Characteristics of the turbidite fan in the Wenchang Formation of the Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China and its hydrocarbon significance

A turbidite fan in the Eocene upper Wenchang Formation in the Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin （PRMB） has been studied using seismic, logging and borehole data. The fan is characterized by parallel progradation on the dip seismic profile and is mound-shaped or lenticular-shaped on the strike seismic profile. The study of the core and logging data from well EP17-3-1, which is located in the front side of the turbidite fan, shows that this fan is a set of normal grading sand beds, interbedded within thick dark grey mudstones of semi-deep to deep lake deposits in the Wenchang Formation. The fan is interpreted as a sand/mud-rich turbidite fan that has an area of over 140 km2 and a maximum thickness of over 340 m. Combined with a study of the regional geological background and previous provenance analysis of the Eocene Wenchang Formation, the main potential provenances for the turbidite fan are considered to be the Panyu low-uplift and northern fault terrace zone. The Enping Sag is considered to be a half graben-like basin whose north side is faulted and whose south side is overlapped. Basement subsidence in the Eocene was mainly controlled by boundary faults which dip relatively steeply on the north side, causing the subsidence center of the Enping Sag in this stage to be close to the north boundary faults. Sustained faults developed in the Enping Sag during the Eocene caused an increase of the relative height difference between the north and the south uplift zone in the Enping Sag. Affected by the second episode of the Zhuqiong movement （39-36 Ma） in late Eocene, sediments which had accumulated on the Panyu low-uplift zone were triggered and moved toward the subsidence center of the Enping Sag and formed the turbidite fan. The second episode of the Zhuqiong movement is the most important triggering factor for the formation of the turbidite fan in the Wenchang Formation. Seismic attribute characterization shows that the low frequency energy is enhanced and high frequency energy is weakened when seismic waves propagate through the oil-bearing zone in this fan. Amplitude versus offset （AVO） anomalies are observed in the seismic data and abnormally high pressure is encountered. The turbidite fan in the Wenchang Formation has provided important information for sedimentary evolution in deep layers of the Enping Sag and pointed to a new direction for the hydrocarbon exploration in the study area.

珠一坳陷北部洼陷带古近系潜在富生烃洼陷评价

珠江口盆地珠一坳陷北部洼陷带古近系可划分为8个洼陷,地震相类比分析认为有5个洼陷的文昌组发育中深湖相沉积,其中西江主洼、惠州5洼及惠州10洼的文昌组中深湖相分布规模较大;北部洼陷带恩平组沉积时期为局限性沼泽化浅水沉积,湖沼相煤系泥岩和浅湖相泥岩是恩平组主要烃源岩,其中惠州8洼恩平组湖沼相分布规模最大,而西江主洼则发育较大规模的浅湖相沉积。对比北部洼陷带文昌组与恩平组2套烃源岩的分布规模、热成熟程度及盆地生烃模拟等指标,综合分析认为西江主洼、惠州5洼、惠州10洼和惠州8洼为潜在富生烃洼陷,具有较好的勘探潜力。

珠江口盆地西江主洼古近纪断裂构造与油气成藏

珠江口盆地西江主洼地区文昌组沉积厚度大,断裂构造发育。基于精细地震解释成果,利用油区构造解析原理,分析西江主洼古近系断裂构造对油气成藏的控制作用。结果表明:西江主洼主要发育正断层和正走滑断层,可分为基底、盖层、晚期3套断裂系统;古近纪断陷期分为3个阶段,即早始新世(E w 4 E w 3)NW—SE向伸展断陷期、中始新世(E w 2 E w 1)应力场顺时针旋转的转换断陷期、中晚始新世(E n 4 E n 1)SN向伸展断陷期;其中,文昌组二段沉积期的应力场旋转与惠州运动属于同一构造期。断陷期是烃源岩沉积和构造圈闭形成的主要时期,通过EW向切割基底断裂的盖层断裂将深部热源传递至古近系地层,有利于提高盆地古地温梯度,促进烃源岩热演化。南部缓坡带和断裂坡折带为研究区油藏的有利勘探区。

珠江口盆地文昌C凹陷成藏条件及勘探潜力分析

结合地震沉积学、岩石学、地球化学、构造地质学,通过已钻井岩性、测井、有机地化等资料分析,对控制文昌C凹陷油气成藏的关键问题进行了分析。构造恢复表明凹陷内文昌组二段、三段上部2套烃源岩受后期地层剥蚀影响小。烃源岩有机质丰度高,生烃能力较强;文昌组三段储集体钻井取心砾石发育,成分主要为火山岩砾石,可见玻屑及晶屑,薄片正交光下喷出岩占整个视域40%以上,最高达73%,综合认为该段为受火山活动影响的碎屑岩储层,仍可作为较好储层。提出了"早期大断裂+厚层上覆泥岩形成的屋脊运聚体系控油"运移模式新认识,明确了文昌凹陷珠三南断裂下降盘古近系地层、上升盘新近系地层有利圈闭带,是下步勘探评价的潜力区带。

珠江口盆地深水区白云凹陷超压成因机制及其勘探意义

珠江口盆地深水区白云凹陷珠海组—文昌组油气勘探近期取得重要突破,在超压层段见砂即见油气,揭示超压可能是此类油气藏形成与分布的重要控制因素之一,但目前超压成因及其与油气成藏的关系尚缺乏深入研究。选取凹陷内3口典型超压井进行全井段泥页岩系统取样,并开展场发射扫描电镜、N_(2)/CO_(2)吸附和X射线衍射等实验,明确了白云凹陷主洼及北坡和白云东两个地区泥页岩成岩作用及超压测井响应差异的原因。同时,基于钻井和Bowers法预测压力结果,在明确超压分布特征的基础上,采用多方法深入分析了超压成因机制,并探讨了超压的成藏效应及下一步的油气勘探领域。研究结果表明,白云凹陷超压段的测井响应模式存在地区差异,白云主洼及北坡表现为声波时差、密度基本保持恒定,电阻率增加;白云东地区表现为随深度增加声波时差、电阻率出现明显反转,密度先增加后小幅反转。造成这种差异的原因为两个地区的泥页岩矿物组成存在差异,导致其孔隙结构和压实模式不同。白云凹陷珠海组—文昌组的超压为非欠压实成因,超压源主要为生烃导致的流体膨胀,白云东地区的超压亦可能与黏土矿物转化有关,储层超压为压力传导成因。超压是油气成藏的动力,油气藏的形成与分布与古今超压的分布密切相关,据此可划分超压封存箱箱缘及箱外常压油气藏和箱内超压油气藏两大油气勘探领域,前者主要受控于泄压通道与优质圈闭等成藏要素的有效耦合,后者则与良好的生烃及滞烃条件、超压强度和优质储层及储层甜点等因素密切相关。