Secondary phase precipitate-induced localized corrosion of pure aluminum anode for aluminum–air battery

Understanding the influence of purities on the electrochemical performance of pure aluminum(Al)in alkaline media for Al–air batteries is significant.Herein,we comprehensively investigate secondary phase precipitate(SPP)-induced localized corrosion of pure Al in NaOH solution mainly based on quasi-in-situ and cross-section observations under scanning electron microscopy coupled with finite element simulation.The experimental results indicate that Al–Fe SPPs appear as clusters and are coherent with the Al substrate.In alkaline media,Al–Fe SPPs exhibit more positive potentials than the substrate,thus aggravating localized galvanic corrosion as cathodic phases.Moreover,finite element simulation indicates that the irregular geometry coupled with potential difference produces the non-uniform current density distribution inside the SPP cluster,and the current density on the Al substrate gradually decreases with distance.

Investigation of secondary phases and tensile strength of nitrogen-containing Alloy 718 weldment

The influence of nitrogen content on the precipitation of secondary phases and the tensile strength of Alloy 718 during gas tungstenarc welding was investigated. Various types of precipitates were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electronmicroscopy. The results showed that in the fusion zone, the volume fraction of Nb-rich phases such as Laves, (Nb,Ti)C, and δ phases, as wellas Ti-rich phases such as (Ti,Nb)CN and (Ti,Nb)N, increased with increase in the nitrogen content due to the microsegregation of Nb and Tiwithin interdendritic areas. Nitrogen was also found to decrease the size of γ′′ particles within γ dendrites. For precipitates in the partiallymelted zone, constitutional liquation was observed for both (Nb,Ti)C and (Ti,Nb)N particles. Based on the results of tensile tests, the weld containing0.015wt% nitrogen exhibited the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS), whereas more addition of nitrogen led to a decrease in both theUTS and yield strength due to the increased content of brittle Laves phases and decreased size of γ′′.

Electronic Structures and Alloying Behaviors of Ferrite Phases in High Co-Ni Secondary Hardened Martensitic Steels

The electronic structure of ferrite (tempered martensite phase) in high Co-Ni secondary hardened martensitic steel has been investigated. The local density of states (LOOS) of alloying elements in the steel displays the relationship between solid solubility and the shape of the LDOS. The bond order integral (BOI) between atoms in the steel shows that the directional bonding of the p orbital of Si or C leads to the brittleness of the steel. At last, ΣBOI between atoms demonstrate that C, Co, Mn, Cr, Mo, Si strengthen the alloyed steel through solid-solution effects.

Enhanced properties of stone coal-based composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Phase change materials (PCMs) can be incorporated with low-cost minerals to synthesize composites for thermal energy storage in building applications.Stone coal (SC) after vanadium extraction treatment shows potential for secondary utilization in composite preparation.We prepared SC-based composite PCMs with SC as a matrix,stearic acid (SA) as a PCM,and expanded graphite (EG) as an additive.The combined roasting and acid leaching treatment of raw SC was conducted to understand the effect of vanadium extraction on promoting loading capacity.Results showed that the combined treatment of roasting at 900℃ and leaching increased the SC loading of the composite by 6.2%by improving the specific surface area.The loading capacity and thermal conductivity of the composite obviously increased by 127%and 48.19%,respectively,due to the contribution of 3wt% EG.These data were supported by the high load of 66.69%and thermal conductivity of 0.59 W·m^(-1)·K-1of the designed composite.The obtained composite exhibited a phase change temperature of 52.17℃,melting latent heat of 121.5 J·g^(-1),and good chemical compatibility.The SC-based composite has prospects in building applications exploiting the secondary utilization of minerals.

