Research on the Comprehensive Development Trend of National Fitness Activity Centers

With the further advancement of the“National Fitness”strategy and the continuous development of the information age,the National Fitness Activity Centers have become more comprehensive.The comprehensiveness is reflected in the design of diversified sports functions and spaces.The article serves to explore the comprehensive development trend of National Fitness Activity Centers.Through summarizing and sorting out domestic and foreign cases,the trend of the comprehensive development of National Fitness Activity Centers is predicted at three levels:industry,city,and individual functions.

Physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index in the Chinese child and adolescent populations： An update from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China The Youth Study

In this special issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science, analyses of the most recent national prevalence esti- mates from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fimess in China-- The Youth Study （PAFCTYS） are presented. These include the prevalence of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity （MVPA）.

Physical activity,sedentary behaviors,physical fitness,and their relation to health outcomes in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes:A review of the epidemiologic literature

Diabetes is a leading chronic disease of childhood and adolescence. In addition to the well-known auto-immune, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus （type 1 diabetes （T 1D））, the past two decades have witnessed the emergence of type 2 diabetes （T2D） in children and adolescents, which previously was only seen in middle-aged or older adults. One of the key components of diabetes management is physical activity （PA）. The beneficial effects of increased PA and decreased sedentary behavior are extremely important in youth with diabetes because of the markedly increased long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in this population compared to persons without diabetes. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the epidemiologic, observational research published and listed in PubMed between 1970 and 2012 on PA and sedentary behaviors, as well as physical fitness in children and adolescents with T1D and T2D. Additionally, we describe briefly the state of knowledge on perceived barriers of PA in persons with diabetes, with a focus on hypoglycemia. Finally, we provide an overview of the epidemiological literature pertaining to health benefits of increased PA in youth with TID and T2D and briefly discuss the topic of exercise-related hypoglycemia, Copyright ~ 2012, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Children and adolescents with Down syndrome,physical fitness and physical activity

Children(5-12 years) and adolescents(13-19 years) with Down syndrome(DS) possess a set of health,anatomical,physiological, cognitive,and psycho-social attributes predisposing them to limitations on their physical fitness and physical activity(PA) capacities.The paucity of studies and their conflicting findings prevent a clear understanding and/or substantiation of these limitations.The purpose of this article was to review the measurement,determinants and promotion of physical fitness and PA for youth(i.e.,children and adolescents) with DS. The existing body of research indicates that youth with DS:1) have low cardiovascular and muscular fitness/exercise capacity;2) demonstrate a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity;3) a large proportion do not meet the recommended amount of daily aerobic activity;and 4) their PA likely declines through childhood and into adolescence.Future research should focus on:1) strength testing and training protocols;2) methodologies to determine PA levels;and 3) practical interventions to increase PA.

Prevalence of physical fitness in Chinese school-aged children： Findings from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China -The Youth Study

Purpose： This study was to present the 2016 prevalence estimates of Chinese school-aged children meeting physical fitness standards and to examine differences by sex and residence locales in children who did not meet fitness standards. Methods： We conducted cross-sectional analyses of 171,991 children and adolescents （boy： 50.0%, Grades 1-12） who participated in the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China--The Youth Study. The main outcomes were fitness measures, assessed by the 2014 revised Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standard （CNSPFS）, covering areas of aerobic capacity, upper body strength, flexibility, body mass index, abdominal strength, and trunk strength. Children＇s overall physical fitness performance was categorized, per CNSPFS standards, as excellent, good, pass, or no pass. Data on the prevalence of physical fitness categories and not meeting fitness standards （i.e., among children who received a ＂no pass＂ mark） were analyzed, through logistic regression, by sex （boy, girl） and residence locales （urban, rural） across 3 school grades （primary, junior middle, and junior high）. Results： In 2016, 5.95% of Chinese children and adolescents achieved an ＂excellent＂ mark, 25.80% received a ＂good＂ rating, 59.90% received a ＂pass＂, and 8.35% received a ＂no pass＂. Overall, boys were more likely to not pass the fitness standards compared with girls （adjusted odds ratio （aOR） = 1.710; 95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.708-1.712） and children living in urban areas were more likely to not pass the standards than those living in rural areas （aOR = 1.298; 95%CI： 1.296-1.299）. Consistent patterns of not meeting fitness standards were also found by sex and residence locales across all 3 school grades. Conclusion： In the Chinese school-aged population, about 3 in 10 children achieved an ＂excellent＂ or ＂good＂ fitness standard in 2016, and about 8% of this population did not meet CNSPFS standards. Children living in urban areas were more likely to not meet minimum fitness performance levels, and boys in school were more likely to not meet minimum fitness performance levels than girls. 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

