In this paper, a fuzzy Petri net approach to modelling fuzzy rule-based reasoning is proposed. Logical Petri net (LPN) and fuzzy logical Petri net (FLPN) are defined. The backward reasoning algorithm based on sub-fuzz...In this paper, a fuzzy Petri net approach to modelling fuzzy rule-based reasoning is proposed. Logical Petri net (LPN) and fuzzy logical Petri net (FLPN) are defined. The backward reasoning algorithm based on sub-fuzzy logical Petri net is given. It is simpler than the conventional algorithm of forward reasoning from initial propositions. An application to the partial fault model of a car engine in paper Portinale's(1993) is used as an illustrative example of FLPN.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The increasing phenome...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The increasing phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a real public health problem. The main causes are poor management of hygiene and water quality, but also the use of antibiotics without precaution. The objective of this study was to isolate and determine the antibiotic resistance profile of the different bacteria found in the main hospitals and bacteriology laboratories in Gabon. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 6034 samples were taken from hospitals in seven main cities of Gabon, and analyzed according to the usual techniques. The pathogenic strains were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the agar disc diffusion method, according to the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society for Microbiology guidelines. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">974 pathogenic bacterial strains were found, including 890/974 (91</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.4%) Gram-negative bacilli. The systematic antimicrobial suscepti</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bility testings identified 160/974 (16.4%) multi-resistant strains. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was t</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he most represented species. 12.5%</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">25% of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Klebsiel</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">la pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Enterobacter cloacae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Citrobacter sedlakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> strains were resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Aminoglycoside resistance rates of 8.5%</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">19% were also noted. 4.5% to 25% of the bacteria found were resistant to quinolones and cotrimoxazole. Resistance rates to carbapenems ranged from 1% to 10.5%. 16% of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Rates of extended spectr</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">um beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) ran</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ged from 2.5% to 25%. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study showed an increasing evolution of bacteri</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">al resistance to antibiotics that </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spreading throughout Gabon. Th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is constitutes a threat to the health of Gabonese population.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Excellent Ph.D Paper Author Foundation of China, Dawn Plan Foundation of Shanghai and Excellent Young Scientist Foundation of Shandong Province
文摘In this paper, a fuzzy Petri net approach to modelling fuzzy rule-based reasoning is proposed. Logical Petri net (LPN) and fuzzy logical Petri net (FLPN) are defined. The backward reasoning algorithm based on sub-fuzzy logical Petri net is given. It is simpler than the conventional algorithm of forward reasoning from initial propositions. An application to the partial fault model of a car engine in paper Portinale's(1993) is used as an illustrative example of FLPN.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The increasing phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a real public health problem. The main causes are poor management of hygiene and water quality, but also the use of antibiotics without precaution. The objective of this study was to isolate and determine the antibiotic resistance profile of the different bacteria found in the main hospitals and bacteriology laboratories in Gabon. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 6034 samples were taken from hospitals in seven main cities of Gabon, and analyzed according to the usual techniques. The pathogenic strains were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the agar disc diffusion method, according to the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society for Microbiology guidelines. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">974 pathogenic bacterial strains were found, including 890/974 (91</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.4%) Gram-negative bacilli. The systematic antimicrobial suscepti</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bility testings identified 160/974 (16.4%) multi-resistant strains. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was t</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">he most represented species. 12.5%</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">25% of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Klebsiel</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">la pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Enterobacter cloacae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Citrobacter sedlakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> strains were resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Aminoglycoside resistance rates of 8.5%</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">19% were also noted. 4.5% to 25% of the bacteria found were resistant to quinolones and cotrimoxazole. Resistance rates to carbapenems ranged from 1% to 10.5%. 16% of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Rates of extended spectr</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">um beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) ran</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ged from 2.5% to 25%. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study showed an increasing evolution of bacteri</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">al resistance to antibiotics that </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spreading throughout Gabon. Th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is constitutes a threat to the health of Gabonese population.