Infrared Spectroscopy and Morphological Assessments on the Nutritional Value of Prickly Pear Fruit

The prickly pear fruit helps in combating viral based infections.It is used to treat diabetes and declared to possess hypoglycemic effects.There is also record of the usage of the fruit in the olden days as a remedy for diabetes,lipid disorders,inflammation,ulcers,and pharmacologic side effects.The chemical composition and nutritional values of skin,flesh and seed of prickly pear fruit were investigated and discussed on a dry weight situation.The infrared spectra as well as scanning electron microscopy(SEM)techniques were used to identify the functional groups of carbohydrates,amino acids,and protein.The infrared spectral data of all three(skin,flesh,and seeds)species were recorded and assigned to the presence of distinguish peaks that referred to the three different sugars(glucose,fructose and saccharose)and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons moieties.On the other hand,the SEM is a powerful tool to investigate the morphological features of the components.SEM assays were examined on the surfaces of skin,flesh and seed branches showing a small particle that tends to form clusters with different shapes compared to each other.The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX)is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample.The EDX spectral technique of the skin,flesh and seeds were confirmed the presence of different essential and useful elements such as carbon,oxygen,magnesium,calcium,potassium,sulfur,aluminum,silicon,chloride,and phosphorus.

Effect of Different Pollination Varieties on Qingxiang Pear Fruit Quality

With Qingxiang pear as test material,we study the effect of different pollination varieties on Qingxiang pear fruit quality. The results show that Xinshiji,Xizilu,Cuiguan and Yuanhuang as the pollination varieties for Qingxiang pear can create the best comprehensive quality,and these varieties can be chosen in production as the pollination varieties for Qingxiang pear,followed by Cuilu and Xishui.

Cloning,localization and expression analysis of two fw2.2-like genes in small-and large-fruited pear species

Fruit size is one of the most important agronomic characters,which is mainly determined by cell number and cell size.However,our current knowledge about pear is largely unknown.Through counting of pear mesocarp cells at different stages,we found that the cell number,rather than the cell size,is responsible for the differences between small- and large-fruited cultivars.Fruit weight-2.2（fw2.2） is an important quantitative trait locus（QTL） affecting fruit weight in tomato and functions as a negative regulator in carpel cell division.To get more insights into this QTL in pear fruit development,we isolated two putative homologous fw2.2 genes,which were designated as fw2.2-like（PbFWL） genes.PbFWLs encode Cys-rich proteins with the CCXXXXCPC motif and belong to the PLAC8 superfamily.In addition,results from the subcellular localization indicated that PbFWLs were localized in the plasma membrane.The expression profile of the PbFWL genes by qRT-PCR showed they expressed higher in small-sized fruit cultivar than that in large-sized fruit cultivar during the cell division period.In summary,our data suggest that these two PbFWLs might be negatively related to the cell division in pear fruit.

The Storability and Its Regulatory Mechanism of HuanghuaPear(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai.)Fruit as Influencedby Postharvest Treatments

Different temperatures and PEF packing treatments were carried out on postharvest Huanghua pear fruit to investigate their effects on fruit storability and the regulatory mechanism. LOX activity, O2- content, AOS activity, ACC synthase activity, ACC content, ACC oxidase activity and ethylene production changed with peaks in the ripening fruit at 20℃ and were inhibited by cold storage, incidence of fruit woolness and fruit decay were lightened as well. Low temperature combined with PEF packing (PEF1 and PEF2) treatments could further improve the fruit storability, maintain preferable quality. There was no significant difference between PEF1 and PEF2 both during cold storage at 1℃ and shelf life at 20℃. The recommended storage period of Huanghua fruit was two months at It and could be extended one month longer with PEF packing treatments.

