Antibacteria Activity of Peganum harmala and Haloxylon salicornicum Leaves Extracts

The use of antibiotics in humans and animals has been marked as a significant step in health due to their effectiveness in controlling and treating bacterial infections. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been identified as risk factors for bacterial resistance since microorganisms adapt and develop mechanisms to defend against antibiotics. According to the Centers for Disease Protection and Control (CDC), around 23,000 individuals die every year in the United States due to antibiotic resistance complications. As a result, a demand for alternative treatments has been a goal for scientists as the microbes adapt to selective pressure. The aim of this study is to test the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Peganum harmala and Haloxylon salicornicum on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on various mediums. The results of the study showed that both P. harmala and H. salicornicum inhibited the bacterial growth in two different media. The results were also compared with different common antibiotics used in both human’s and animal’s fields and showed a promising outcome as alternative antibiotics.

Cytotoxicity, Toxicity and Anticancer Activity of Manuka Honey, Saudi’s Honey and Peganum harmala Plant against Cancer Cells

Cancer occurs when the body’s cells grow beyond the usual control. Normal body cells multiply in a controlled manner and undergo apoptosis when the body no longer needs them. Different types of cancers exist, and the common ones include breast, cervical, prostate, lung, colon, and skin cancers. Several factors have been associated with cancers, and these factors include poor dieting, exposure to harmful chemicals and radiation, weak immune system, and genetics. Cancer presents an enormous health threat in the modern world and thus the need to identify an effective treatment. The conventional treatments used in the management of cancer include chemotherapy and physiotherapy. These forms of cancer treatments usually have enormous side effects on the subjects. In this respect, an alternative form of treatment would be effective in managing cancer patients. A substantial number of natural products have been observed to be effective in the management of cancer. These natural products include plants and other natural substances such as honey. This study focuses on the efficiency of natural products in the treatment of cancer. Also, the anticancer effects of Peganum harmala, Manuka honey, and Saudi honey will be analyzed. Bee honey and Peganum harmala have been traditionally used in the treatment of cancer. The extracts from Peganum harmala plant have also been shown to exhibit divers’ antitumor effects similar to the mode of action of a vast number of anticancer agents. These established hypotheses thus give the rationale for this study. In this experiment, extracts were obtained from Peganum harmala leaves and exposed to cervical, lung, and prostate cancer cells. Similarly, solutions of Manuka honey and Saudi honey were exposed to the cervical, lung, and prostate cancer cells. The experiment duration was 24 hours, which obtained results were recorded and analyzed. Peganum harmala extracts inhibit cancer cell growth at different and achievable concentrations. Manuka honey highly inhibits the growth of HeLa cancer cells while Saudi honey highly inhibits the growth of A549 cells. Peganum harmala can form an effective treatment for managing several types of cancers. Manuka Honey can be applied as an effective treatment for managing cervical cancer while Saudi honey can form an effective treatment for managing lung cancers.

Anticancer Activity of Peganum harmala and Haloxylon salicornicum Leaf Extracts on Lung Cancer A549 and Prostate Cancer PC-3 Cell Lines

Cancer is a worldwide disease that ranks as the second-largest cause of death after cardiovascular disease. In 2019, the estimated number of cancer deaths was around 10 million worldwide and 600,000 in the United States. Due to the high side effects of the available treatments for cancer, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, a demand for alternative treatments has been a goal for scientists with less toxicity and side effects. Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide and the leading cause of death in the United States. In addition, prostate cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death in American men after lung cancer. Natural sources discovered to have therapeutic medicinal properties against human diseases are the plants Peganum harmala and Haloxylon salicornicum. The aim of this study is to test the anticancer activity of leaf extracts of Peganum harmala and Haloxylon salicornicum on lung cancer (A549) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines. The anticancer activity of P. harmala and H. salicornicum was studied using the assays: crystal violet viability, lipid peroxidation, and caspase-3 techniques, which were evaluated in vitro on two human cancer cell lines. The results of the study showed that both plants’ extracts reduced the viability of both cancer cell lines, which depended on the concentration of the extract. Also, P. harmala showed more potent activity against both types of cancer than H. salicornicum. P. harmala and H. salicornicum decreased the lipid peroxidation that induces cancer as well as increased the expression of caspase-3, which causes apoptosis and cell death. This study concluded that P. harmala and H. salicornicum leaf extracts showed significant anticancer properties, which might be due to the presence of phytochemicals, including flavonoids and phenolics.