Effect of droplet characteristics on liquid-phase distribution in spray zone of internal mixing air-mist nozzle

In continuous casting production,droplet characteristics are important parameters for evaluating the nozzle atomization quality,and have a significant impact on the secondary cooling effect and the slab quality.In order to study the behavior of atomized droplets after reaching the slab surface and to optimize the spray cooling effect,the influence of droplet diameter and droplet velocity on the migration behavior of droplets in the secondary cooling zone was analyzed by FLUENT software.Results show that the droplets in the spray zone and on the slab surface are mainly concentrated in the center,thus,the liquid volume fraction in the center is higher than that of either side.As the droplet diameter increases,the region of high liquid volume fraction on the slab surface becomes wider,and the liquid phase distribution in the slab width direction becomes uneven.Although increasing the droplet velocity at the nozzle exit has little effect on droplet diffusion in the spray zone,the distribution becomes more uneven due to more liquid reaches the slab surface per unit time.A prediction formula of the maximum water flow rate on the slab surface for specific droplet characteristics was proposed based on dimensionless analysis and validated by simulated data.A nozzle spacing of 210 mm was recommended under the working conditions in this study,which ensures effective coverage of the spray water over the slab surface and enhances the distribution uniformity of water flow rate in the transverse direction.

Characterization and kinetic modeling of secondary phases in squeeze cast Al alloy A380 by DSC thermal analysis

Thermal analyses on squeeze cast aluminum alloy A380(SC A380) solidified under 90MPa were carried out to study the microstructure development of the alloy, in which a differential scanning calorimeter(DSC) was employed. During the DSC runs, heating and cooling rates of 1, 3, 10, and 20 °C·min^(-1) were applied to investigate the heating and cooling effects on dissolution of secondary eutectic phases and microstructure evolution. Various reactions corresponding to troughs and peaks of the DSC curves were identified as corresponding to phase transformations taking place during dissolution or precipitation suggested by the principles of thermodynamics and kinetics. The comparison of the identified characteristic temperatures in the measured heating and cooling curves are generally in good agreement with the computed equilibrium temperatures. The microstructure analyses by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) indicate that the distribution and morphology of secondary phases present in the microstructure of the annealed sample are similar to the as-cast A380, i.e., strip β(Si), buck bone like or dot distributed θ(Al_2Cu), β(Al_5Fe Si) and Al_(15)(FeMn)_3Si_2. Two kinetic methods are employed to calculate the activation energies of the three common troughs and three common peaks in DSC curves of SC A380. The activation energies of the identified reaction θ_(CuAl_2) = α(Al)+β(Si) is 188.7 and 187.1 k J?mol^(-1) when the activation energies of reaction α(Al)+β(Si)→θCu Al_2 is^(-1)22.7 and^(-1)21.8 k J?mol^(-1), by the Kissinger and Starink methods, respectively.

SECONDARY PHASES IN SPRAY DEPOSITED 2024-20Si-5Fe ALLOY

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Effect of Cr doping on secondary phases and electrical properties of zinc oxide ceramic thick film varistors

In order to get high-performance low voltage varistors,Cr2O3 doped ZnO ceramic thick films were fabricated by modified sol-gel process. The precursors were fabricated by dispersing doped-ZnO ceramic nano-powders in the sols,which were prepared by dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate into 2-methoxyethanol and stabilized by diethanolamine and glacial acetic acid and doped with a concentrated solution of bismuth nitrate,phenylstibonic acid,cobalt nitrate,manganese acetate and chromium nitrate. The results show that ZnCr2O4 phase can form in ZnO based ceramic films doped 1.0%(mole fraction) Cr2O3. Three secondary phases,such as Bi2O3,Zn7Sb2O12,and ZnCr2O4 phases,are detected in the thick films. The Raman spectra show that the intensity and the position of Raman bands of Zn7Sb2O12 and ZnCr2O4 phases change obviously with increasing Cr2O3 doping. The nonlinearity coefficient α of ZnO thick films is 7.0,the nonlinear voltage is 6 V,and the leakage current density is 0.7 μA/mm2.