First report of Athelia bombacina causing postharvest fruit rot on pear

Pear is an important fruit crop in the world. An uncharacterized disease has been observed on pear fruits during cold storage ir~ Suning, Shenzhou, Xinji and other locations in Hebei Province, China. The incidence rate of the disease has reached 10%, and sometimes up to 20%. A particular fungus was consistently isolated from the infected pear fruit and cultured. Based on its morphology, molecular characteristics, pathogenicity and ITS sequence, the fungus was identified as Athelia bombacina. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Athelia bombacina causing postharvest fruit rot on pear.

The Effect of Different Potassium Fertilizers on Fruit Flavor Quality of ‘Xinliqihao’ Pear

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different types of potassium fertilizers on the flavor and quality of pear fruit.[Methods] With ‘Xinliqihao’ as a research object,such three treatments as potassium sulfate (T1),potassium nitrate (T2) and potassium chloride (T3) were set up,with no application of potassium fertilizer as control (CK).All the fertilizers were applied into soil in the growing season.[Results] The total sugar content of ‘Xinliqihao’ was significantly higher in the potassium fertilizer treatments than that of the control.The total sugar content of T 2 (the potassium sulfate treatment) was the highest,which was 34.55% higher than that of the control,sequentially followed by T3 (the potassium nitrate treatment) and T1 (the potassium chloride treatment).The contents of fructose,glucose and sucrose in the potassium sulfate treatment were all the highest,which were 15.96%,27.32% and 52.81% higher than those of the potassium chloride treatment,respectively,and 11.36%,27.75% and 20.45% higher than the potassium nitrate treatment,respectively.The total acid content of ‘Xinliqihao’ fruit treated with different types of potassium fertilizers was higher than that of the control.The total acid content of the potassium nitrate treatment was the highest,which was 103.68% higher than that of the control,sequentially followed by the potassium sulfate treatment and the potassium chloride treatment.Both the control and potassium treatments of ‘Xinliqihao’ had the highest malic acid content,and except the potassium chloride treatment with the lowest fumaric acid content,other treatments all had the lowest tartaric acid content.Different types of potassium fertilizer treatments had different effects on the organic acid content of ‘Xinliqihao’ fruit.The types and contents of volatile aroma substances in the fruit of ‘Xinliqihao’ treated with potassium fertilizers were significantly higher than the control.The aroma substances in ‘Xinliqihao’ differed among different potassium fertilizer treatments.Specifically,78 kinds of aroma substances were detected in the potassium chloride treatment,and the total content of aroma components was the highest at 746.609 ng/g in the fruit of the potassium sulfate treatment.[Conclusions] The potassium fertilizer treatments improved the flavor and quality of ‘Xinliqihao’ pear fruit,and the potassium sulfate treatment exhibited the best effects.

Production and Testing of Biopesticide for Control of Postharvest Mold Infections on Fresh Fruits of Apple and Pear

The present research aimed at producing a biopesticide with proper formulation of invert emulsion (water-in-oil type) and effective strain of?Trichoderma harzianum?then, testing it against pathogens of postharvest mold infections(Botrytis cinerea?&?Penicillium expansum) on fresh fruits of apple and pear. The?proper formulation of invert emulsion (IE#3) used for biopesticide production has the following ingredients (100% w/w): soybean oil (28.50%), coconut oil (19.50%), oil-soluble emulsifier: Tween 20 (2.0%), glycerine (4.25%), water-soluble emulsifier:?dehymuls k (0.75%),?sterile distilled water (22.5%) and conidial suspension of the effective strain ofT. harzianum?“TrichoPAL1” in water (22.5%, concentration 1 ×?107?conidia/ml). Testing efficacy of the produced biopesticide has indicated a significant reduction in the disease lesion diameter of mold infections on wounded apple and pear fruits stored at?20℃?± 1℃?compared to the untreated fruits or control (reduction from up to 38.75 to about 7.50 mm, respectively, according to?the type of mold infections and fruit type). Also, the treatment with the produced biopesticide has resulted in?a long protection period from mold infections on wounded and un-wounded fresh fruits of apple and pear stored under controlled and semi-commercial conditions(up to 2.5 months according to the type of mold infections and fruit type). In conclusion, the overall results have demonstrated the effectiveness of produced biopesticide on stored fruits under controlled and semi-commercial conditions therefore,?it is recommended to test this effectiveness on marketed fruits stored under variable conditions before applying it at a large scale.

