Direct use of peak ground motion parameters for the estimation of inelastic displacement ratio of SDOF systems subjected to repeated far fault ground motions

This study is aimed at developing statistical equations to estimate the inelastic displacement ratio of singledegree-of-freedom systems subjected to far fault repeated earthquakes. In the study, peak ground motion parameters are used to define the scatter of the original data. The ratio of peak ground acceleration to peak ground velocity, and peak ground velocity of the ground motion records and structural parameters such as period of vibration and lateral strength ratio are used in the proposed equations. For the development of the equations, nonlinear time history analyses of single-degree-offreedom systems are conducted. Then, the results are used in a multivariate regression procedure. The equations are verified by comparing the estimated results with the calculated results. The average error and coefficient of variation of the proposed equations are presented. The analyses results revealed that the direct use of peak ground motion parameters for the estimation of inelastic displacement ratio significantly reduced the scatter in the original data and yielded accurate results. From the comparative results it is also observed that results obtained using equations specific to peak ground velocity or peak ground acceleration to peak ground velocity ratio are similar.

Artificial ground motion compatible with specified ground shaking peaks and target response spectrum

This article describes a hybrid simulation method to generate artificial ground motion time histories that are compatible with specified peak seismic acceleration, velocity and displacement as well as the target response spectrum of absolute acceleration. First, based on traditional methods that match the target spectrum in the frequency domain, an initial acceleration time history was synthesized to satisfy the specified peak acceleration, target spectral acceleration and intensity envelope. Second, by using the inversion formula of the seismic input to a linear single-degree-of-freedom system and by superimposing a series of narrow-band time histories in the time domain, the initial time history is further modified to allow its peak velocity and displacement to approach the targets and improve its matching precision with the target spectrum. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate that the proposed method achieves good agreement with the target values.

Artificial ground motion compatible with specified peak velocity and target spectrum

In this paper, a method, which synthesizes the artificial ground motion compatible with the specified peak velocity as well as the target acceleration response spectrum, was proposed. In this method, firstly, an initial acceleration time history α8^（0） （t）, which satisfies the prescribed peak ground acceleration, the target spectral acceleration ST（ω, ζ）,and the specified intensity envelope, is generated by the traditional method that generates the requency domain; secondly,α8^（0） （t）is further modulated by superimposing narrow-band time histories upon it in the time domain to make its peak velocity, approach the target peak ground velocity, and at the same time to improve its fitting precision to the target spectrum. Numerical examples show that this algorithm boasts high calculation precisions.

Engineering characteristics of near-fault vertical ground motions and their effect on the seismic response of bridges

A wide variety of near-fault strong ground motion records were collected from various tectonic environments worldwide and were used to study the peak value ratio and response spectrum ratio of the vertical to horizontal component of ground motion, focusing on the effect of earthquake magnitude, site conditions, pulse duration, and statistical component. The results show that both the peak value ratio and response spectrum ratio are larger than the 2/3 value prescribed in existing seismic codes, and the relationship between the vertical and horizontal ground motions is comparatively intricate. In addition, the effect of the near-fault ground motions on bridge performance is analyzed, considering both the material nonlinear characteristics and the P-A effect.

Effect of seismic super-shear rupture on the directivity of ground motion acceleration

The effect of seismic super-shear rupture on the directivity of ground motions using simulated accelerations of a vertical strike-slip fault model is the topic of this study. The discrete wave number/finite element method was adopted to calculate the ground motion in the horizontal layered half space. An analysis of peak ground acceleration （PGA） indicates that similar to the sub-shear situation, directivity also exists in the super-shear situation. However, there are some differences as tbllows： （1） The PGA of the fault-normal component decreases with super-shear velocity, and the areas that were significantly affected by directivity in the PGA field changed from a cone-shaped region in the forward direction in a sub-shear situation to a limited near-fault region in a super-shear situation. （2） The PGA of the fault-parallel and vertical component is not as sensitive as the fault-normal component to the increasing super-shear velocity. （3） The PGA of the fault-normal component is not always greater than the fault-parallel component when the rupture velocity exceeds the shear wave velocity.

Development of attenuation relation for the near fault ground motion from the characteristic earthquake

A composite source model has been used to simulate a broadband strong ground motion with an associated fault rupture process. A scenario earthquake fault model has been used to generate 1 000 earthquake events with a magni- tude of MwS.0. The simulated results show that, for the characteristic event with a strike-slip faulting, the character- istics of near fault ground motion is strongly dependent on the rupture directivity. If the distance between the sites and fault was given, the ground motion in the forward direction （Site A） is much larger than that in the backward direction （Site C） and that close to the fault （Site B）. The SH waves radiated from the fault, which corresponds to the fault-normal component plays a key role in the ground motion amplification. Corresponding to the sites A, B, and C, the statistical analysis shows that the ratio of their aPG is 2.15：1.5：1 and their standard deviations are about 0.12, 0.11 and 0.13, respectively. If these results are applied in the current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis （PSHA）, then, for the lower annual frequency of exceedance of peak ground acceleration, the predicted aPG from the hazard curve could reduce by 30% or more compared with the current PSHA model used in the developing of seismic hazard map in the USA. Therefore, with a consideration of near fault ground motion caused by the rupture directivity, the re- gression model used in the development of the regional attenuation relation should be modified accordingly.

