Diversity of Mineralization and Spectrum of the Gejiu Superlarge Tin-Copper Polymetallic Deposit,Yunnan,China

The Gejiu （个旧） deposit is a superlarge tin-copper polymetallic ore-forming concentration area characterized by excellent metallogenic geological settings and advantageous ore-controlling factors. The deposit displays diverse mineralization properties due to different minerals and mineral deposit types. Based on the principal metallogenic factors, metallogenic mechanisms, mineralized components, and occurrence of mineral deposits or ore bodies, the Gejiu mineral district can be divided into 2 combinations of metallogenic series, 4 metallogenic series, 8 subseries, and 27 mineral deposit types. Spatial zonality is evident. The distribution regularity of the elements in both plane and section is Be-W, Sn （Cu, Mo, Bi, Be）-Sn, Pb, Ag-Pb, Zn around a granitic intrusion. The metallogenic epoch is mainly concentrated in the late Yanshanian. During this period, large-scale metallogenic processes related to movement caused by tectonics and magmatism occurred, and a series of magmatic hydrothermal deposits formed. The ore-forming processes can be divided into 4 stages： the silicate stage, the oxide stage, the sulphide stage, and the carbonate stage. Based on the orderliness and diversity （in terms of time, space, and genesis） of the mineralization, the authors have developed a comprehensive spectrum of ore deposits in the Gejiu area. This newly proposed diversity of mineralization and the spectrum developed in this work are useful not only for interpreting the genesis of the Gejiu deposit but also for improving mineral exploration in the area, and in particular, for finding large deposits.

Numerical simulation of hydrothermal mineralization associated with simplified chemical reactions in Kaerqueka polymetallic deposit, Qinghai, China

The Kaerqueka polymetallic deposit, Qinghai, China, is one of the typical skarn-type polymetallic ore deposits in the Qimantage metallogenic belt. The dynamic mechanism on the formation of the Kaerqueka polymetallic deposit is always an interesting topic of research. We used the finite difference method to model the mineralizing process of the chalcopyrite in this region with considering the field geological features, mineralogy and geochemistry. In particular, the modern mineralization theory was used to quantitatively estimate the related chemical reactions associated with the chalcopyrite formation in the Kaerqueka polymetallic deposit. The numerical results indicate that the hydrothermal fluid flow is a key controlling factor of mineralization in this area and the temperature gradient is the driving force of pore-fluid flow. The metallogenic temperature of chalcopyrite in the Kaerqueka polymetallic deposit is between 250 and 350 ℃. The corresponding computational results have been verified by the field observations. It has been further demonstrated that the simulation results of coupled models in the field of emerging computational geosciences can enhance our understanding of the ore-forming processes in this area.

Mineral Geochemical Compositions of Tourmalines and Their Significance in the Gejiu Tin Polymetallic Deposits, Yunnan, China

The Gejiu tin polymetallic deposits are located in the southeastern part of Yunnan Province in China. A detailed electronic microprobe study has been carried out to document geochemical compositions of tourmalines from the deposits. The results indicate a systematic change of mineral geochemical compositions, which might be used as a mineral geochemical tracer for post-magmatic hydrothermal fluid, basin fluid and their mixture. The tourmalines from granite are schori with Fe/ （Fe＋Mg） ratios of 0.912-1.00 and Na/（Na＋Ca） ratios of 0.892-0.981. Tourmalines as an inclusion in quartz from the ore bodies are dravite with Fe/（Fe＋Mg） ratios of 0.212-0.519 and Na/（Na＋Ca） ratios of 0.786--0.997. Tourmalines from the country rocks are dravite with Fe/（Fe＋Mg） ratios of 0.313--0.337 and Na/（Na＋Ca） ratio of 0.599-0.723. Tourmalines from cassiterite-tourmaline veins that occur in crannies within the country rocks show distinct optical zoning with alternate occurrence of dravite and schorl, Fe/（Fe＋Mg）=0.374-0.843, Na/（Na＋Ca）=0.538-0.987. It suggests that schorl in granite and dravite in carbonatite are related to magmatic fluid and basin fluid respectively. When magmatic fluid rose up and entered into crannies of the country rocks, consisting mainly of carbonatite, basin fluid would be constantly added to the magmatic fluid. The two types of fluid were mixed in structural crannies of the sedimentary basin accompanied with periodic geochemical oscillations to form material records in chemical composition zonings of tourmalines.