干旱胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬(Peganum multisectum Bobr)叶片乙烯释放和多胺含量变化与活性氧积累的关系

通过盆栽土培试验研究了干旱胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬（Peganum multisectum Bobr）叶片乙烯释放、多胺含量、活性氧水平及细胞膜透性的动态变化。结果表明,随着土壤干旱强度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,多裂骆驼蓬叶片内丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞膜透性呈递增变化趋势;轻度胁迫下,乙烯产生速率、多胺（Pu、tSpm、Spd）、活性氧（O-2.、H2O2）和MDA含量及多胺氧化酶（PAO）活性随胁迫时间延长无明显变化;中度和重度胁迫初期（胁迫后0～30d）腐胺（Put）、精胺（Spm）和亚精胺（Spd）含量快速提高,乙烯生成速率下降,而O2^-.、H2O2、MDA含量和PAO活性相对平稳;胁迫后期（胁迫后45~75d）乙烯生成速率增高,Put、Spm和Spd含量下降,O2-.、H2O2和MDA含量大幅度增加,膜透性增大,且乙烯释放与O2-.、H2O2含量呈显著正相关。表明中度和重度胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬叶片存在乙烯和多胺合成的相互制约,乙烯释放增加诱导活性氧积累导致膜透性急剧增大。

骆驼蓬属（PeganumL．）种子氨基酸组成及其系统学意义

本文分析了我国西北地区骆驼蓬属（ＰｅｇａｎｕｍＬ．）植物种子中总氨基酸和游离氨基酸的组成。结果表明：均以天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、缬氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸为主要组分。其中，苏氨酸含量最高。分别达２８．６３％和２６．１５％。在一定意义上反映了该分类群的同源性和遗传稳定性。多裂骆驼蓬在精氨酸和亮氨酸的含量上与骆驼蓬有较显著差异，为该种的独立提供了又一佐证。不同生境下，多裂骆驼蓬种子中游离脯氨酸含量随干旱胁迫减弱而降低。

骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)蛋白质的分布、提取及活性研究

采用不同溶剂分级提取骆驼蓬(Peganum harmalaL.)根、茎、叶及种子中的蛋白质,结果表明总蛋白以种子中的蛋白含量最高,而营养器官以叶中的蛋白含量较高。当年种子总蛋白含量显著高于贮藏种子。不同溶剂分级提取的当年生种子、根、茎和叶中各组分,以碱提组分蛋白含量最高。用含不同盐离子浓度的缓冲液和不同pH值的广泛缓冲液提取骆驼蓬种子的蛋白质,结果表明优化后的缓冲液条件为含0.2 mol/L NaCl,pH=7.0～8.0的5 mmol/L PBS缓冲液。硫酸铵沉淀法获得的骆驼蓬种子中的蛋白粗提物(1.2 mg/mL)对供试真菌交格链孢菌(Alternaria alternata)、指状青霉菌(Penicillium degitatum)、灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)和意大利青霉菌(Penicillium italicum)等5种植物病原真菌均有抑菌作用,其中对意大利青霉菌和交格链孢菌表现出较好的抑菌活性,抑菌环直径分别为19.50和18.50 mm。对供试细菌表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、臭鼻克雷伯菌(Klebsiella penumoniae)、福氏志贺氏菌(Shigella flexneri)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)等6种病原细菌也有抑菌作用,其中对臭鼻克雷伯菌、福氏志贺氏菌、表皮葡萄球菌等病原细菌等有较好的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别10.20、10.10和9.30 mm。

Efficacy evaluation of the protein isolated from Peganum harmala seeds as an antioxidant in liver of rats