Phase-field simulation of secondary dendrite growth in directional solidification of binary alloys

Phase field method was used to simulate the effect of grains orientation angle θ_(11) and azimuth θ_A of non-preferentially growing dendrites on the secondary dendrites of preferentially growing dendrites. In the simulation process, two single-factor influence experiments were designed for columnar crystal structures. The simulation results showed that, when θ_(11) < 45o and θ_A < 45o, as θ_(11) was enlarged, the growth direction of the secondary dendrites on the preferentially growing dendrites at the converging grain boundary(GB) presented an increasing inclination to that of preferentially growing dendrites; with increasing θ_A, the growth direction of the secondary dendrites on the preferentially growing dendrites at the converging GB exhibited greater deflection,and the secondary dendrites grew with branches; the secondary dendrites on the preferentially growing dendrites at diverging GBs grew along a direction vertical to the growth direction of the preferentially growing dendrites.When θ_A = 45o and θ_(11) = 45o, the secondary dendrites grew in a direction vertical to the growth direction of preferentially growing dendrites. The morphologies of the dendrites obtained through simulation can also be found in metallographs of practical solidification experiments. This implies that the effect of a grain's orientation angle and azimuth of non-preferentially growing dendrites on the secondary dendrites of preferentially growing dendrites does exist and frequently appears in the practical solidification process.

Effect of secondary aging on microstructure and properties of cast Al-Cu-Mg alloy

To obtain better comprehensive properties of cast Al-Cu-Mg alloys,the secondary aging(T6I6)process(including initial aging,interrupted aging and re-aging stages)was optimized by an orthogonal method.The microstructures of the optimized Al-Cu-Mg alloy were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy,and the properties were investigated by hardness measurements,tensile tests,exfoliation corrosion tests,and intergranular corrosion tests.Results show that the S phase andθ’phase simultaneously exist in the T6I6 treated alloy.Appropriately increasing the temperature of the interrupted aging in the T6I6 process can improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Al-Cu-Mg alloy.The optimal comprehensive properties(tensile strength of 443.6 MPa,hardness of 161.6 HV)of the alloy are obtained by initial aging at 180℃for 2 h,interrupted aging at 90℃for 30 min,and re-aging at 170℃for 4 h.

Research of Microstructure,Phase,and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum-Dross-Based Porous Ceramics

In this study,the effect of sintering temperature and the addition of kaolin,a sintering agent,on the microscopic,phase,and mechanical properties of ceramics were investigated using secondary aluminum dross(SAD)as the main component in the manufacturing of ceramics.The basic phases of the ceramics were Al_(2)O_(3),MgAl_(2)O_(4),NaAl_(11)O_(17),and SiO_(2)without the addition of kaolin.The diffraction peaks of MgAl_(2)O_(4),NaAl_(11)O_(17),and SiO_(2)kept decreasing while those of Al_(2)O_(3)kept increasing with an increase in temperature.In addition,the increase in temperature promoted the growth of the grains.The grains were uniform in size and regular in distribution,with a shrinkage of 2.2%,porosity of 72.5%,bulk density of 1.076 g/cm^(3),and compressive strength of 1.12 MPa.When the sintering temperature was 1450°C,the basic phases of the ceramic after the addition of kaolin were Al_(2)O_(3),MgAl_(2)O_(4),NaAl_(11)O_(17),and SiO_(2).With the increase of kaolin,the diffraction peaks of NaAl_(11)O_(17)and SiO_(2)decreased until they disappeared,while the diffraction peaks of Al_(2)O_(3)increased significantly.When kaolin was added at 30 wt.%,the ceramics obtained had shrinkage of 18%,a porosity of 47.26%,a bulk density of 1.965 g/cm^(3),and compressive strength of 31.9 MPa.Cracks existed inside the ceramics without the addition of kaolin,while the addition of kaolin significantly changed this defect.It is shown that SAD can obtain porous ceramics with good properties at a sintering temperature of 1450°C and a kaolin addition of 30 wt.%.

NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层与镍基高温合金基体的界面高温互扩散行为

采用真空等离子体喷涂技术(vacuum plasma spraying,VPS)在镍基高温合金GH3128基体表面沉积NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层,并在1100℃进行不同时间的热处理。采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、能谱仪(energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)等分析NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层与GH3128高温合金界面元素的互扩散行为。结果表明,在热处理过程中,互扩散区(interdiffusion zone,IDZ)和二次反应区(secondary reaction zone,SRZ)的厚度随着热处理时间延长而增大,且在SRZ中明显观察到拓扑密堆(topological close-packed,TCP)相晶粒的生长。Al、Ta、Co元素由NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层向GH3128高温合金扩散,Ni、W、Mo元素由GH3128高温合金向NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层扩散。依据EDS检测的粘结层/基体界面处元素成分,计算出上述元素在界面处的扩散系数,掌握了各元素在高温热处理过程中的扩散速率,揭示了VPS制备的NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层与GH3128高温合金界面处元素在高温下的互扩散规律。

异质双碳源对LiMn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)PO_(4)复合材料电化学性能的影响

采用水基流变相辅助的固相法,以异质碳蔗糖和石墨为碳源,合成了LiMn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)PO_(4)/C复合材料,研究了不同石墨加入方式对所制复合材料电化学性能的影响,并对所制备的LiMn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)PO_(4)/C复合材料进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、N_(2)吸附-脱附测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征。结果表明,不同石墨包覆工艺对材料结构和电化学性能具有显著影响。前驱体煅烧后再加入石墨获得的样品纯度高,形貌呈均一的椭圆形,在0.1C下的放电比容量为149 mAh·g^(-1),达到其理论比容量的87%;在5C下最大的放电比容量为133 mAh·g^(-1);在2C倍率下经过300次循环后比容量维持在127 mAh·g^(-1),衰减率仅为1.9%,表现出了优良的循环稳定性。

基于副边解耦极板的电容式无线电能传输系统拾取端失谐评估

对于电容式无线电能传输(CWPT)系统,准确评估拾取端回路的失谐程度是维持系统谐振稳定的前提。然而,由于系统拾取端的感应电压无法被直接观测,难以通过测量感应电压和回路电流间的相位差来评估拾取端回路的失谐程度。文中提出一种能够间接测量拾取端感应电压相位信息,评估拾取端回路失谐程度的CWPT系统。基于Z参数建立三端口CWPT系统的数学模型和等效电路,并依托该模型提出一种基于副边解耦极板的耦合机构。分析在感应电压测量和失谐程度评估过程中存在的误差,提出拾取端回路失谐程度的评估校正方法。搭建了带有副边解耦极板的CWPT系统原理样机,实验结果表明,拾取端谐振时的失谐程度评估误差不超过1Ω,拾取端感性/容性失谐时的失谐程度评估误差分别小于2%和5%。

二次加压对重型粉剂举高喷射消防车粉剂喷射效果的影响

针对重型粉剂举高喷射消防车粉剂喷射距离不足的问题,提出利用二次加压提升重型粉剂的喷射距离,并通过理论分析、数值模拟和试验研究分析了二次加压的位置、加压口数量和压力对举高喷射消防车粉剂喷射效果的影响和规律。研究表明,相比于直接提升主驱动气源压力,利用输运管道进行二次加压能更有效地减少气固两相流压损以提升粉剂的出口速度和射程。加压口位置对粉剂喷射射程有较大影响,而在臂架中部靠上的位置进行二次加压的粉剂喷射效果相比于臂架两端加压更好。粉剂喷射距离随加压压力增大而提高,以0.15 MPa在中部臂架进行二次加压可使粉剂的最大出口速度和粉剂有效覆盖率分别提升61.8%和28.4%,表现出最佳的喷射效果。

The effect of secondary phase on corrosion behaviors of the titanium–zirconium–molybdenum alloy

