A method to predict the peak shear strength of rock joints based on machine learning

In geotechnical and tunneling engineering,accurately determining the mechanical properties of jointed rock holds great significance for project safety assessments.Peak shear strength(PSS),being the paramount mechanical property of joints,has been a focal point in the research field.There are limitations in the current peak shear strength(PSS)prediction models for jointed rock:(i)the models do not comprehensively consider various influencing factors,and a PSS prediction model covering seven factors has not been established,including the sampling interval of the joints,the surface roughness of the joints,the normal stress,the basic friction angle,the uniaxial tensile strength,the uniaxial compressive strength,and the joint size for coupled joints;(ii)the datasets used to train the models are relatively limited;and(iii)there is a controversy regarding whether compressive or tensile strength should be used as the strength term among the influencing factors.To overcome these limitations,we developed four machine learning models covering these seven influencing factors,three relying on Support Vector Regression(SVR)with different kernel functions(linear,polynomial,and Radial Basis Function(RBF))and one using deep learning(DL).Based on these seven influencing factors,we compiled a dataset comprising the outcomes of 493 published direct shear tests for the training and validation of these four models.We compared the prediction performance of these four machine learning models with Tang’s and Tatone’s models.The prediction errors of Tang’s and Tatone’s models are 21.8%and 17.7%,respectively,while SVR_linear is at 16.6%,SVR_poly is at 14.0%,and SVR_RBF is at 12.1%.DL outperforms the two existing models with only an 8.5%error.Additionally,we performed shear tests on granite joints to validate the predictive capability of the DL-based model.With the DL approach,the results suggest that uniaxial tensile strength is recommended as the material strength term in the PSS model for more reliable outcomes.

A roughness parameter considering joint material properties and peak shear strength model for rock joints

This study aims at proposing a reasonable roughness parameter that can reflect the peak shear strength(PSS)of rock joints.Firstly,the contribution of the asperities with different apparent dip angles to shear strength is studied.Then the shear strength of the entire joint asperities is derived.The results showed that the PSS of the entire joint asperities is proportional to a key parameter hs,which is related to the geometric character of the joint surface and the joint material properties.The parameter hsis taken as the new roughness parameter,and it is reasonable to associate the PSS with the geometric characteristics of the joint surface.Based on the new roughness parameter and shear test results of 20 sets of joint specimens,a new PSS model for rock joints is proposed.The new model is validated with the artificial joints in this paper and real rock joints in published studies.Results showed that it is suitable for different types of rock joints except for gneiss joints.The new model has the form of the Mohr-Coulomb model,which can directly reflect the relationship between the 3 D roughness parameters and the peak dilation angle.

Undrained vane shear strength of sand-foam mixtures subjected to different shear rates

The shear strength of sand-foam mixtures plays a crucial role in ensuring successful earth pressure balance(EPB)shield tunneling.Since the sand-foam mixtures are constantly sheared by the cutterhead and the screw conveyor with varied rotation speeds during tunneling,it is non-trivial to investigate the effect of shear rates on the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures under chamber pressures to extend the understanding on the tunneling process.This study conducted a series of pressurized vane shear tests to investigate the role of shear rates on the peak and residual strengths of sand-foam mixtures at different pore states.Different from the shear-rate characteristics of natural sands or clay,the results showed that the peak strength of sand-foam mixtures under high vertical total stress(σ_(v)≥200 kPa)and low foam injection ratio(FIR30%)decreased with the increase in shear rate.Otherwise,the peak strength was not measurably affected by shear rates.The sand-foam mixtures in the residual state resembled low-viscous fluid with yield stress and the residual strength increased slightly with shear rates.In addition,the peak and residual strengths were approximately linear with vertical effective stress regardless of the total stress and FIR.The peak effective internal friction angle remained almost invariant in a low shear rate(γ′<0.25 s1)but decreased when the shear rate continued increasing.The residual effective internal friction angle was lower than the peak counterpart and insensitive to shear rates.This study unveiled the role of shear rates in the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures with various FIRs and vertical total stresses.The findings can extend the understanding of the rate-dependent shear characteristics of conditioned soils and guide the decision-making of soil conditioning schemes in the EPB shield tunneling practice.