Observations on the application of artificial neural network to predicting ground motion measures

Application of the artificial neural network （ANN） to predict pseudospectral acceleration or peak ground acceleration is explored in the study. The training of ANN model is carried out using feed-forward backpropagation method and about 600 records from 39 California earthquakes. The statistics of the residuals or modeling error for the trained ANN-based models are almost the same as those for the parametric ground motion prediction equations, derived through regression analysis; the residual or modeling error can be modeled as a normal variate. The similarity and differences between the predictions by these two approaches are shown. The trained ANN-based models, however, are not robust because the models with almost identical mean square errors do not always lead to the same predictions. This undesirable behaviour for predicting the ground motion measures has not been shown or discussed in the literature; the presented results, at least, serve to raise questions and caution on this problem. A practical approach to ameliorate this problem, perhaps, is to consider several trained ANN models, and to take the average of the predicted values from the trained ANN models as the predicted ground motion measure.

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Kazakhstan and Almaty city in peak ground accelerations

As for many post-soviet countries, Kazakhstan’s building code for seismic design was based on a deterministic approach. Recently, Kazakhstan seismologists are engaged to adapt the PSHA(probabilistic hazard assessment) procedure to the large amount of available geological, geophysical and tectonic Kazakh data and to meet standard requirements for the Eurocode 8. The new procedure has been used within National projects to develop the Probabilistic GSZ(General Seismic Zoning) maps of the Kazakhstan territory and the SMZ(Probabilistic Seismic Microzoning) maps of Almaty city. They agree with the seismic design principles of Eurocode 8 and are expressed in terms of not only seismic intensity,but also engineering parameters(peak ground acceleration PGA). The whole packet of maps has been developed by the Institute of Seismology, together with other Kazakhstan Institutions. Our group was responsible for making analysis in PGA. The GSZ maps and hazard assessment maps for SMZ in terms of PGA for return periods 475 and 2475 years are considered in the article.

Peak earthquake response of structures under multi-component excitations

Accurate estimation of the peak seismic responses of structures is important in earthquake resistant design. The internal force distributions and the seismic responses of structures are quite complex, since ground motions are multidirectional. One key issue is the uncertainty of the incident angle between the directions of ground motion and the reference axes of the structure. Different assumed seismic incidences can result in different peak values within the scope of design spectrum analysis for a given structure and earthquake ground motion record combination. Using time history analysis to determine the maximum structural responses excited by a given earthquake record requires repetitive calculations to determine the critical incident angle. This paper presents a transformation approach for relatively accurate and rapid determination of the maximum peak responses of a linear structure subjected to three-dimensional excitations within all possible seismic incident angles. The responses can be deformations, internal forces, strains and so on. An irregular building structure model is established using SAP2000 program. Several typical earthquake records and an artificial white noise are applied to the structure model to illustrate the variation of the maximum structural responses for different incident angles. Numerical results show that for many structural parameters, the variation can be greater than 100%. This method can be directly applied to time history analysis of structures using existing computer software to determine the peak responses without carrying out the analyses for all possible incident angles. It can also be used to verify and/or modify aseismic designs by using response spectrum analysis.

近断层地震动加速度峰值比和脉冲特征的统计分析

为进一步了解近断层地震动的显著竖向特性和速度脉冲特性,基于NGA-West2强地面运动数据库选取1706组强地震动记录,研究了竖向与水平向加速度峰值比aV/aH的总体分布特征,并探讨了aV/aH随矩震级MW、断层距Rjb、场地类别和断层类型变化的规律。在此基础上,通过Baker脉冲识别方法选取出140组近断层速度脉冲地震动,并提取出每条地震动记录的脉冲周期Tp和速度脉冲峰值PGVp,研究其脉冲参数随矩震级MW和断层距Rjb变化的统计规律及经验模型。结果表明:近断层加速度峰值比aV/aH与地震动参数密切相关,其概率分布呈极值Ⅱ型分布;脉冲周期Tp随矩震级的增大而增大,与场地条件的相关性较弱,脉冲周期Tp经验模型与Shahi和Baker模型在大震级范围内的差异小,且差异随矩震级的增大而减小,说明可忽略是否区分脉冲类型对脉冲周期随矩震级的定量关系的影响;速度脉冲峰值PGVp的大幅值主要出现在大震区和毗邻发震断层区域。

