表明硼主要源于地热流体对围岩的淋滤作用。大气降水和冰雪融水中硼含量极少,主要起到对地热水中硼含量的稀释作用,不改变地热水中的δ^(11)B值。本研究的结果验证了亚东—谷露断裂带中北段地热系统地下热水的起源主要为大气降水,在深循环过程中存在少量岩浆流体的混入。

龙门山冲断带盆山体系地下水循环特征分析——以石亭江流域绵竹段为例

山区与平原区水资源联系密切,探究山区-盆地地下水循环可为水资源开发和合理利用提供科学依据。龙门山冲断带及川西前陆盆地是中国典型的盆山系统代表,结合现场采样及前人研究结果,采用水文地质调查、水化学特征、氢氧同位素和聚类分析等技术方法,阐明了绵竹市境内石亭江流域龙门山冲断推覆体与前陆盆地形成的盆山体系的地下水循环特征。研究认为:大气降水为山区及平原区浅层地下水的主要补给来源,其中J_3l~3地层还接受石亭江水的侧向补给;地形对山区浅层地下水径流具有主控作用,主要沿北西、南东方向发生径流,对近平原区的浅层地下水给予少量补给;平原区浅层还接受地表水、河渠水补给,地下水自北西向南东发生运移,在玉泉镇至板桥镇附近以泉的形式进行排泄。NW向断裂构造沟通盆山体系,来源于研究区北西侧更高山区的地下水沿断裂带形成深部径流带,形成具有较高矿化度的热水。研究成果可为类似山区-盆地地下水循环系统研究提供参考。

耐盐碱水稻-拟穴青蟹综合种养系统青蟹食物来源分析

为了探究拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain,简称青蟹)在耐盐碱水稻-拟穴青蟹综合种养系统中的食物来源,研究在耐盐碱水稻田内投放密度为0.6 ind./m2的拟穴青蟹,经过为期2个月的养殖实验后通过碳、氮稳定同位素技术分析青蟹的食物来源。研究结果显示:实验期间青蟹特定生长率为(2.71±0.27)%/d,存活率为(14.26±4.85)%,青蟹收获产量为(116.30±39.59)kg/ha,水稻产量为3332.25 kg/ha。拟穴青蟹的δ^(13)C为(-21.55±0.90)‰,δ^(15)N为(9.96±0.40)‰,可能食物源的δ^(13)C为(-30.51±0.25)‰—(-13.45±0.15)‰。其中,水花生的δ^(13)C值最低(-30.51±0.25)‰,其次是水稻(-28.73±0.73)‰,而稗草的δ^(13)C值最高(-13.45±0.15)‰。可能食物源的δ^(15)N为(5.97±0.13)‰—(11.38±0.11)‰,其中配合饲料的δ^(15)N值最低(5.97±0.13)‰,飞虫的δ^(15)N值最高(11.38±0.11)‰。在食物贡献方面,配合饲料对青蟹食物贡献最高,达(61.2±3.8)%,稗草和千金子次之,分别为(8.3±5.2)%和(8.8±6.1)%,飞虫的食物贡献率占比最低,为(0.9±1.4)%。研究表明青蟹在耐盐碱水稻田内生长状况良好,配合饲料可成为稻田内青蟹的主要食物来源,同时植物性食物源对青蟹食物有重要贡献。研究可为耐盐碱水稻-青蟹综合种养系统管理和饲料开发提供理论和技术支撑。

水热型地热系统水文地球化学研究进展

水热型地热系统是指以水或蒸汽为主要热储介质和热传导介质的地热系统,作为主要的地热资源类型,具有重要科学研究和开发利用价值。综述水热型地热系统的水文地球化学研究方法和进展,主要包括以下几个方面:水化学研究方法,介绍传统水文地球化学方法、多元统计分析方法和机器学习的非线性分析方法,以及不同方法的特点;同位素技术,概述常用的同位素技术在水热系统中的用途和应用实例,以及近期在地热研究中出现的同位素指标;地热温度计,介绍传统地球化学温标温度计、多组分地热温度计和基于活度理论的地热温度计,对比它们的适用条件和优缺点,旨在为水热型地热系统的地球化学研究提供一个基础性的参考框架。未来应该加强水化学特征分析方法的优化和标准化、同位素技术精度的提高、地热温度计的适用性和可靠性评估等方面,以实现水文地球化学方法在水热型地热资源勘查中的高效应用。