EVOLUTION OF ORE-FORMING FLUIDS AND Ag-Cu POLYMETAL MINERALIZATION IN THE LANPING BASIN, YUNNAN

The Lanping Mesozoic—Cenozoic sedimentary basin, situated in the Middle section of the “Sanjiang" (Nujiang—Lancangjiang—Jinshajiang) area in the east margin of the Tibet plateau, is well known for its large production of base\|metal sulphide deposits. The worldwide famous super\|large Jinding Pb\|Zn deposit is located in the middle of the basin. The evolution history of the Lanping basin since Mesozoic can be divided into six stages, i.e., ①active continental marginal basin (T 1—T 2); ②back\|arc rift basin (T 3—J 1); ③intracontinental depressive basin (J 2—J 3); ④foreland basin (K); ⑤strike\|slipping and mutual thrusting (E 1—E 3); and ⑥strike\|slipping and pull\|apart basin (N 1\|present). Three main types of Ag\|Cu polymetal deposits are recognized in the basin. Deposits of sedimentary exhalation\|hydrothermal reworking origin (type Ⅰ) are hosted chiefly in limestones, dolomitic limestones, and siliceous rocks of the Upper Triassic Sanhedong Formation (T 3 s ) in Sanshan area. Deposits formed through normal chemical sedimentation in closed to semi\|closed environments (type Ⅱ; e.g., Jinman and Baiyangchang) during the depressive and foreland basin stages occur in various horizons of Jurassic and Cretaceous ages. Hydrothermal reworking on deposits of this type during the Himalayan period are locally pronounced, especially in the west margin of the basin near the Lancangjiang thrust fault. The third deposit type in the basin (type Ⅲ; e.g., Baiyangping and Fulongchang) is the Ag\|bearing tetrahedrite vein deposits occurring almost in all Mesozoic—Cenozoic strata, especially in the Cretaceous. Ore minerals formed during synsedimentary periods of types Ⅰ and Ⅱ are relatively simple and dominated by chalcopyrite and bornite, though sphalerite, galena, pyrite, tetrahedrite and pyrite are also present. In the deposits of type Ⅲ as well as in the ores formed during the hydrothermal reworking period in deposits of type Ⅰ and Ⅱ, ore minerals are extremely complicated and characterized by predominant Ag\|bearing tetrahedrite and other complex sulfosalts of Cu\|Ni\|Co\|Fe\|As\|S and Cu\|Bi\|S series. The associated gangue minerals are mainly quartz, siderite, Fe\|dolomite, barite, and celestite.

Mineralogical characteristics of polymetallic sulfides from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field near 15°S, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