岩溶区土洞对自由场地震动放大效应的影响

岩溶区土洞的发育改变了自由场的地震工程地质条件,从而影响了地表地震动力响应结果。为探讨岩溶区土洞对地震动场地效应的影响,设计并构建典型岩溶区土洞自由场地,利用有限差分法开展了不同地震动输入条件下的含土洞场地的地震反应分析。通过与自由场地震反应分析结果对比可知:(1)土洞的存在阻碍了地震波的传播,从而使得地表中心点峰值加速度显著减小,随着输入地震动峰值增大,土洞的影响范围增大,土洞附近地表峰值加速度呈现出先增大后减小,最后逐渐趋向于自由场;(2)土洞的存在使场地的竖向位移增大,且随输入加速度峰值增大而增大、对水平向峰值位移影响较小;(3)加速度放大系数总体呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,随输入加速度峰值增大而减小;(4)土洞的存在使得反应谱的短周期幅值减小,这种减小幅度受输入地震动峰值的影响不明显。

近场地震动竖向与水平分量统计特性对比

为研究近场地震动竖向与水平分量特性,本文对PEER数据库中1202组近场强震的地震动进行统计分析,研究了竖向水平加速度峰值比PGAv/PGAh、反应谱之比Sav(T)/Sah(T)、竖向水平峰值到达时间的特性。讨论了PGAv/PGAh与断层距、场地条件、震源机制的关系,并采用对数正态分布拟合不同场地条件、不同震源机制的PGAv/PGAh分布;对比了不同断层距、不同场地条件Sav(T)/Sah(T)的变化规律;研究了近场强震水平竖向分量峰值加速度的大小和到达时间上的相关性,并对结构分析过程中竖向地震动的选择提出建议。结果表明:断层距、场地条件、震源机制都会影响近场地震动的竖向分量,断层距小、走滑断层、场地条件差都易产生较大的竖向地震动;断层距小、场地条件差时,地震动竖向分量高频成分越强,断层距大、场地条件好,竖向地震动低频成分越强;竖向分量峰值加速度的大小与到达时间和两正交水平分量峰值加速度的大小与到达时间的几何平均数有明显的线性关系。

基于等损伤的主余震序列型地震动PGA放大系数谱研究

大地震发生后往往会伴随强余震发生,强烈余震会加重结构的破坏程度,在抗震设计及结构损伤评估中考虑余震的影响是一重要课题。采用NGA-West2数据库建立主余震序列型地震动记录数据集,基于损伤等效思想定义主余震作用下PGA放大系数α,针对单自由度体系结构,通过动力时程分析建立不同相对强度、不同场地条件下平均PGA放大系数谱,进一步通过回归分析构建PGA放大系数谱的预测方程,分析统计结果的离散性。结果表明:PGA放大系数谱受场地条件影响较小,受主余震相对强度影响显著;放大系数谱值随周期增大而减小。谱预测方程能够提供目标损伤下结构的主震PGA放大需求,并可以作为设计谱调整系数使用,以实现在结构抗震设计及结构损伤评估中考虑余震的影响。

基于设定地震的重大工程场地设计反应谱的确定方法

场址设计地震动参数的合理确定是重大工程抗震安全分析的重要环节之一。本文分析了基于地震危险性概率分析方法所得到的一致概率反应谱所存在的问题和不足,提出了一个新的反应谱确定方法,其直接采用不经烈度转换的反应谱衰减关系式且以场地相应设防概率水平的地震动峰值加速度为前提,采用发生概率最大的原则和与潜在震源中主干断裂相关联的原则确定场地相关设计反应谱。实例分析表明,该方法所确定的设计地震及场址反应谱参数较为合理,易于为工程设计人员所接受,并能满足工程抗震设计需求。

汶川地震近场加速度基本参数的方向性特征

以2008年5月12日的Ms8.0级汶川地震强震记录为基础,根据场地条件和断层距,选取1 98组三分量近场加速度记录,按照台站相对于破裂传播方向的位置将其划分为破裂前方和破裂后方两类场点.为了考虑破裂传播的方向性和地震辐射图对地震动不同分量的影响,将每组地震动的两个正交水平分量旋转成为垂直断层走向和平行断层走向的分量,然后分别对破裂前、后方向上的垂直断层、平行断层和竖向分量地震动的三个基本工程参数——峰值、反应谱和持时进行定量对比和分析.研究结果表明,汶川地震中地震动的峰值、反应谱和持时均显示出了明显的方向性特征:(1)在峰值方面,破裂前方场点的峰值明显大于破裂后方的峰值,而且破裂前、后方的峰值差别随着断层距的增大而逐渐减小;(2)在反应谱方面,在反应谱的各个自振周期段,破裂前方的平均反应谱明显高于破裂后方的平均反应谱,并且当周期大于2 s时.破裂前、后方反应谱谱比最高可以达4倍左右;(3)在持时方面,破裂后方场点的持时明显大于破裂前方的持时,差别也可达数倍.因此,虽然汶川地震是一次以逆冲为主兼具右旋走滑的地震,但是由于此次地震以单侧破裂为主,破裂传播的方向性使得近场地震动的峰值、反应谱和持时三个基本参数中均体现出了明显的方向性特征.