云南梨地方品种果实表型性状多样性分析

【目的】深入了解云南梨地方品种果实表型性状的变异特点和多样性。【方法】以云南有代表性的61个梨地方品种为试验材料,对果实16个描述型性状和7个数量型性状进行变异类型和多样性分析,利用电子鼻技术检测果实香气并进行主成分分析。【结果】云南梨地方品种果实的16个描述型性状变异类型丰富,其中果实形状和果实成熟期的变异类型最多。各描述型性状的多样性指数(H’)在0.45~1.88之间。19个梨地方品种果实在成熟时果皮分别着鲜红、淡红、粉红、暗红等不同盖色。7个数量型性状变异系数在11.25%~61.79%之间,单果质量的变异系数最高;多样性指数(H’)为1.676~2.080,果实纵径、果柄长度、可溶性固形物含量、果实横径、果形指数的多样性指数均大于2.0。电子鼻技术可以区分供试地方品种,WIW(硫化氢类)、W5S(氮氧化物)、W2W(芳香成分和有机硫化物)等3个传感器在模式识别中起主要作用。【结论】云南梨地方品种果实描述型性状变异类型丰富,数量型性状多样性指数较高。筛选出会泽火瓢梨等7个果皮着鲜红色的品种可作为红色梨选育的优异资源。电子鼻技术可以区分61个云南梨地方品种,可用作地方品种鉴定的辅助手段。

林芝市引进梨品种果实品质的综合分析与评价模型构建

【目的】在西藏引入不同优良梨品种,以调整区内梨果树种植结构,为推动西藏特色林果业发展提供理论依据。【方法】以西藏林芝市引入的9个梨品种作为试验材料,成熟后测定其12项果实品质指标。通过相关性分析和因子分析,建立基于因子分析、主成分分析、线性回归分析以及相似性分析的综合品质评价模型,并根据综合品质得分进行优良度排序,筛选出适宜林芝市种植的优良梨品种。【结果】9个梨品种的果实品质性状变异系数有所不同,其中果形指数的变异系数较大,单果质量、果实硬度、可滴定酸含量、固酸比和石细胞含量的变异系数均中等,果实横径、果实纵径、果心横径、果心比、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量的变异系数均相对较小。对9个梨品种的12项果实品质性状的因子分析,得知前4个公因子的累积方差贡献率达89.120%,其中,第1个公因子的贡献率为37.240%,主要反映果实大小和酸甜口感品质,第2个公因子的贡献率为20.658%,主要反映了梨果实的软硬程度,第3个公因子的贡献率为17.760%,主要反映了果实形状和维生素C含量,第4个公因子的贡献率为13.642%,主要反映了果实可食部分大小和果实糖含量。各品种间存在显著的统计差异(R=0.768,p=0.001),新梨七号与晚秋黄品种显示出最大的差异性。品种间在多维性状上的分布特点表明质量和横径被识别为分类的关键因素。经综合品质评价模型,得出9个梨品种在林芝种植后的果实综合品质得分高低排序为圆黄、华山、翠冠、中梨1号、初夏绿、新梨七号、翠玉、红太阳和晚秋黄。【结论】研究结果对指导西藏自治区内特色梨品种的选育和促进梨产业的可持续发展具有重要意义。