Sedentary behavior and physical activity predicting depressive symptoms in adolescents beyond attributes of health-related physical fitness

Background： Sedentary behavior （SB）, physical activity （PA）, and attributes of physical fitness have been shown to be related to depressive symptoms in adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether SB and fitness-producing activity predicted depression in active adolescents over and above gender and fitness attributes. Methods： Participants were 249 adolescents （age： 12.85 ± 0.89 years, mean ± SD） from 3 public middle schools who wore Actical accelerometers to assess their SB and PA. Participants also completed the FITNESSGRAM health-related fitness assessment and a brief depression questionnaire. A 3-step hierarchical regression analysis was conducted with gender and fitness attributes （i.e., body mass index （BMI）, maximal volume oxygen uptake （VO2max）, curlups, and pushups）, moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity, and SB entered in respective steps. Results： Regression analysis indicated activity variables （i.e., moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity） significantly predicted depression （△R^2= 0.12, p 〈 0.01） beyond gender and fitness attributes. Overall, gender, fitness attributes, activity variables, SB explained 31% of the variance in depression. Structure coefficients revealed VO2max （rs= -0.77）, moderate-intensity activity （rs= -0.67）, vigorous-intensity activity （rs = -0.81）, and SB （rs = 0.57） were substantially correlated with the criterion variable; thus, they were the strongest predictors of depression. Conclusion： The findings of the current study indicated SB and PA were both significant predictors of depression; however, sufficient fitness-producing activity and adequate cardiorespiratory fitness may nullify the negative influence of SB on depressive symptoms in active adolescents.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

Physical activity,fitness and all-cause mortality:An 18-year follow-up among old people

Background：Little is known about change in physical activity（PA） and its relationship to all-cause mortality among old people.There is even less information about the association between PA,fitness and all-cause mortality among people aged 80 years and above.The objective is to investigate persistence and change in PA over 5 years as a predictor of all-cause mortality,and fitnes as a mediator of this association,among people aged 80 and 85 years at the beginning of an 18-year mortality follow-up period.Methods：Using Evergreen Project data（started in 1989）,4 study groups were formed according to self-reported changes in PA level,over a 5-year period（starting in 1989–1990 and ending in 1994–1995）：remained active（RA,control group）,changed to inactive（CI）,remained inactive（RI）,and changed to active（CA）.Mortality was followed up over the 18-year period（1994–2012）.Cox models with different covariates such as age,sex,use of alcohol,smoking,chronic diseases,and a 10 m walking test were used to analyze the association between change in PA level and mortality.Results：Compared to RA,those who decreased their PA level（CI） between baseline and follow-up had higher all-cause mortality（hazard ratio（HR=2.09;95%CI：1.63–2.69） when adjusted for age,gender,and chronic diseases.RI showed the highest all-cause mortality（HR = 2.16;95%CI：1.59–2.93）.In CA,when compared against RA,the risk of all-cause mortality was not statistically significan（HR=1.51;95%CI：0.95–2.38）.In comparison with RA,when walking speed over 10 m was added as a covariate,all-cause mortality risk was almost statistically significan only in CI（HR=1.37;95%CI：1.00–1.87）.Conclusion：Persistence and change in PA level was associated with mortality.This association was largely explained by fitnes status.Randomized controlled studies are needed to test whether maintaining or increasing PA level could lengthen the life of old people.