基于拉拔试验的加筋土界面摩擦特性

加筋土具有良好的工程性能,被广泛应用于加固路基和边坡支挡等领域,筋土界面摩擦强度对支挡结构的整体性和稳定性具有重要影响.为研究不同加筋土的界面摩擦特性,自制拉拔装置,对黏土-土工格栅、黏土-碳纤维布、黏土-土工格室和碎石土-土工格室等4种加筋土进行拉拔试验.研究结果表明,4种加筋土中,土工格室与碎石土的界面摩擦强度最高,构成的加筋体承受变形的能力最强;黏土-碳纤维布构成的加筋体界面摩擦强度最低,但具有筋土间相互作用发挥较快、允许变形小的特点;不同加筋体的允许变形差别较大,在实际工程中应充分考虑.提出了一种考虑土工格室加强区的无黏性土-土工格室界面最大摩阻力计算理论模型,研究结果可为加筋土工程筋材选取提供参考.

三轴加载条件下含水率对煤体力学特性影响的试验研究

含水率对煤体力学特性具有重要影响,为深入探讨三轴加载条件下含水率在煤体力学中的作用机制,选择平顶山矿区代表性煤样并设置不同含水率水平的试验组,开展了不同含水煤样的单轴压缩试验和不同围压条件下的含水煤样三轴压缩试验,并对不同含水煤样进行应力-应变关系、抗压强度等方面的综合性能测试。结果表明:不同围压条件下,含水煤体的应力-应变曲线呈现相同趋势。三轴加载条件下,含水煤体轴向方向的应力-应变曲线与单轴加载时的煤体轴向方向的应力-应变曲线形式相同。相同含水率条件下,不同围压的试验煤样出现应力峰值时的轴向应变略有不同,整体呈现围压越大,其出现应力峰值对应的轴向应变越小。整个加载过程中,试验煤样轴向应变始终为正值,即煤体轴向方向发生轴向压缩变形,与此同时,试验煤样径向产生膨胀变形。单轴/三轴加载条件下,随着含水率增加,峰值强度整体呈降低,含水率与峰值强度呈一元二次函数关系。随着围压增加,峰值强度整体呈下降趋势。随着含水率增加,岩石软化系数整体呈现降低趋势。含水率与软化系数呈一元二次函数关系。研究结果为平顶山矿区煤炭资源的合理开发和利用提供了科学依据。

混凝土内部受压力学性能试验与本构分析

为了精准测量受压混凝土内部应力-应变关系,通过在丙烯酸树脂杆上布置电阻式应变片,测量得到混凝土试块内部应变,研发大量程微型土压力盒实现混凝土内部应力测量。将相关测试装置预埋在混凝土试块内部,完成混凝土试块单轴压缩试验,获得精准的混凝土内部应力-应变关系数据。结果表明,混凝土内部本构模型相对于传统本构模型具有良好的延性,且峰值强度远高于传统本构模型。结合国内外几种具有代表性的混凝土本构方程对试验进行了有限元模拟,针对应力-应变曲线、峰值强度及峰值应变进行了对比分析。分析结果表明:实测的混凝土内部应力-应变曲线合理准确,相关测量方法具有良好的精度和可行性;基于我国规范模型的有限元模拟结果与试验结果吻合最好,可进一步推广使用。

某液体火箭发动机用起动器峰值压力时间超差故障研究

针对某液体火箭发动机用起动器峰值压力时间超差故障,进行了原因分析,提出了改进措施并对其有效性进行了试验验证。结果表明:造成起动器峰值压力时间超差故障的原因为起动器内膜片与端盖间的焊接强度不足,在高温燃气冲击下膜片过早脱落、烧蚀,从而导致压力提前泄放。提出将1圈焊接改进为2圈焊接、将点焊改进为连续焊接,焊接后增加气密性及承压性能检测,以及加强削弱槽深度检测等改进措施。验证试验表明上述改进措施可有效避免起动器出现峰值压力时间超差故障。

再生粗骨料取代率及粒径对混凝土抗压性能影响试验研究

为研究单轴受压情况下再生粗骨料粒径范围、取代率对再生混凝土抗压性能的影响规律,分别以粒径范围5~10、10~20和20~31.5 mm,以及取代率分别为0%、10%、30%和50%为参量设计制作再生混凝土棱柱体试件,并对其开展单轴抗压性能试验研究。结果表明:在取代率相同时,粒径范围为5~10 mm时再生混凝土的抗压强度及峰值应变均比粒径范围为10~20、20~31.5 mm时的大;在粒径范围相同情况下,随取代率增大,再生混凝土抗压强度呈现出逐渐减小的变化趋势,而峰值应变则呈现出逐渐增大的变化趋势。根据试验数据,得出了再生混凝土抗压强度和峰值应变的函数关系式。