Objective:To evaluate the curative effect of the 132 KD protein isolated from the seeds of Peganum harmala（P.harmala） L against carbon tetrachloride（CCl4） induced oxidative stress in rats.Methods:Animals were post treated intraperitoneally with 132 KO isolated protein at doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg body weight and bovine serum albumin（BSA）（8 mg/kg body weight） as well as vitamin C（250 mg/kg body weight p.o.） for 7 d after they challenged with CCl4 orally（1 ml/Ag body weight） in olive oil（50%） for 2 d.Results:The purified protein from seeds of P.harmala plant showed in vitro antioxidant activity with DPPH assay.Administration of CCl4 induced induction in serum aminotransferases（AST,ALT）,alkaline phosphatase（ALP）,lipid profile parameters and liver malondialdehyde（MDA） and decrease in serum total protein,liver superoxide dismutase （SOD）,catalase（CAT）,and reduced glutathione（GSH） levels.132 KD protein treatment of rats post CCl4 intoxication successfully alleviated the toxic effects of CCl4.Conclusions:The isolated protein possessed strong antioxidant activity comparable to that of BSA（negative control） and vitamin C（positive control）.

In-vitro effect of Peganum harmala total alkaloids on spermatozoa quality and oxidative stress of epididymal ram semen

Objective:To determine the in-vitro effect of the total alkaloid extract of Peganum(P.)harmala seeds on ram epididymal sperm.Methods:Semen was divided into six groups according to the following concentrations of the P.harmala total alkaloids:1,5,10,50,and 100μg/mL,and the control group.The samples were incubated at ambient temperature(21℃-24℃)for 24 h,and analyzed in terms of motility,membrane integrity,and oxidative status.Results:The sperm kinematic parameters,i.e.straight-line velocity,curvilinear velocity,average path velocity,were significantly higher when treated with P.harmala at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10μg/mL compared to the control group(P<0.05).In addtion,the highest amplitude of the lateral head displacement value was found in the groups treated with concentrations 1 and 5μg/mL of P.harmala compared to the control group(P<0.05).Total and progressive motilities showed that the extracts at 1,5,and 10μg/mL exhibited a high percentage after 24 h of incubation.The effect of P.harmala extracts on the membrane integrity of ram epididymal sperm was concentration-dependent and significantly different compared to the control group(P<0.05).Non-significantly lower lipid peroxidation levels were observed after 24 h of incubation of ram epididymal sperm treated with concentrations 1,5,and 10μg/mL of P.harmala extracts compared to the control group(P>0.05).Conclusions:Low concentrations(1-10μg/mL)of P.harmala extracts stimulate sperm motility,preserve membrane integrity and protect ram spermatozoa from lipid peroxidation.

Corrosion Protection of Iron Alloy Using <i>Peganum harmala </i>Extract as Inhibitor in Acidic Solution

This work describes the inhibition effect of different concentration of an aqueous extracted of Peganum harmala seed on the corrosion of carbon steel in 1 M H2SO4 solution using potentiostatic polarization techniques at the temperature range (298 - 328) K. The result showed that the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing of extract inhibitor concentration and temperature. The adsorption of inhibitor on carbon steel surface was fit into Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters governing the corrosion and the adsorption process were calculated and discussed.

β-Carboline alkaloids from the roots of Peganum harmala L.

This study reports the isolation of four newβ-carboline alkaloids(1−4)and six previously identified alkaloids(5−10)from the roots of Peganum harmala L.Among these compounds,1 and 2 were characterized as rareβ-carboline-quinazoline dimers exhibiting axial chirality.Compound 3 possessed a unique 6/5/6/7 tetracyclic ring system with an azepine ring,and compound 4 was a novel annomontineβ-carboline.The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data and quantum mechanical calculations.The biosynthetic pathways of 1−3 were proposed.Additionally,the cytotoxicity of some isolates against four cancer cell lines(HL-60,A549,MDA-MB-231,and DU145)was evaluated.Notably,compound 4 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against HL-60,A549,and DU145 cells with IC_(50) values of 12.39,12.80,and 30.65μmol·L^(−1),respectively.Furthermore,compound 2 demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells with an IC_(50) value of 17.32μmol·L^(−1).

骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)茎叶水浸液对黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)种子萌发与幼苗生长的化感作用

采用生物测定的方法研究了荒漠植物骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)对受体植物黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)种子发芽与幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:(1)骆驼蓬茎叶水浸液对黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长均有抑制作用,且随处理浓度的升高而增强;(2)苗干重和苗鲜重对水浸液作用表现最为敏感,其次为根鲜重和苗高,根长和根干重表现较不敏感;(3)丙二醛含量的综合化感效应指数(IR=34.22)明显大于其他指标,相对电导率也表现出较为敏感的抑制效应,而水浸液对受试植物可溶性蛋白含量的影响最小(IR=0.52)。由此推断,骆驼蓬茎叶水浸液中化感物质多种效应的生物起点可能是对膜系统的伤害。

温度对托里阿魏(Ferula krylovii)和骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)的呼吸及光合作用的影响

比较了荒漠短命药用植物托里阿魏(Ferula krylovii)及其伴生的非短命植物骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)的呼吸和光合作用的温度响应。结果表明:以每克叶片鲜重耗氧量为基础的叶片呼吸速率来看,托里阿魏在30℃时突然出现呼吸速率的大幅度跃迁,在温度达到35℃时出现了呼吸系统快速失活现象,在45℃时呼吸速率达到20℃的3.1倍。相比之下,骆驼蓬叶片在20~45℃的呼吸速率没有明显的变化,也没有出现呼吸系统的失活现象。这说明,与处于同一生境的非短命植物骆驼蓬相比,托里阿魏的呼吸系统对温度变化有高度的敏感性,对高温的耐受性较差。托里阿魏叶片的光合作用在20~35℃连续升高并明显高于骆驼蓬,在35℃时达到最高点,在40~45℃时光合系统在光照条件下数分钟内快速失活。相比之下,骆驼蓬叶片的光合作用在40℃时达到最大值,在45℃时光合速率略有下降,但在20~45℃始终保持准线性变化,没有出现失活,表明夏季不休眠的骆驼蓬叶片的光合系统对高温有较高的耐受性。由于托里阿魏无论是呼吸和光合系统对温度的耐受性都明显低于非短命植物骆驼蓬,这种代谢上对温度的敏感性差异,可能是导致托里阿魏进入初夏休眠的主要因素。

光照与水分对骆驼蓬形态特征和生物量的影响

为探究骆驼蓬苗期对光照和水分的响应,采取光照和水分双因素控制试验,通过大田种植的方式,设置2种光照梯度(全光照T1、遮光T2),设置W1(1 d浇灌1次)、W2(7 d浇灌1次)、W3(14 d浇灌1次)3个水分处理梯度,每次浇灌量为15 L·m^(-2),分析不同光照与水分处理对骆驼蓬形态指标、生物量积累的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬在全光照条件下长势均优于遮光处理,T1W1处理较T2W1处理骆驼蓬枝长、地径、叶片数和分枝数分别增加83.64%、67.21%、41.56%和116.34%,地上干重、地下干重分别增加250.77%和340.79%。遮光、高水分胁迫处理下骆驼蓬生长受限、叶片脱落、分枝减少,但无幼苗死亡现象。说明T1W1处理适宜骆驼蓬苗期生长,且骆驼蓬具有较强的适应能力,可作为光照充足地区的园林绿化及荒山绿化材料。

Comparison of in vivo antiseptic and in vitro antimicrobial effects of Peganum harmala L.seeds ethanolic extract with Betadine