干旱条件下淮北平原夏玉米根系水分来源研究

为探究干旱胁迫条件下淮北平原夏玉米生长期水分利用特征,分析农田降水-土壤水-作物水之间的转化规律。通过野外实验和室内分析,测定分析不同生长期内降水、土壤水、植物水、地下水的稳定氢氧同位素值。采用稳定氢氧同位素技术分析了各水体的同位素分布特征,利用直接对比法和多元线性混合模型法分析夏玉米对土壤水分的主要吸水深度及贡献率,进而研究其水分来源。结果表明,五道沟实验站夏季大气降水线方程为δD=7.26×δ^(18)O+3.11(R^(2)=0.98),其斜率和截距均小于全球大气降水线方程,表明降水在降落过程存在蒸发富集过程。土壤水氢氧同位素在垂直方向剖面呈现明显的梯度分布。干旱胁迫条件下,夏玉米拔节-抽雄期主要吸收0~20、20~40、40~60 cm处的土壤水,贡献率分别为21.8±13.6%、25.5±20%和25.1±18.2%;抽雄-灌浆期主要吸收0~20 cm处的土壤水,贡献率为68.6±3.6%;灌浆-成熟期主要吸收0~20 cm处的土壤水,贡献率为72.0±0.9%。夏玉米根系优先利用浅层土壤水,土壤水主要来自大气降水。地下水埋深较浅地区,干旱条件下夏玉米在整个生长期内根系吸水深度较浅,由此考虑生长期改变灌溉方式来提高灌溉水利用率。

柴达木盆地西缘古近系源-汇系统U-Pb定年和重矿物分析

受阿尔金山物源供给影响,柴达木盆地西缘的储层物性总体上差且非均质性强。为了实现有利储层分布预测,亟待开展源-汇系统精细划分。应用野外露头和钻井岩心样品,综合采用碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素定年、重矿物组合分析以及砂体展布分析等方法,开展了研究区古近系下干柴沟组上段的源-汇系统分析。结果表明:研究区可划分为七个泉、狮北、干柴沟、咸水泉和咸东共5个源-汇系统,不同源-汇系统表现出重矿物组合、标志重矿物含量的差异,以及不同的峰值年龄、峰值年龄组合和年龄谱图形样式;物源年龄主要在200~520 Ma之间,母岩以岩浆岩和变质岩为主。受这些物源供给,研究区相应地发育扇三角洲—湖底扇沉积体系,其规模差异较大。受多物源供给的影响,单一分析方法可能会导致源-汇系统划分的不确定性,因此采取多种分析方法相结合,并且互为验证,才能取得比较正确的认识。

燕辽裂陷槽基底陆壳生长事件——来自长城系碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Lu—Hf同位素的启示

华北克拉通大陆地壳生长已有大量研究,但对于被巨厚沉积盖层覆盖的燕辽裂陷槽基底地壳生长的问题前人讨论较少。笔者等以燕辽裂陷槽基底之上的长城系沉积岩为研究对象,统计了燕辽裂陷槽内长城系地层中碎屑锆石年龄频谱和Lu—Hf同位素数据,探讨长城系地层沉积年龄、碎屑锆石沉积源区和地壳生长事件等科学问题。同位素年龄将燕辽裂陷槽长城系沉积年龄约束为1680 Ma,代表着燕辽裂陷槽的开启时间。燕辽裂陷槽长城系碎屑锆石年龄频谱主要显示为2.7~2.5 Ga和2.2~1.9 Ga两个阶段,Hf同位素ε_(Hf)(t)表现为高的正值区间0.1~34.6。通过对比长城系碎屑锆石与华北克拉通结晶基底的U-Pb定年、Lu—Hf同位素ε_(Hf)(t)和T_(DM2)模式年龄数据,推测燕辽裂陷槽长城系沉积物源为燕辽裂陷槽下伏基底。结合碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、ε_(Hf)(t)值和T_(DM2)模式年龄数据,我们认为燕辽裂陷槽下伏基底中元古代前地壳生长有3个峰值,分别为2.7~2.5 Ga,2.2~1.9 Ga和1.7~1.6 Ga。