地震动峰值放大与盆地深度关系的初步数值模拟

沉积盆地对"超高、超大、超长"结构的地震动特性有显著的影响,认识盆地效应机理、刻画盆地放大特性是震害防御工作中亟待解决的问题。简要回顾了几次大地震中出现的典型盆地效应特性及其出现的原因,对前人提出的产生盆地效应的物理机制作了简要的总结,最后利用解耦的近场波动数值模拟方法,对SH波垂直入射情况下的二维理想盆地模型的水平方向地震动峰值放大倍数与盆地深度的关系,进行了初步的数值模拟研究,计算结果发现:(1)总体上,盆地地表放大系数与盆地深度有很好的相关性(近乎是线性关系),表现为随盆地深度的增加,盆地的放大效应也逐渐增大;(2)对于形状对称的理想盆地模型,在盆地中央附近出现了异常的放大,表现出典型的"盆地聚焦效应";(3)对于形状不对称的理想盆地模型,在盆地边缘和中央均出现异常的放大,表现出显著的"盆地边缘效应"和"中心聚焦效应"。

从集集地震看建筑物震害与地震动参数的关系

本文根据9.21台湾集集大地震中南投县、台中县、台北县和苗栗县的建筑物震害调查资料确定出这4个主要受害地区的平均震害指数,然后又计算出这4个地区的地震动峰值加速度、峰值速度、峰值谱加速度、峰值谱速度、峰值谱位移的平均值。将这些均值分别与平均震害指数进行基于最小二乘法的线性回归,发现峰值速度和震害指数有非常好的相关性,相关系数接近1.0,而峰值加速度与震害指数相关性只有0.8,这说明地震动峰值速度能够体现地震动对脆性结构的破坏势,与以往将不同次地震的记录和资料混淆在一起研究而获得峰值加速度与震害有很好相关性形成了对比。

基于强震记录的核电厂抗震标准反应谱研究

依据基岩场地上的汶川地震强震记录,分析了地震动地面峰值和核电站抗震标准反应谱的特性,证明了在推导和使用标准反应谱时所考虑的地面峰值加速度与地面峰值速度之比(PGA/PGV)受地面峰值加速度和震中距的影响,将对标准反应谱形状产生明显的影响.另外还发现了基岩场地的竖向峰值加速度可能要远比通常认为水平向峰值加速度的2/3大.通过对比汶川地震强震记录的伪速度谱和规范给出的标准反应谱,发现规范中的标准反应谱在长周期段偏小.最后采用两种新的拟合反应谱的方法,不仅改变了以往先确定控制点的做法,而且很好地反映了均值加标准差反应谱.

强震记录中的“尖刺”现象初步研究

选取国内外典型地震的强震记录分析,发现一些具有尖刺现象的记录,研究"jerk"方法在识别尖刺中的应用,并使用统计方法重点研究峰值加速度中所存在的尖刺现象,初步分析其产生的原因,给出识别和处理尖刺的方法 ,并研究尖刺对于加速度、速度、位移、加速度傅里叶幅值谱以及相关反应谱的影响。研究结果表明:1造成尖刺现象的原因很多,仅通过强震记录难以判断;2"jerk"方法在识别复杂的尖刺时具有一定的局限性;3比值法可初步识别复杂的尖刺;4尖刺的处理方法会影响到绝对加速度反应谱的计算。

利用汶川余震流动观测资料探讨地形对峰值加速度的影响

2008年汶川8.0级地震后,使用相同仪器在甘肃文县县城山脚、山腰和山顶分别架设数字流动强震仪,获得12次近场强余震记录。分析表明地形起伏对于观测点的峰值加速度影响明显。山顶的加速度峰值在相同地质条件下较山脚的观测值大1.5倍左右,在记录值较大时优势频率也偏低。在强震动作用下同一地区的地形条件不同造成了地面峰值加速度和卓越频率的差异,致使山顶建筑物所受损坏程度普遍较重。初步分析结果提示对于不同地形条件下的建筑物抗震设计应有所不同。