循环荷载作用下粉质黏土-混凝土界面强度预测研究

基于3D扫描和打印技术,制作了与混凝土灌注桩相同的界面混凝土试件,并进行了一系列粉质黏土-混凝土界面循环剪切试验。通过粉质黏土-混凝土界面循环剪切试验,揭示不同循环周期、循环幅值条件下界面强度的衰减规律。通过对循环幅值和法向压力幂函数拟合,对循环稳定后-土界面强度衰减系数进行表征,并结合黏土-混凝土界面峰值强度模型,提出粉质黏土-混凝土界面强度衰减模型。结果表明:在15次循环后,部分循环的剪切位移-剪切应力曲线近似重合;当循环幅值逐渐增大,剪切阶段与卸载阶段应力-应变曲线均呈现线性趋势,每个循环圈内加载与卸载的斜率基本保持一致,类似“平行四边形”;不同工况的循环稳定后界面剪切峰值强度折减系数D_(τ)存在相同的变化趋势,可通过循环幅值A和法向应力σ的无量纲非线性回归分析,提出循环稳定后黏土-混凝土界面剪切峰值强度折减系数D_(τ)表征方法,其拟合度较高。

Numerical investigation on the sensitivity of jointed rock mass strength to various factors

The mechanical properties of jointed rock masses, such as strength, deformation and the failure mechanism, can be understood only by studying the sensitivity of jointed rock mass strength (both the peak and residual strengths) to the factors that affect it. An orthogonal design of uniaxial compression tests was simulated on eighteen groups of jointed rock specimens having different geometric and mechanical properties using RFPA2D (Rock Failure Process Analysis) code. The results show that the peak strength is controlled by the geometric parameters of the joints, but that the residual strength is controlled by the mechanical prop- erties of the joint interfaces. The failure mode of jointed rock specimens is mainly shear failure. Joint quantity, or density, is the most important index that affects jointed rock mass strength and engineering quality.

Strength and deformation behaviors of bedded rock mass under bolt reinforcement

The mechanism of bolt support is an important topic in mining engineering and slope treatment. The artificial material and loading system were self-developed to study the influence of bedding cohesion and bolt number on the anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass. The results show that, both peak strength and elasticity modulus increase gradually with the increase of bedding cohesion and bolt number. The axial stress–strain curve of bedded rock mass under the reinforcement of bolts presents the features of strain-softening and secondary strengthening. Finally, anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass with different bolt numbers was simulated by using FLAC3 D numerical program and the results were compared with the experimental results. This study can provide certain bases to the stability control and support design of bedded rock mass in roadway.

加热速率对中心直裂纹巴西圆盘试样断裂行为影响规律研究

为了研究不同加热速率处理后花岗岩的断裂特性与损伤机理,对中心直裂纹巴西圆盘(CSTBD)试样在4组加热温度下分别进行4种加热速率的高温处理,冷却至室温后使用电液伺服压力机进行巴西劈裂实验,分析其静力学断裂过程。结果表明:(1)经过不同高温处理的花岗岩,从脆性破坏向延性破坏转变。(2)在同一目标温度下,经不同加热速率处理的花岗岩,峰值破坏载荷随着加热速率的增大而降低。表观颜色无明显区别,而表观裂缝逐渐增多。(3)不同加热速率下,200℃和400℃下的纵波波速和弹性模量变化较小,而600℃以上时,随着加热速率的增大,纵波波速和弹性模量显著降低。(4)花岗岩的断裂韧度随着温度升高呈现逐渐衰减特征,同一温度下花岗岩试样的I型断裂韧度值随加热速率的增大而减小,400℃下加热速率对花岗岩断裂韧度的影响最大。