不同包装处理对甘孜州梨果仙人掌果实运输后品质的影响

以梨果仙人掌果实为试材,在常温和低温2种条件下,分别采用水果网袋、泡沫填充物、分层隔离板、塑料保鲜膜共计8种处理对其进行物流包装,通过测定运输前后梨果仙人掌果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、失重率、出汁率、好果率及乙醇、葡萄糖、维生素C的含量,研究不同物流包装对梨果仙人掌果实品质的影响,以期选出适合该果实的物流包装方法。结果表明:在物流运输后,低温组各处理的梨果仙人掌果实品质均显著高于各常温组。单果用保鲜膜包装的方式比泡沫填充包装、单果网带包装及泡沫板分层包装更能维持果实的硬度,减缓维生素C、可溶性固形物、葡萄糖含量的降低及出汁率、好果率的下降,限制乙醇含量、失重率的增加。不同包装处理对梨果仙人掌果实可滴定酸含量影响不显著。综上所述,低温及单果采用保鲜膜包装的形式能很好改善物流运输中梨果仙人掌品质的裂变。

库尔勒香梨大疆T50无人机授粉参数优选与田间验证

为了提高库尔勒香梨无人机授粉作业的精确性,选用大疆T50无人机,采用三因素(作业速度、作业高度、667 m^(2)喷施量)三水平的正交试验,比较雾滴覆盖率、雾滴密度及雾滴沉积量的分布效果,筛选作业参数并进行了田间授粉效果的验证。结果表明:在环境风速不超过1.5 m/s的条件下,大疆T50无人机对纺锤形库尔勒香梨授粉的最佳作业参数为作业速度4 m/s、作业高度距离树顶4.5 m、667 m^(2)喷施量4L;田间授粉的花序坐果率为75.56%,花朵坐果率为32.87%。影响库尔勒香梨树冠上层雾滴效果的主要因素依次为667 m^(2)喷施量、作业高度、作业速度,影响树冠中层和下层雾滴效果的主要因素依次为667 m^(2)喷施量、作业速度、作业高度。

叶面喷施稀土微肥对南红梨果实采后品质的影响

【目的】通过叶面喷施稀土微肥改善南红梨果实品质,促进南红梨果皮着色,并筛选出稀土微肥叶面喷施最佳的施用浓度。【方法】采用不同浓度梯度的稀土微肥(800倍、1000倍、1200倍)与螯合稀土微肥(100倍、200倍、300倍)分别于花后70、100、130d进行叶面喷施,蒸馏水为对照,花后145d采收果实。贮藏0、5、10、15d对果实内在品质指标(硬度、可溶性固形物含量、抗坏血酸含量、石细胞含量、可滴定酸含量、丙二醛含量、乙烯含量)和外观指标(色差、花青苷含量)进行测定。通过荧光定量PCR测定采后果实中花青苷合成相关基因和乙烯相关基因的表达水平。【结果】稀土微肥进行叶面喷施后能够提高南红梨果实采后品质,稀土微肥800倍处理组效果最为明显,在采后各时期品质指标均优于对照,其中,在贮藏0d时,果实中抗坏血酸含量比对照显著提高47%,果实色差值、花青苷含量和可溶性固形物含量显著高于对照,分别是对照的3.9、4.4和1.3倍,石细胞、可滴定酸和丙二醛含量分别比对照显著降低34%、11%和19%;果皮中花青苷合成相关基因PuPAL、PuCHS、PuCHI、PuF3H、PuDFR、PuANS、PuUFGT表达量增加;果实硬度相比对照显著提高7.5%,乙烯合成相关基因PuACS1、PuACO_(2)、PuERF2表达量降低。【结论】叶面喷施稀土微肥能够明显提高南红梨果实品质,喷施稀土微肥800倍后果实品质提高最为明显;螯合稀土微肥300倍处理后果实的品质有显著的提升,但树体在喷施后出现大量落果现象。