Effects of Extracurricular Physical Activity on the Physical Fitness Levels of Youngsters in School Environments

Extracurricular physical activity(EPA)complements the recommendations of daily physical activity and directly influences children’s physical fitness.The main objective of this study was to understand the effect of EPA practice on students’physical fitness.It is a sample of 51 students of the fifth year schooling(62.7%girls and 37.3%boys)with an average of 10.2 years of age.It is an observational study,with two groups,one of non-participation in EPA=17 and the other of participation in EPA=34.Data collection was performed at a public school in the Lisbon area through the Fitnessgram Test Battery and a validated questionnaire for research purposes in order to understand the sociodemographic variables and practice of EPA.The cardiorespiratory variables,BMI and muscular strength were evaluated through specific tests of each physical capacity.The data were collected at the beginning and end of the school year.Between the two moments there were significant differences in all variables,assuming a non-significant value for the right inferior flexibility p=0.149.There was improvement in all variables except the BMI,which showed an increase at the end of the year,with a mean magnitude,ES=0.49.

Evaluation of the Physical Fitness of the Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Necessity for the Prescription of Adapted Physical Activity

Background: Diabetes mellitus and physical inactivity are modifiable risk factors for stroke. Physical activity is one of the pillars of type 2 diabetes management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical fitness of a sample of type 2 diabetes patients at the CHU of Martinique (UHCM). Patients and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, from 1st June to 30th September 2018. It consisted of the exhaustive prospective collection of data on the usual physical activity and physical fitness of type 2 diabetic patients hospitalized in the Endocrinology department of the UHCM for a short stay. The physical fitness tests of the French National Olympic and Sports Committee, validated on 13 April 2013, were used. Results: Thirty patients were included in the study. The mean age was 51.9 ± 11 years. The sex ratio was 1.5, and hypertension in 53% (n = 16) of patients was the most associated risk factor. The median duration of diabetes progression was 4 years with Q1 and Q2 quantiles of 2 and 10 years, respectively. The physical fitness evaluation noted a balance disorder with a risk of falling in 56.7% (n = 17) of patients, muscle stiffness in 20% (n = 6) of them, while 56.7% (n = 17) and 80% (n = 24) had a decrease in the muscular strength of the upper and lower limbs, respectively. The distance covered during the standard 6 min walking test was normal for 70% (n = 21) of the patients. Conclusion: The evaluation of the patient’s physical fitness allows us to assess their deconditioning to physical activity and other obstacles to physical activity to plan appropriate interventions.

A dicistrovirus increases pupal mortality in Spodoptera frugiperda by suppressing protease activity and inhibiting larval diet consumption

Understanding interactions between viruses and their hosts is conducive to enabling better application of viruses as biocontrol agents.Certain viruses carried by parasitic wasps enhance the parasitic efficiency of wasp-larvae by protecting them against the immune system of their Lepidopteran host.However,the relationship between prey pests and viruses found in predatory natural enemies remains unclear.Herein,we report the interaction between Arma chinensis virus-1(AcV-1),originally isolated from a predatory natural enemy,Arma chinensis(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae),and one of its prey species,Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).The results showed that the AcV-1 virus appeared harmful to the novel host S.frugiperda by inhibiting larval diet consumption and increasing pupal mortality.Meanwhile,sequencing data indicated that the virus altered the gene expression profiles of S.frugiperda.KEGG analysis showed that the proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immune response were significantly enriched.Although the expression levels of digestive enzyme genes did not change significantly,the total protease activity of AcV-1 virus-positive individuals was significantly decreased,suggesting that the virus inhibited diet consumption of S.frugiperda via the down-regulation of digestive enzyme activities.These results indicate that a virus initially isolated in a predatory natural enemy can decrease the fitness of its prey species.The virus was found to impact the host proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immunity,providing a potential mechanism to enhance controlling efficiency.