A seafloor hydrothermal field, named Deyin-1 later, near 15°S southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge（SMAR） was newly found during the 22 nd cruise carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research ＆ Development Association（COMRA）. Sulfide samples were collected at three stations from the hydrothermal field during the26 th cruise in 2012. In this paper, mineralogical characteristics of the sulfides were analyzed with optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and electron microprobe to study the crystallization sequence of minerals and the process of hydrothermal mineralization. According to the difference of the ore-forming metal elements, the sulfide samples can be divided into three types：（1） the Ferich sulfide, which contains mainly pyrite and chalcopyrite;（2） the Fe-Cu-rich sulfide consisting predominantly of pyrite, chalcopyrite and isocubanite, with lesser amount of sphalerite, marmatite and pyrrhotine; and（3） the Fe-Zn-rich sulfide dominated by pyrite, sphalerite and marmatite, with variable amounts of chalcopyrite, isocubanite, pyrrhotine, marcasite, galena and gratonite. Mineral precipitations in these sulfides are in the sequence of chalcopyrite（isocubanite and possible coarse pyrite）, fine pyrite,sphalerite（marmatite）, galena, gratonite and then the minerals out of the dissolution. Two morphologically distinct generations（Py-I and Py-II） of pyrite are identified in each of the samples; inclusions of marmatite tend to exist in the coarse pyrite crystals（Py-I）. Sphalerite in the Fe-Zn-rich sulfide is characterized by a＂chalcopyrite disease＂ phenomenon. Mineral paragenetic relationships and a wide range of chemical compositions suggest that the environment of hydrothermal mineralization was largely changing. By comparison, the Fe-rich sulfide was formed in a relatively stable environment with a high temperature, but the conditions for the formation of the Fe-Cu-rich sulfide were variable. The Fe-Zn-rich sulfide was precipitated during the hydrothermal venting at relatively low temperature.

Mesozoic Large-scale Mineralization and Multiple Lithospheric Extensions in South China

South China is the most important polymetallic （tungsten, tin, bismuth, copper, silver, antimony, mercury, rare metals, heavy rare earth elements, gold and lead-zinc） province in China. This paper describes the basic characteristics of Mesozoic large-scale mineralization in South China. The large-scale mineralization mainly took place in three intervals： 170-150 Ma, 140-126 Ma and 110-80 Ma. Among these the first stage is mainly marked by copper, lead-zinc and tungsten mineralization and the third stage is mainly characterized by tin, gold, silver and uranium mineralization. The stage of 140-126 Ma mainly characterized by tungsten and tin mineralization is a transitional interval from the first to the third stage. In fight of the current research results of the regional tectonic evolution it is proposed that the large-scale mineralization in the three stages is related to post-collision between the South China block and the North China block, transfer of the principal stress-field of tectonic regimes from N-S to E-W direction, and multiple back-arc lithospheric extensions caused by subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate.

Basin Fluid Mineralization during Multistage Evolution of the Lanping Sedimentary Basin,Southwestern China

The Lanping sedimentary basin has experienced a five-stage evolution since the late Paleozoic： ocean-continent transformation （late Paleozoic to early mid-Triassic）; intracontinental rift basin （late mid-Triassic to early Jurassic）; down-warped basin （middle to late Jurassic）; foreland basin （Cretaceous）; and strike-slip basin （Cenozoic）. Three major genetic types of Ag-Cu polymetallic ore deposits, including the reworked hydrothermal sedimentary, sedimentary-hydrothermally reworked and hydrothermal vein types, are considered to be the products of basin fluid activity at specific sedimentary-tectonic evolutionary stages. Tectonic differences of the different evolutionary stages resulted in considerable discrepancy in the mechanisms of formation-transportation, migration direction and emplacement processes of the basin fluids, thus causing differences in mineralization styles as well as in genetic types of ore deposit.

3D Geological Modeling with Multi-source Data Integration in Polymetallic Region:A Case Study of Luanchuan,Henan Province,China

The development of 3D geological models involves the integration of large amounts of geological data,as well as additional accessible proprietary lithological, structural,geochemical,geophysical,and borehole data.Luanchuan,the case study area,southwestern Henan Province,is an important molybdenum-tungsten -lead-zinc polymetallic belt in China.