人工气道患者咳嗽强度评估及应用的研究进展

咳嗽是机体的防御性神经反射,对清除呼吸道分泌物和有害因子有重要作用。人工气道患者咳嗽强度评估与气道廓清、误吸预防、机械通气脱机及气管导管拔除等结局密切相关,如何根据患者病情和临床特征进行个性化、科学的咳嗽强度评估是实施精准干预及疗效评价的基础。本文对目前国内外常见咳嗽强度评估工具的评估方式、特点及其应用现状进行综述,评估工具主要包括咳嗽呼气峰值流速、白卡试验、简化咳嗽试验、半定量咳嗽强度评分、反射性咳嗽强度分级、膈肌移动度、气囊压力变化值、腹内压变化值及胃内压变化值等,以期为人工气道患者咳嗽强度评估工具的开发和应用提供借鉴,为科学评估咳嗽强度、制订个性化干预措施提供依据。

黏土岩各向异性轴向延伸试验

黏土岩具有极低的渗透性、裂缝的自密闭潜力及高吸附性的等优点,被运用于核废料封存主基岩。为了研究层理面对黏土岩的峰值强度、破环模式及弹性模量的影响,针对各向异性的黏土岩,通过实施一系列不同层理角度试样的轴向延伸循环加卸载试验。轴向延伸试验是在恒定的平均应力下同时增加径向应力和减少轴向应力来完成。试验结果表明,黏土岩轴向峰值强度与层理面有关。在与层理平行和垂直的方向达到最大,而在钻样取芯与层理方向的夹角θ=45°方向表现最低,不同层理分布试样的强度曲线呈U形。不同角度的岩石破环准则能较好地描述黏土岩轴向峰值强度特征。黏土岩破坏模式也因层理面而异,试样破坏主要以拉伸断裂为主,而在θ=45°方向表现压缩破坏。弹性模量在不同的层理角度表现出较大差异性,垂直和平行于层理方向的弹性模量数值明显大于其他方向。

亚高温作用对钢-PE混杂纤维水泥基复合材料压缩性能的影响

为研究亚高温作用对钢-聚乙烯混杂纤维水泥基复合材料(S/PE-HFRECC)压缩性能的影响,开展了其经历亚高温冷却后的静态压缩试验。以控制纤维体积总掺量为2%并改变两种纤维掺量的方式,将钢纤维和PE纤维混杂掺入水泥基材料中,制成PE2、S0.5PE1.5、S1PE1、S1.5PE0.5和S2类型的试件。对经不同温度作用后的各纤维配比试件静态压缩试验结果进行分析,结果表明:(1)钢纤维主要发挥增强作用,PE纤维主要发挥增韧作用。(2)当试验温度在200℃及以下时,试件的静态抗压强度不会因温度的上升而有明显变化;在300℃时,各类试件的静态抗压强度均有不同程度的提升,其中S1.5PE0.5和S2试件的抗压强度最高;在400℃时,除S2试件外其他试件的抗压强度均存在下降现象。(3)各类型试件的峰值应变均随温度升高逐渐增大。当温度相同时,各类型试件的峰值应变与PE纤维的掺量呈正相关,说明PE纤维的加入能提高试件的变形能力。(4)S2试件的应力峰值前韧度随着温度的升高而升高,其他试件随着温度的升高表现为先增大后减小的趋势;S2试件在400℃时应力峰值前韧度达到最大值,其他试件则在300℃时韧度最大;当温度≯300℃时,S1.5PE0.5的试件应力峰值前韧度高于其他试件。

自密实沙漠砂贫混凝土饱水软化后的力学特征与工程应用

基于饱水软化试验,对不同配合比下自密实沙漠砂贫混凝土饱水后的力学性能及变形特征进行了试验研究,结果表明:(1)饱水软化后抗压强度降低了约30%~40%,弹性模量降低了约12%~29%,与传统的压实土相比,饱水后的强度和刚度参数依然保持在较高的水平;(2)随着水泥含量的提高,其峰值应力对应的轴向应变略有增加,说明其延性在增强;(3)用自密实沙漠砂贫混凝土对沙湖750 kV变电站地面塌陷进行了灌注浆处理,现场试验取得了成功。