The numerical simulation and inversion fitting of radon concentration distribution in homogeneous overburden above active fault zones

Based on the convection and diffusion mechanisms of radon migration, in this paper we deduce the two-dimensional differential equation for radon transportation in the overburden above active fault zones with an unlimited extension along the strike. Making use of the finite difference method, the radon concentration distribution in the overburden above active faults is calculated and modeled. The active fault zone parameters, such as the depth and the width of the fault zone, and the value of radon concentration, can be inverted from the measured radon concentration curve. These realize quantitative interpretation for radon concentration anomalies. The inversion results are in good agreement with the actual fault zone parameters.

Physical activity and academic achievement in children:A historical perspective

As the focus on academic achievement has increased,physical activity(PA) opportunities in schools have decreased in the United States.In an attempt to discover how the decline in PA may affect academic achievement,researchers have been studying the effects of PA on cognition and academic achievement in children for more than 50 years.This review takes a historical perspective on the science of PA and academic achievement prior to and during the past 5 years.A total of 125 published articles were included and reviewed.Fifty-three of these articles were published in the past 5 years.In recent years,the overall quality of the studies has increased,but the results continue to be inconsistent.Many use cross-sectional designs and the methods vary substantially.The majority of conclusions show a positive effect of PA on constructs related to academic achievement.Future studies should use strong study designs to examine the types and doses of PA needed to produce improvements in academic achievement.

Measurement of mouse liver glutathione S-transferase activity by the integrated method

Objective: The integrated method was investigated to measure Vm/Km of mouse liver glutathione S-transfer-ase (GST) activity on GSH and 7-Cl-4-nitrobenzofurazozan. Methods: Presetting concentration of one substrate twenty-fold above the other's and taking maximum product absorbance Am as parameter while Km as constant, Vm/Km was obtained by nonlinear fitting of GST reaction curve to the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation In [Am/(Am -Ai)] + Ai/ ( ξ× Km ) = ( Vm/Km )×ti (1). Results: Vm/Km for GST showed slight dependence on initial substrate concentration and data range, but it was resistant to background absorbance, error in reaction origin and small deviation in presetting Km. Vm/Km was proportional to the amount of GST with upper limit higher than that by initial rate. There was close correlation between Vm/Km and initial rate of the same GST. Consistent results were obtained by this integrated method and classical initial rate method for the measurement of mouse liver GST. Conclusion: With the concentration of one substrate twenty-fold above the other's, this integrated method was reliable to measure the activity of enzyme on two substrates , and substrate concentration of the lower one close to its apparent Km was able to be used.

Land-walking vs.water-walking interventions in older adults:Effects on aerobic fitness

Background:Low cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,and interventions that increase fitness reduce risk.Water-walking decreases musculoskeletal impact and risk of falls in older individuals,but it is unclear whether water-walking improves aerobic fitness in the same way as weight-dependent land-walking.This randomized controlled trial involved 3 intervention groups—a no-exercise control group(CG),a land-walking(LW)group,and a water-walking(WW)group—to investigate the comparative impacts of LWandWWto CG on fitness.Methods:Both exercise groups attended individually tailored,center-based,intensity-matched 3×weekly sessions for 24 weeks,which progressed to 150 min of exercise per week.This was followed by a 24-week no-intervention period.Maximal graded exercise tests were performed on a treadmill at Weeks 0,24,and 48.Results:Maximal oxygen uptake increased from Week 0 to Week 24 in both exercise groups(0.57±0.62 mL/kg/min,0.03±0.04 L/min for LW;0.93±0.75 mL/kg/min,0.06±0.06 L/min for WW,mean±SE)compared to the CG(-1.75±0.78 mL/kg/min,-0.16±0.05 L/min)(group×time,p<0.05).Time to exhaustion increased significantly following LW only(123.4±25.5 s),which was significantly greater(p=0.001)than the CG(24.3±18.5 s).By Week 48,the training-induced adaptations in the exercise groups returned to near baseline levels.Conclusion:Our study supports current physical-activity recommendations that 150 min/week of moderate-intensity exercise produces improvements in fitness in previously sedentary older individuals.Also,LW andWW elicit similar improvements in fitness if conducted at the same relative intensities.Exercise-na?ve older individuals can benefit from the lower impact forces and decreased risk of falls associated withWWwithout compromising improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness.