As the range of applications for molybdenum and its alloys has expanded,the corrosive environment for molybdenum alloys has become more demanding.In the past,the content of doping elements has been studied to investigate their infl uence on the corrosion performance of titanium–zirconium–molybdenum(TZM)alloys.In this paper,it is considered that the second phase in the alloy is the main factor aff ecting the corrosion performance of TZM alloys.By comparing the corrosion behavior of molybdenum metal and TZM alloy,the eff ect of the secondary phase on corrosion behaviors of TZM alloy has been investigated.The results show that the second phase reduces the corrosion resistance of the TZM alloy.The potential of the second phase is 73.7 mV higher than that of the Mo matrix,which contributes to the formation of microscopic electric couples.Under the action of microscopic electric couples,pitting corrosion is preferentially formed at the interface between the second phase and the matrix,which accelerates the corrosion of the matrix.This paper provides a theoretical basis for the application of TZM alloys in corrosive environments.

二次回火温度对GX23CrMoV12-1耐热钢组织与力学性能的影响

GX23CrMoV12-1耐热钢为燃气轮机核心铸件用钢,热处理工艺为1050℃×4 h油冷淬火+740℃×6 h炉冷回火。对该材料一次回火后再进行二次回火处理,探究二次回火温度对该材料组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,二次回火后材料的组织与一次回火后的组织相同,均为细小的板条马氏体。二次回火后材料的强度、硬度和延伸率均降低,且随着二次回火温度从710℃升高至740℃,材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度呈缓慢下降趋势,但延伸率呈增大趋势。在720℃温度条件下二次回火后耐热钢组织中出现了较多的粗大析出相,材料的塑性和韧性最低。二次回火后材料的冲击韧性较一次回火态有显著提升,在740℃温度条件下二次回火后材料的吸收能高达71.8 J,较一次回火态提高56%。

热镀锌铁合金双相钢表面白条缺陷分析

分析了热镀锌铁合金双相钢两种白条缺陷的微观形貌及其特征,并对相关工艺进行了讨论。结果表明:两种白条缺陷都源自于镀锌前的基板表面缺陷,一种源自热轧辊系铁皮,其微观以Mo、V、Cr、Ni等热轧辊系元素为特征;另一种推测源自铸坯微裂纹,其微观特征主要为二次氧化物。

矸石胶结充填二级搅拌机优化设计及仿真分析

针对连采连充矸石胶结充填系统在长城六矿的工程应用中,二级搅拌机的出浆口时常堵塞的问题,采用Fluent欧拉多相流模型和可实现性k-ε湍流模型,运用滑移网格法对搅拌机中的固液两相流进行了瞬态模拟,并根据输出结果分析了堵塞原因,确定了优化指标。在此基础上,分别研究了转速、叶片倾角、叶轮直径和叶轮数对搅拌效果的影响,发现:提高转速、在45°以内增大叶片倾角、适当增加叶轮直径和叶轮数有助于改善搅拌效果,缓解堵塞现象,最终将二级搅拌机的优化方案确定为转速75 r/min、叶片倾角34°、叶轮直径1.3 m和5层叶轮,有效降低了罐底固液两相流的密度,提高了出浆口处灰浆的流动性。

一种星载固态功率放大器用400W二次电源设计

为了满足导航卫星系统对于固态功率放大器大功率、高可靠性、轻量化的需求,文章采用移相全桥同步整流变换电路加反激变换电路匹配的拓扑方案,设计了一种星载L频段固态放大器用400W二次电源,并详细给出了二次电源拓扑结构及设计原理分析。文章重点对变压器热耗进行分析,为了更好地进行变压器散热设计,该方案创新性采用灌封主功率变压器散热方案,灌封变压器的温度从104℃降低为85.5℃,散热相比有明显改善。同时给出了实物环路测试、电性能指标对比测试以及热平衡与热仿真对比测试,电源效率92.8%,环路的相位裕量42°,增益裕度26dB。测试结果表明设计的二次电源在实现高效率大功率输出的同时,有效地实现器件的一级降额散热,满足高可靠性的批产需求。