Geology of the Aftabrou Polymetallic Deposit, Saveh, Iran

Aftabrou polymetallic prospect is located at the contact of Oligo-Miocene calcalkaline granodioritic to dioritic and Eocene andesitic to basaltic volcanic complex in middle section of Urumiyeh-Dokhtar volcanic arc in NW of Saveh city. Petrographic study indicated that the volcanic rocks are mostly: lava and tuff. Composition of lavas is mainly andesite and tuffs are mainly composed of dacite to rhyodacite. Major phenocrysts in these rocks are plagioclase, clinopyroxene, hornblende and opac minerals. Petrographic and geochemical studies indicated an I-type granitoid and, calcalkaline magmatism associated with continental margin of subduction zone. This study determined three mineralization subzones of 0.2% - 5.3% Cu, 0.02 - 1.31 ppm Au and 1.2% - 3.9% Zn. Fluid inclusion studies on quartzic veins associated with magmatism, demonstrated that homogenization temperatures of this mineralization fluid are between 170°C to 330°C, the salinity of the system is between 11.7 to 23.5 weight percent, density of this fluid is 0.8 - 1.1 g/cm3 and is occurred in depth of less than 1800 m of surface. Fluid inclusion studies suggested that formation of mineral deposit is simple cooling and mixing with atmospheric water and type of Aftabrou deposit is IOCG. In this base, it is assumed that this IOCG mineralization is occurred associate with magmatism that is formed as a result of Neo-Tethys oceanic subduction beneath the Central Iran zone which is replaced in the Orumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc.

STUDY ON TECTONIC FEATURE AND METALLOGENIC MECHANISM OF THE PENGSHAN Sn-Pb-Zn POLYMETALLIC OREFIELD, JIANGXI PROVINCE

The Pengshan Sn-Pb-Zn polymetallic orefield is located in the Jiujiang-Ruichang region, which is a segment of the middle-lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. The Pengshan late Yanshanian buried pluton with granitic composition is a calc-alkaline pluton, intrusion of which is responsible for the formation of the Sn-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit through providing thermodynamic condition and ore-forming material. The long-active basement rifts initially formed in the Jinning period and the domal structure with induced secondary order faults formed by emplacement of the pluton, such as ring-detachment fault, top-detachment fault and joint fissure, act as the passage-way for magma and ore-forming fluid and impounding structure for ore deposit. The magma to form the pluton with DI>90 is intensively differentiated. The variation of the ore-forming fluid in composition with falling in temperature caused by action of magmatic hydrothermal convection system combined with groundwater convection system attributes to mineralization of various types in the orefield. The mineralization process can be divided into six stages, i.e., greisenization, skarnization of early stage, fluorite-stanniferous silication stage, skarnization of advanced stage, quartz and cassiterite-sulfuration stage and carbonation stage. The mineral assemblages formed in different mineralization stages are different owing to temperature changing and may be overlapped in space. Malayaite is recognized from the mineral assemblage formed in the fluorite-stanniferous silication stage. The ores in the Pengshan Sn-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit are spatially zoned with variation from As-Sn mineral assemblage of high temperature in the inner zone through Sn-Pb and Pb-Zn-Ag mineral assemblage of middle temperature in the middle zone to fluorite mineral assemblage of low temperature in the outer zone. The exchanging of Sn, Mg and Fe between biotite and hydrothermal fluid resulted from variation of physicochemical condition during evolution processes of the hydrothermal fluid and its role in mineralization are also discussed in this paper.

Metallogenetic Characteristics of an Unique Uranium-Tungsten Mineralization Zone

A polymetallic zone dominated by U-W mineralization was found in NortheastGuangxi. Distributed along the east contact zone of a complex granite mass, it extends forabout 100 km in length, with more than fifty deposits and prospects embraced. The depositsshow a wide range of genetic types, related to the granite, from magmatic (including peg-matite and skarn deposits) through hydrothermal mineralizations (hypo-, meso- and epither-mal) all the way to tin placers, constituting a very intact metallogenetic series of granites. Theepithermal U-W deposits are considered as a new type for their unique geological and geochemi-cal characters, such as the paragenesis of U and W and the large time gap (>40 Ma) betweenore and granite.