Scoping review on health-related physical fitness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease:Assessment,interventions,and future directions

BACKGROUND Reaching the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-II(STRIDE-II)therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)requires an interdisciplinary approach.Lifestyle interventions focusing on enhancing and preserving health-related physical fitness(HRPF)may aid in improving subjective health,decreasing disability,or even controlling inflammation.However,ambiguity remains about the status and impact of HRPF(i.e.body composition,cardiorespiratory fitness,muscular strength,muscular endurance,and flexibility)in IBD patients,hindering the development of physical activity and physical exercise training guidelines.AIM To review HRPF components in IBD patients and the impact of physical activity and physical exercise training interventions on HRPF.METHODS A systematic search in multiple databases was conducted for original studies that included patients with IBD,assessed one or more HRPF components,and/or evaluated physical activity or physical exercise training interventions.RESULTS Sixty-eight articles were included.No study examined the complete concept of HRPF,and considerable heterogeneity existed in assessment methods,with frequent use of non-validated tests.According to studies that used gold standard tests,cardiorespiratory fitness seemed to be reduced,but findings on muscular strength and endurance were inconsistent.A limited number of studies that evaluated physical activity or physical exercise training interventions reported effects on HRPF,overall showing a positive impact.CONCLUSION We performed a scoping review using a systematic and iterative approach to identify and synthesize an emerging body of literature on health-related physical fitness in patients with IBD,highlighting several research gaps and opportunities for future research.Findings of this review revealed a gap in the literature regarding the accurate assessment of HRPF in patients with IBD and highlighted important methodological limitations of studies that evaluated physical activity or physical exercise training interventions.This scoping review is a step towards performing studies and systematic reviews in the future,which was not possible at present given the heterogeneity in endpoints and designs of the available studies on this topic.Future well-designed studies are required to determine the optimal training paradigm for improving HRPF in patients with IBD before guidelines can be developed and integrated into the therapeutic strategy.

Is device-measured vigorous physical activity associated with health-related outcomes in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:This study sought to analyze the prospective association between vigorous-intensity physical activity(VPA)and health-related outcomes in children and adolescents.Methods:Studies reporting associations between device-measured VPA and health-related factors in children and adolescents aged 318 years were identified through database searches(MEDLINE,EMBASE,and SPORTDiscus).Correlation coefficients were pooled if outcomes were reported by at least 3 studies,using DerSimonian-Laird random effects models.Results:Data from 23 studies including 13,674 participants were pooled using random effects models.Significant associations were found between VPA at baseline and overall adiposity(r=0.09,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.15 to0.03;p=0.002;I^(2)=89.8%),cardiometabolic risk score(r=0.13,95%CI:0.24 to0.02,p=0.020;I^(2)=69.6%),cardiorespiratory fitness(r=0.25,95%CI:0.150.35;p<0.001;I^(2)=57.2%),and total body bone mineral density(r=0.16,95%CI:0.06 to 0.25;p=0.001;I^(2)=0%).Conclusion:VPA seems to be negatively related to adiposity and cardiometabolic risk score and positively related to cardiorespiratory fitness and total body bone mineral density among children and adolescents at follow-up.Therefore,our findings support the need to strengthen physical activity recommendations regarding VPA due to its health benefits in children and adolescents.

Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness associations with older adolescent cognitive control

Background:Participation in physical activity supports greater cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF),a correlate of cognitive control.However,the relationship between muscular fitness(MF)and cognitive control is less clear.The present study investigated the differential relationship of CRF and MF with cognitive control in older adolescents.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved students(1517 years old,n=541,43%female)from 20 secondary schools who completed tests of inhibition(modified flanker task),working memory(n-back task),CRF(Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run),and MF(standing long jump and push-up test).Multilevel analyses tested the association between CRF or MF and cognitive outcomes while accounting for the influence of the other fitness variable and relevant demographic factors.Results:CRF predicted response accuracy during incongruent flanker trials,the condition requiring greater inhibition.For the working memory task,CRF predicted greater target accuracy and greater d’scores on the 1-back task,requiring lesser amounts of working memory.In the 2-back task,which requires greater amounts of working memory,CRF also predicted greater target and non-target accuracy and d’scores.Comparatively,MF did not predict any cognitive outcomes after adjustment for CRF.Conclusion:CRF was selectively related to better performance during task conditions that require greater amounts of inhibition and working memory.This finding suggests that CRF,but not MF,may benefit cognitive control in older adolescents.This selective influence of CRF on older adolescents’cognition highlights the value of aerobic physical activity.

Physical activity support or weight loss counseling for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

AIM: To determine the clinical effectiveness of intense psychological support to physical activity (PA) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), compared with cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT).

Mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness on the association between fatness and cardiometabolic risk in European adolescents: The HELENA study

Purpose:This study was aimed to analyze the mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)on the association between fatness and cardiometabolic risk scores(CMRs)in European adolescents.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in adolescents(n=525;46%boys;14.1±1.1 years old,mean ±SD)from 10 European cities involved in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study.CRF was measured by means of the shuttle run test,while fatness measures included body mass index(BMI),waist to height ratio,and fat mass index estimated from skinfold thicknesses.A clustered CMRs was computed by summing the standardized values of homeostasis model assessment,systolic blood pressure,triglycerides,total cholesterol/highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol ratio,and leptin.Results:Linear regression models indicated that CRF acted as an important and partial mediator in the association between fatness and CMRs in 1217-year-old adolescents(for BMI:coefficients of the indirect role b=0.058(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.023-0.101),Sobel test z=3.11(10.0%mediation);for waist to height ratio:b=4.279(95%CI:2.242-7.059),z=3.86(11.5%mediation);and for fat mass index:b=0.060(95%CI:0.020-0.106),z=2.85(9.4%mediation);all p<0.01).Conclusion:In adolescents,the association between fatness and CMRs could be partially decreased with improvements to fitness levels;therefore,CRF contribution both in the clinical field and public health could be important to consider and promote in adolescents independently of their fatness levels.

Group fitness is effective in reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy adults

In the past 5 years, 1 of every 3 deaths in the United Stateswas attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Regular physical activity has numerous benefits associated with the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Despite these details, 60% of Americans are not regularly physically active and 25% are not active at all. Previous studies have found significant changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors by combining cardiorespiratory and strength training into one exercise program. The current pilot study augments the approach by utilizing a group fitness program that mimics the Physical Activity Guidelines for Fitness. Therefore our purpose was to evaluate if a multimodal group fitness intervention could singularly produce the physiological and musculoskeletal health benefits of the established physical activity prescription. Twenty-five sedentary, but otherwise healthy, adults (15 women and 10 men) between the ages of 25 - 40 years completed the protocol of a 30-week group exercise program. It started with a 6-week familiarization period, continued with a 12-week block of 6 group fitness classes per week (3 cardiovascular, 2 strength, 1 flexibility), and concluded with a 12-week block of 7 classes per week (4 cardiovascular, 2 strength, 1 flexibility). We completed submaximal oxygen consumption treadmill tests, fasting blood draws and iDXA scans at 3 time points (baseline, midpoint, final) and compared the data using a paired t-test