3个红梨品种在湖南的引种观察

对引入湖南省浏阳的3个红梨品种美人酥、红酥脆与满天红进行了生长结果习性、适应性以及果实品质的观察比较。结果表明,3个红梨品种在浏阳地区均能正常完成年生长周期,美人酥与满天红生长旺,坐果稳,盛果期树666.7 m 2产量1400 kg,红酥脆长势稍弱,产量1200 kg。3个红梨品种着色均不稳定,果皮锈斑较严重,对着色影响大,以满天红着色相对较好,美人酥次之,红酥脆较差。3个红梨品种均在9月中旬前后成熟,单果重300 g以上,肉质细,石细胞少。可溶性固形物含量13.0%~13.8%,可溶性糖含量9.05%~9.36%,均以美人酥含量最高,其次为满天红、红酥脆。总酸含量1.13~1.42 g/kg,以满天红最高,美人酥与红酥脆相近。综合分析认为,3个品种均不适宜在湖南地区大面积发展。

中国梨园全程机械化发展现状及建议

对当前梨园生产管理机械化发展情况进行分析,阐述了制约实现梨园全程机械化发展的关键生产环节是果实套袋、疏花疏果、水肥一体化、智能采收。提出全程机械化发展建议,包括制定和实行利于梨园全程机械化的标准、研发适宜化机械、建立健全果园机械化社会化服务体系。

甘孜梨果仙人掌果复合饮料工艺研究

以甘孜梨果仙人掌果为主要原材料,辅以海南仙人掌果、金川雪梨、刺梨水提液研制一款复合饮料,以感官评分为评价指标,采用单因素、正交试验对复合饮料的配方进行优化。结果表明,复合饮料的最佳配方为甘孜梨果仙人掌果果汁添加量45%、海南仙人掌果果汁添加量20%、金川雪梨汁添加量30%、刺梨提取液添加量1%,按此配方制备得到的复合饮料色泽亮丽,组织状态良好,口感爽滑,酸甜适宜。

9个梨品种在林芝市的果实品质表现

【目的】筛选适合在林芝市栽培的梨品种,为林芝市的梨树种植提供参考。【方法】选择了2016年引种的9个梨品种作为研究对象,采用单果质量、果形指数、果心比率、果柄长度、果实硬度、果肉密度等指标评估果实外观品质,采用维生素C含量、石细胞含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量等指标评估果实内在品质,统计各品种的产量。【结果】9个梨品种的单果质量为116.70~277.19 g,果形指数为0.75~0.93,果心比率为31.84%~44.60%,果柄长度为15.57~31.20 mm,硬度为9.84~13.04 kg/cm^(2),果肉密度为0.96~1.07 g/mL,维生素C含量为25.63~42.23 mg/kg,石细胞含量为0.23%~0.86%,可溶性固形物含量为10.23%~12.13%,可溶性糖含量为3.79%~8.84%,可滴定酸含量为0.17%~0.32%,糖酸比为14.33~55.30,株产为4.91~14.86 kg,单位面积产量为4094.17~12379.91 kg/hm^(2)。【结论】南月、中梨一号、翠冠、晚秋黄、黄冠、黄金、华山和翠玉这8个梨品种适合在林芝市栽培。其中,中梨一号和翠冠表现优秀,南月、晚秋黄、黄冠、黄金和华山表现良好,而初夏绿品种总体表现较差。这些品种在果实品质方面表现出较好的综合性能,能够满足林芝市居民对高品质梨果的需求。在梨树种植中,可优先考虑这些品种。

玉露香梨两种树形光照分布与果实产量及品质的比较

以树龄4 a玉露香梨为试材,研究倒伞形和圆柱形两种树形冠层内的光照分布及其对果实产量及品质的影响。研究表明,两种树形冠层内相对光照强度变化一致,都是从上层至下层,从外围至内膛逐渐减弱。两种树形的果形指数相近,单果质量、果肉硬度和石细胞含量也一致,都从树冠上层至下层逐渐降低,果形指数逐渐增高,可溶性固形物均表现为树冠中层>上层>下层。但圆柱形树体果实产量低于倒伞形树形,硬度和石细胞含量低于倒伞形树形;单果质量、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸都高于倒伞形树形。综和评价,圆柱形树形更适宜西北高原环境,生产实践中应结合修剪调整产量。