Deep-seated structure and metallogenic dynamics of the Ailaoshan polymetallic mineralization concentration area, Yunnan Province, China

The Ailaoshan poly-metallic mineralization concentrated area (MCA) consists of the well known Ailaoshan metallogenic belt and adjacent mineral districts and/or deposits. Located in an area of several complex and intersecting tectonic units, the Ailaoshan poly-metallic MCA is controlled by deep crustal and mantle tectonism. Through interpretation of remote sensing images, we identified a large ring structure system that surrounds the MCA. This ring structure encloses regional deep-crustal faults, ductile shear zones, geothermal anomalies, magmatic rocks, and the major mineral deposits, all of which are the reflections of deep tectonic geodynamics that have been long active in this area. Geophysical data indicate that the crust is comprised of relatively stable two or three layers, with some irregular lower-velocity belts. The Moho in the ring sutures occurs as an area of local uplift. There exists an obvious transitional zone between the crust and mantle boundaries. Asthenopheric mantle shows multi-layer upwelling, which indicates multiple events during different geological epochs. It is believed that these mantle events or pulses were responsible for the formation of the regional shear zones, magmatic rocks, and polymetallic orebodies. Furthermore, an integrated metallogenic dynamics model related to the asthenopheric upwelling pulses in the MCA is established, defining events as old as Late Paleozoic.

Spatial Distribution and Longitudinal Variation of Clay Minerals in the Central Indian Basin

Grain size and clay mineral distribution up to 45 cm depth in the silty clay sediments from 26 box cores from 10°to 16°S along four longitudes（73.5°-76.5°E）were studied for understanding spatial variability in the Central Indian Basin（CIB）.It was observed that the average sand content in the basin is 3.8%,which decreases systematically and longitudinally to 0.3%towards south.The average illite and chlorite major clay mineral abundance also decrease southwards along the four longitudes from 10°S,and show the limit of influence of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river＇s supply up to 10°S.However, the average clay content increases from west to east in the basin,and southwards along 73.5°E and either side of the 76.5°E fracture zone（FZ）,which strongly suggests the possibility of clay supply due to circulation of Antarctic Bottom Water（AABW）from the south through the FZ.The distribution of four clay minerals along 73°and 76.5°E FZ in the CIB shows dissimilar trends of increase and decrease,and indicate a mix environment in the basin.This study indicates that the FZ in the CIB has an important role in controlling the distribution of clay minerals.

The Zhaxikang Vein-type Pb-Zn-Ag-Sb Deposit in Himalayan Orogen, Tibet： Product by Overprinting and Remobilization Processes during Post-collisional Period

The Zhaxikang Pb-Zn-Ag-Sb deposit, the largest polymetallic deposit known in the Himalayan Orogen of southern Tibet, is characterized by vein-type mineralization that hosts multiple mineral assemblages and complicated metal associations. The deposit consists of at least six steeply dipping vein- type orebodies that are hosted by Early Jurassic black carbonaceous slates and are controlled by a Cenozoic N-S-striking normal fault system. This deposit records multiple stages of mineralization that include an early period （A） of massive coarse-grained galena-sphalerite deposition and a later period （B） of Sb-bearing vein-type mineralization. Period A is only associated with galena-sphalerite mineralization, whereas period B can be subdivided into ferrous rhodochrosite-sphalerite-pyrite, quartz -sulfosalt-sphalerite, calcite-pyrite, quartz-stibnite, and quartz-only stages of mineralization. The formation of brecciated galena and sphalerite ores during period A implies reworking of pre-existing Pb -Zn sulfides by Cenozoic tectonic deformation, whereas period B mineralization records extensive open- space filling during ore formation. Fluid inclusion microthermometric data indicate that both periods A and B were associated with low-medium temperature （187-267℃） and low salinity （4.00-10.18% wt. NaCl equivalent） ore-forming fluids, although variations in the physical-chemical nature of the period B fluids suggest that this phase of mineralization was characterized by variable water/rock ratios. Microprobe analyses indicate that Fe concentrations in sphalerite decrease from period A to period B, and can be divided into three groups with FeS concentrations of 8.999-9.577, 7.125-9.109, 5.438-1.460 mol.%. The concentrations of Zn, Sb, Pb, and Ag within orebodies in the study area are normally distributed in both lateral and vertical directions, and Pb, Sb, and/or Ag concentrations are positive correlation within the central part of these orebodies, but negatively correlate in the margins. Sulfide S isotope compositions are highly variable （4‰-13‰）, varying from 4‰ to 11‰ in period A and 10‰ to 1‰ in period B. The Pb isotope within these samples is highly radiogenic and defines linear trends in 206pb/204pb vs. 207pb/204pb and 206pb/204pb vs. 208pb/204pb diagrams, respectively. The S and Pb isotopic characteristics indicate that the period B orebodies formed by mixing of Pb-Zn sulfides and regional Sb- bearing fluids. These features are indicative of overprinting and remobilization of pre-existing Pb-Zn sulfides by Sb-bearing ore-forming fluids during a post-collisional period of the Himalayan Orogeny. The presence of similar ore types in the north Rhenish Massif that formed after the Variscan Orogeny suggests that Zhaxikang-style mineralization may be present in other orogenic belts, suggesting that this deposit may guide Pb-Zn exploration in these areas.