接种AMF对西部煤矿区紫穗槐根系分布和水分利用效率的影响

西部干旱半干旱煤矿区井工开采导致了大面积采煤沉陷区的出现,矿区生态复垦难度较大,利用菌根微生物技术进行生态修复已经成为当前的研究热点。为探究接种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对紫穗槐根系分布特征和水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency,WUE)的影响,研究通过室内土柱试验,设置了对照不种植紫穗槐幼苗(CK1)、种植紫穗槐幼苗(CK)、种植紫穗槐幼苗并接种AMF(+AM)3组试验处理,并对植物生长指标和土壤水分等进行了测定。结果表明:①接种AMF有效促进了紫穗槐的生长,其株高、SPAD(Soil and plant analyzer development)值、地上生物量和地下生物量相较CK处理分别提升38.5%、27.5%、11.1%、69.4%;②接菌改变了紫穗槐的根系分布,使总根系长度和根尖数分别增加329.0%和586.1%,平均根直径显著减小22.9%,2 mm以下细根根长比例提升370.1%。同时,接菌影响了土壤水分分布和紫穗槐的水分利用模式,使0~20 cm的土壤含水率较CK处理分别提高8.9%、7.8%,20~50 cm的含水率又分别降低16.8%、4.0%、11.6%;接菌增加了紫穗槐对表层5 cm以下土壤的水分利用比例,在5~30、30~50 cm分别提升15.4%、9.9%;③接菌使紫穗槐植株的WUE增加了27.5%,主成分分析结果表明,紫穗槐根系中的细根长(0.50~1.00 mm)和根尖数是干旱胁迫下接种AMF对土壤水分高效利用的关键根系特征。综上,接菌可对紫穗槐幼苗有明显的促生作用,通过对紫穗槐细根根系特征参数的显著改善,促进了对土壤水分的吸收及再分配能力,进而使紫穗槐植株表现出较高的WUE,该研究结果可为西部采煤沉陷区生物联合修复技术提供科学指导和技术支持。

低磷富硅淡水系统磷酸盐氧同位素测试的前处理方法改进

磷是大多数淡水生境营养状态的限制元素,其来源识别是水体磷污染控制及其富营养化防治的关键。磷酸盐氧同位素比值(δ^(18)OP)示踪法可有效甄别磷来源,然而淡水生境的磷含量低且水质成分复杂,如硅酸盐岩分布区水体常具有低磷富硅特征,由于无定形硅易析出并吸附PO_(4)^(3-),通过现有的前处理步骤难以获得有效的δ^(18)OP测试数据。文章针对淡水低磷富硅、沉积物及土壤贫磷砂质特征,基于广泛使用的Mclaughlin前处理方法做出了如下改进:对低磷富硅水体,(1)降低PO_(4)^(3-)富集步骤投加试剂比例;(2)CePO_(4)沉淀前分级调节pH;(3)多步细孔过滤降低硅含量;(4)树脂柱动态交换去除阳离子。对贫磷砂质沉积物及土壤,则增大样品用量和提取液浓度,结合淡水样品的纯化方法,获取足量纯净Ag_(3)PO_(4)用于δ^(18)OP测定。改进优化后的δ^(18)OP前处理方法,沉淀及离子交换的关键步骤回收率均高于80%,重复测量精度为±0.6‰(n=6),通过对比加标回收与KH_(2)PO_(4)试剂直接生成Ag_(3)PO_(4)的δ^(18)OP,验证了改进流程分析的准确性。该前处理方法成功应用于丹江口水库汇流区的水体、沉积物及土壤的δ^(18)OP测定,为其磷的溯源提供了技术支撑。