沼液配方肥对梨果实品质和土壤养分的影响

为研究土施沼液配方肥对梨果实品质及土壤养分的影响,以‘黄冠’和‘鸭梨’为试材,设置不同量沼液配施化肥,通过土壤施用沼液配方肥,测定产量、单果重、可溶性总糖含量等果实品质相关指标及土壤营养元素、有机质等土壤养分的相关指标。结果表明:与果园常规施肥相比,T5处理显著提高‘黄冠’的单果重、产量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量,分别提高16.96%、28.25%、11.87%和17.46%,T5处理显著降低‘黄冠’的可滴定酸含量,降低18.18%;T5处理显著提高‘鸭梨’的单果重、产量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量,分别提高12.12%、20.69%、20.41%和15.84%。与果园常规施肥相比,沼液配方肥的全氮、全磷、全钾均有不同程度的提高,T5处理效果最显著,在[0~20)cm土层,分别提高19.47%~26.46%、20.45%~23.81%、25.00%~28.89%;在[20~50] cm土层,分别提高18.08%~26.67%、20.56%~27.24%、9.46%~13.89%。T5处理显著提高土壤碱解氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量、有机质含量,在[0~20]cm土层,分别提高14.57%~24.77%、22.85%~34.06%、17.87%~27.2%、23.95%~36.2%;在[20~50] cm土层,分别提高22.52%~26.5%、15.16%~26.2%、12.6%~33.01%、13.95%~16.04%。综上所述,通过土施沼液配方肥,T5处理更利于提高梨果实品质和土壤养分。

山东地方梨种质资源果实性状综合评价

【目的】全面评价107份种质资源的果实特征,为培育优良新品种奠定基础。【方法】于果实成熟期对果实品质进行测定、分析;采用Q型和R型聚类分析法对107份梨种质及其果实性状进行分类。【结果】84.11%种质资源属于中、大果型,果形指数约为1;48%的梨种质果实果皮呈现黄绿色、果肉白色、风味酸甜、汁液多和微香等特点;共检测出339种挥发性香气物质,不同种质香气种类及含量差别较大,其中酯类物质是香气主要成分;Q型和R型聚类分析显示,组内聚类种质具有一定的相似特征,且多具有相关性;主成分分析显示各性状贡献率较为分散,性状变异丰富。【结论】鉴定出文登实生种、栖霞大香水、鸭广梨等可溶性固形物含量高、香气浓郁的种质资源,可作为培育优良新品种的宝贵亲本材料。

不同滴灌灌水量对库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的影响

【目的】研究不同滴灌灌水量对新疆库尔勒香梨果实贮藏品质的影响,为筛选香梨节水灌溉量及提升其贮藏品质提供参考依据。【方法】以5年生主干形香梨树为试材,设置5个滴灌灌水量梯度W 1(5460m^(3)/hm^(2))、W 2(5880m^(3)/hm^(2))、W 3(6380m^(3)/hm^(2))、W 4(6720 m^(3)/hm^(2))和W 5(7140 m^(3)/hm^(2)),成熟期各组随机采摘50个果实,分别贮藏0、10、20、30和40 d,测定果实品质。【结果】W 1(5460 m^(3)/hm^(2))处理果实不耐贮藏,在贮藏40 d时全部腐烂;W 5(7140 m^(3)/hm^(2))处理的果实贮藏品质最佳,贮藏40 d时,果皮可溶性蛋白质含量最高,为2.37 mg/g,果皮VC含量最高,为2.36 mg/100g,果肉可溶性糖含量最高,为11.6%,主成分综合评价排名第一。【结论】W 5(7140 m^(3)/hm^(2))滴灌灌水量下香梨果实贮藏40 d品质最佳,滴灌灌水量过少时不利于提升香梨果实贮藏品质。