Geological characteristics and mineralization setting of the Zhuxi tungsten(copper) polymetallic deposit in the Eastern Jiangnan Orogen

The Zhuxi ore deposit is a super-large scheelite(copper) polymetallic deposit discovered in recent years. It grew above copper/tungsten-rich Neoproterozoic argilloarenaceous basement rocks and was formed in the contact zone between Yanshanian granites and Carboniferous-Permian limestone. Granites related to this mineralization mainly include equigranular, middle- to coarse-grained granites and granitic porphyries. There are two mineralization types: skarn scheelite(copper) and granite scheelite mineralization. The former is large scale and has a high content of scheelite, whereas the latter is small scale and has a low content of scheelite. In the Taqian-Fuchun Basin, its NW boundary is a thrust fault, and the SE boundary is an angular unconformity with Proterozoic basement. In Carboniferous-Permian rock assemblages, the tungsten and copper contents in the limestone are both very high. The contents of major elements in granitoids do not differ largely between the periphery and the inside of the Zhuxi ore deposit. In both areas, the values of the aluminum saturation index are A/CNK>1.1, and the rocks are classified as potassium-rich strongly peraluminous granites. In terms of trace elements, compared to granites on the periphery of the Zhuxi ore deposit, the granites inside the Zhuxi ore deposit have smaller d Eu values, exhibit a significantly more negative Eu anomaly, are richer in Rb, U, Ta, Pb and Hf, and are more depleted in Ba, Ce, Sr, La and Ti, which indicates that they are highly differentiated S-type granites with a high degree of evolution. Under the influence of fluids, mineralization of sulfides is evident within massive rock formations inside the Zhuxi ore deposit, and the mean SO_3 content is 0.2%. Compared to peripheral rocks, the d Eu and total rare earth element(REE) content of granites inside the Zhuxi ore deposit are both lower, indicating a certain evolutionary inheritance relationship between the granites on the periphery and the granites inside the Zhuxi ore deposit. For peripheral and ore district plutons, U-Pb zircon dating shows an age range of 152–148 Ma. In situ Lu-Hf isotope analysis of zircon in the granites reveals that the calculated e_(Hf)(t) values are all negative, and the majority range from -6 to -9. The T_(DM2) values are concentrated in the range of 1.50–1.88 Ga(peak at 1.75 Ga), suggesting that the granitic magmas are derived from partial melting of ancient crust. This paper also discusses the metallogenic conditions and ore-controlling conditions of the ore district from the perspectives of mineral contents, hydrothermal alteration, and ore-controlling structures in the strata and the ore-bearing rocks. It is proposed that the Zhuxi ore deposit went through a multistage evolution, including oblique intrusion of granitic magmas, skarn mineralization, cooling and alteration, and precipitation of metal sulfides. The mineralization pattern can be summarized as "copper in the east and tungsten in the west, copper at shallow-middle depths and tungsten at deep depths, tungsten in the early stage and copper in the late stage".