异性结构面剪切特性及抗剪强度计算方法

天然结构面常存在两侧岩体岩性不一致的情况,对该类异性结构面抗剪特性进行研究有利于更全面地分析复杂地层中岩石的稳定性。首先,通过光学扫描技术获取天然结构面形貌点云数据并构建结构面网格模型;其次,将模型进行3维实体重构以浇筑多组含不同异性结构面的人工试样;然后,开展不同法向应力及剪切方向条件下的直剪试验;最后,通过有限差分仿真模拟软件FLAC3D进行数值模拟。基于JRC–JCS(joint roughness coefficient–joint wall compressive strength)结构面剪切模型,采用2维剖面法量化处理结构面粗糙度系数JRC,引入结构面组合壁面强度CJCS(combined joint wall compressive strength)及壁面强度系数比λ的概念以体现不同强度组合情况下的结构面抗剪特性差异。结果表明:数值模拟与直剪试验结果的规律性表征情况较为一致;在结构面单轴抗压强度较高或者较低一侧被确定时,强度较低侧对结构面峰值抗剪强度起主要的控制作用,强度较高侧则起到一定的增强作用,且壁面强度系数比λ对峰值抗剪强度的影响与法向应力的数值成正比。基于上述现象,利用相关函数对试验结果进行非线性曲面拟合,推导出一种表征不同岩石强度组合情况下的结构面峰值抗剪强度计算公式,并得出有效影响岩石结构面强度的强度比区间。该公式是对JRC–JCS模型的扩展且可在工程实践中广泛应用。

基于反复直剪试验的强膨胀土强度特性研究

利用ZJ型四联应变控制式直剪仪对南水北调邯郸段不同初始含水率的重塑强膨胀土进行反复直剪试验,设置初始含水率分别为15%、20%、25%、饱和4种状态,研究含水率对其抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:初始含水率相同时,峰值及残余强度均随竖向应力的增长而增长;竖向应力相同时,强度随含水率的增长而降低。强膨胀土的抗剪强度指标随着含水率的增长而降低,且可能存在一个含水率的临界值使强度发生明显衰减,强度指标快速降低,研究区膨胀土强度受初始含水率的影响在实际工程中应当引起重视。

玻璃纤维改良对浙西山区红黏土力学性能的影响

为了解决高液限红黏土在浙西地区工程施工中引起的路基不均匀沉降、滑坡等工程地质灾害。文中采用玻璃纤维加筋技术改良红黏土,通过直剪试验、无侧限抗压试验对不同长度、掺量的玻璃纤维红黏土力学性能进行研究,分析其力学性能指标演变规律。试验结果表明,在红黏土中掺入定量的玻璃纤维对土体的抗剪强度有明显的提升作用,可使土体的黏聚力相比于素土提高1.68~2.22倍,黏聚力随着掺量和长度的增加先增大后减小。玻璃纤维红黏土的无侧限抗压强度相比于素土提高了1.47~1.95倍,纤维土的无侧限抗压强度随掺量、长度的增加而增强。通过分析应力—应变关系曲线发现素土应力峰值出现在2.5%~3.0%之间,而纤维土应力峰值出现在3.5%~4.5%之间,说明玻璃纤维的掺入提高了土体的残余强度。改良后的纤维土体可满足路用性要求,为纤维加筋土体治理提供参考。

粉煤灰对水泥土三轴剪切峰值强度的影响性分析

针对考虑粉煤灰影响的珠三角水泥土三轴峰值剪切强度尚未得到深入研究这一问题,采用室内试验方法,对胶凝材料总掺入比、龄期、围压和粉煤灰掺入比等因素及其对三轴剪切强度之间的影响性进行分析,并揭示各因素与强度之间的影响规律。研究结果表明:试样的峰值强度均随围压逐渐增加,且呈现出相关性很好的线性相关关系。总体上试样的峰值强度随胶凝材料总掺入比逐渐增加。试样的峰值强度均随龄期逐渐增加,但并未表现出很好的线性关系。试样的峰值强度均先随粉煤灰掺入比逐渐增加,当粉煤灰掺入比超过一定程度后,峰值强度随粉煤灰掺入比有所下降。试验围压对峰值强度的影响没有明显的规律,峰值增量大部分处于0~1.5 MPa范围内。龄期也表现出类似的影响规律。试样的峰值强度增量均先随粉煤灰掺入比逐渐增加,当粉煤灰掺入比超过一定程度后,峰值强度增量随粉煤灰掺入比有所下降。研究结果可为珠三角软土区水泥土处理的设计与施工提供试验依据。