Applied statistical functions and multivariate analysis of geochemical compositional data to evaluate mineralization in Glojeh polymetallic deposit,NW Iran

Various genesis of epithermal veins as well as host rock cause complication in the modeling process. Thus LINEST and controlling function were applied to improve the accuracy and the quality of the model.The LINEST is a model which is based on multiple linear regression and refers to a branch of applied statistics.This method concerns directly to the application oft-test (TINV and TDIST to analyses of variables in the model)and F- test (FDIST,F-statistic to compare different models) analysis.Backward elimination technique is applied to reduce the number of variables in the model through all the borehole data.After 18 steps,an optimized reduced model (ORM)was constructed and ranked in order of importance as Pb >Ag >P >Hg>Mn>Nb >U>Sr>Sn>As > Cu,with the lowest confidence level (CL)of 92% for Cu.According to the epigenetic vein genesis of Glojeh polymetallic deposit,determination of spatial pattems and elemental associations accompanied by anomaly separation were conducted by K-means cluster and robust factor analysis method based on centered log-ratio (clr)transformed data.Therefore,12 samples (cluster 2)with the maximum distance from centroid,indicates the intensity of vein polymetallic mineralization in the deposit.In addition, an ORM for vein population was extracted for Sb >A1 > As >Mg >Pb >Cu >Ag elements with the R2 up to 0.99. On the other hand,after 23 steps of optimization process at the host rock population,an ORM Was conducted by Ag >Te >Hg >Pb >Mg >A1 >Sb >As represented in descending order oft-values.It revealed that Te and Hg can be considered as pathfinder elements for Au at the host rock.Based on the ORMs at each population Ag,Pb,and As were often associated with Au mineralization.The concentration ratio of (tSb × tA1)vein/(tSb × tA1)baekground as an enrichment index can intensify the mineralization detection.Finally,Glojeh deposit was evaluated to be classified as a vein-style Au (Ag,Pb,As)-polymetallic mineralization.

秘鲁Morococha斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液型矿床成矿地质特征与区域找矿方向

秘鲁中部Morococha地区位于中安第斯秘鲁中新世成矿带,是全球最具代表性的世界级斑岩-矽卡岩型和浅成低温热液型成矿系统之一。系统总结了该区斑岩型、矽卡岩型、浅成低温热液型等多种铜钼铅锌银多金属矿化成矿作用特征和最新的研究进展,结合区域岩浆-热液成矿作用过程,提出了下一步找矿方向。Morococha矿区位于秘鲁中部Yali穹隆北段,由中心部位的Toromocho斑岩型铜钼矿床及外围铅锌银金多金属矿脉组成。区内主要构造为北西向Morococha背斜,地层主要为二叠纪—三叠纪Mitu群火山碎屑岩、侏罗纪Pucara群碳酸盐岩、早白垩世Goyllarisquizga群海相碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩。矿区中新世岩浆活动主要为中中新世不含矿的闪长质侵入岩(14.3~14.1 Ma)和晚中新世与成矿有关的花岗闪长岩和长石斑岩岩株(9.4~7.7 Ma)。Morococha岩浆-热液系统(8.5~7.2 Ma)是其形成超大型斑岩型铜矿成矿的原因之一,铅锌银多金属矿化主要发生在斑岩型矿化之后约0.5 Ma,受区域构造控制。矿床在空间上显示出明显的金属分带特征,中心斑岩区域为富铜矿石,而远离斑岩区出现更多的富铅锌银矿石。秘鲁中部中新世成矿带分布着众多具有重要经济价值的脉状热液型铅锌银多金属矿床,总结近年来综合地质调查和研究成果,表明这些多金属矿床都属于斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统的一部分,因此斑岩-矽卡岩型铜矿床及浅成低温热液型贵金属矿床是秘鲁中部重要的找矿方向。

云南省班歪铜多金属矿勘查中电法勘探的应用

班歪地区铜多金属矿区位于云南西南部的澜沧县,该地区周边发育多个大中型铜多金属矿床。在该矿区垂直于已知大地构造部署激电中梯和激电测深综合分析剖面,进行横向与纵向分析,以期在该地区实现找矿突破。成果显示地质构造与大地构造形态基本一致,并发现了低阻高极化异常,结合地质推断为矿化异常,通过钻孔验证了断裂构造接触带与矿化蚀变带关系密切,本次工作说明两种电法勘查手段的综合运用在铜多金属矿勘查中作用明显,取得的地球物理数据对该矿区矿床研究具有较大价值。

内蒙古敖汉地区中生代花岗质岩浆活动与金钼多金属成矿作用

内蒙古敖汉地区处于华北克拉通与兴蒙造山带的过渡区,是华北地台北缘一个重要的金钼多金属矿化集中区,近年来找矿成果丰硕。在对撰山子和金厂沟梁大型金矿、白土营子大型钨钼多金属矿以及近年新发现的八家大型锌银铅矿和腾克力钼矿的地质地球化学特征系统分析的基础上,文章探讨了矿床成因与区域构造岩浆演化,提出了本区金钼多金属成矿潜力与找矿方向。结果显示,敖汉地区金钼多金属成矿与印支期、燕山期花岗质岩浆侵位密切相关,成矿主要发生于三叠纪和晚侏罗世—早白垩世,具有多期多阶段性特征。印支期和燕山期成矿岩体总体均属于准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩,表现为轻稀土富集的右倾配分特征,大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素亏损,分别形成于古亚洲洋和古太平洋构造域影响下的伸展背景。金矿床成因类型主要为岩浆热液脉型,钼矿床成因类型主要为斑岩型,受构造-岩浆岩联合控制,印支期和燕山期中酸性岩浆岩及北西向-近南北向断裂是重要的找矿标志。撰山子金矿具有良好的斑岩-矽卡岩型金铜矿床找矿前景,金厂沟梁和撰山子金矿区及外围具有寻找浅成低温热液型金多金属矿床的潜力。借鉴白土营子钨钼多金属矿田和八家锌银铅矿床的找矿经验,应注重综合利用地质、地化、物探等手段在覆盖区寻找钨铅锌银多金属矿床。

内蒙古额济纳旗格日勒图铜多金属矿成因及找矿潜力

内蒙古珠斯楞地区为我国北山成矿带的东延区,格日勒图铜多金属矿是近些年在该区发现的重要铜多金属矿床,矿床赋存于上石炭统白山组上段(C_(2)b^(2))火山岩中。为研究该矿床的成因类型,本文开展了矿石矿物组构、矿石地球化学、石英包裹体和矿物电子探针等分析测试。结果表明,矿石中的脉石矿物主要为石英,石英中包裹体气液比15%~40%,均一温度156℃~395℃,平均温度为308.7℃。盐度(wt%NaCl)2.41~6.64,平均为4.34,属于低盐度中高温流体。石英中的气体包裹体可分为两种类型,一类为N_(2)+CH_(4),另一类为N_(2)。综合研究认为该矿床的成因类型为岩浆热液型矿床。铜多金属矿体在垂向具有明显的分带,上部发育高品位的次生富集带,金属硫化物主要为蓝辉铜矿、辉铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿和少量的砷黝铜矿、黄铜矿等;下部主要为黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿和砷黝铜矿等。矿床的形成可初步划分为火山沉积成岩期、岩浆热液成矿期和表生成矿期。研究认为在该矿床深部及外围地区依然具有较大的找矿潜力。