Objective:To compare the antibacterial activity and antiseptic effect of ethanol extract of Peganum harmala L.(P.harmala)seeds and Betadine on eight reference strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae,Salmonella typhimurium,Escherichia coli,Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Staphylococcus aureus,Micrococcus luteus which are known to cause different types of skin infections,and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from an abscess on horse's neck.Methods:The antibacterial activity was assessed using a disc diffusion method.The minimum inhibitory concentration was tested by serial dilution method and the percentage of bacterial growth inhibition by absorbance microplate reader device.The minimum bactericidal concentration was then recorded.Clinical outcomes were obtained through washed up healing time of longitudinal and surface skin on the back of 16 rats with concentrations of 10,50,100,150 and 500 mg/mL of P.harmala extract.Results:The results of in vitro experiments showed that the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration(0.68-1.3 mg/mL)and minimum bactericidal concentration(1.3-5 mg/mL)values were observed in the ethanol extract of P.harmala seeds.Also the results of in vivo experiment showed that wound healing in the concentration of 50 mg/mL of this plant extract was better and quicker than Betadine.Conclusions:This study confirmed that ethanol extract of P.harmala has appropriate effect on the microorganisms and the healing of skin wounds in comparison with Betadine.

Medicinal properties of Peganum harmala L. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy: a review

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacological activities of Peganum harmala L.(P. harmala, Nitrariaceae) in traditional Iranian medicine(TIM) and modern phytotherapy.METHODS: Opinions of TIM and modern phytotherapy about safety and acceptable dosage of this plant are discussed. Various medical properties of P.harmala were collected from important TIM references and added to scientific reports derived from modern medical databases like Pub Med, Scirus, Science Direct and Scopus.RESULTS: The main medicinal part of the plant is the seed. In TIM resources, this plant possesses various Pharmacological activities such as carminative,galactagogue, diuretic, emmenagogue, antithrom-botic and analgesic. In modern phytotherapy, P. harmala demonstrated numerous medicinal effects including cardiovascular, neurologic, antimicrobial,insecticidal, antineoplasmic, antiproliferative, gastrointestinal and antidiabetic effects. Adverse events such as neuro-sensorial symptoms, visual hallucination, bradycardia, hypotension, agitation,tremors, ataxia, abortion and vomiting cause people to use this plant cautiously. P. harmala is contraindicated during pregnancy, due to its abortive and mutagenic activities. Because of increasing the expression of CYP1A2, 2C19, and 3A4 and inhibition of monoamine oxidase, the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs which are mainly metabolized by these enzymes may be affected by P. harmala.CONCLUSION: The medicinal properties declared for this plant in TIM are compared with those showed in modern phytotherapy. Some of the TIM properties were confirmed in modern phytotherapy like emetic and analgesic activities and some have not been evaluated in modern phytotherapy such as its therapeutic effects on paralysis, epilepsy and numbness. Finally, the current review provides the evidence for other researchers to use TIM properties of P. harmala as an efficacious natural drug.Further preclinical and clinical studies for adequate evaluating safety and therapeutic efficacy are recommended.

骆驼蓬提取物对松材线虫的生物活性及生理效应

为寻找创制新型生物合理杀线虫剂提供活性模板化合物和理论基础,首次报道广泛分布于中国西北地区的荒漠抗逆植物骆驼蓬对松材线虫的生物活性及生理效应。松枝水培试验结果表明,骆驼蓬种子正丁醇萃取物250μg·ml-1处理后,松枝蒸腾强度、流脂量级别和病情指数均与清水对照差异不显著,对松材线虫病害的控制效果明显优于石油醚萃取物、氯仿萃取物和水萃取物。从正丁醇萃取物中分离获得骆驼蓬总碱、骆驼蓬碱、去氢骆驼蓬碱和馏分A1～A8。毒力测定表明,骆驼蓬碱、馏分A1和A6是骆驼蓬杀线虫的主要活性成分,处理后48h,对松材线虫(混合虫龄)LC50分别为135.74、160.40和86.02μg·ml-1。正丁醇萃取物、骆驼蓬总碱、骆驼蓬碱、去氢骆驼蓬碱、馏分A1和A6均能显著抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶和酸性磷酸酯酶活性,但对碱性磷酸酯酶活性无显著影响,对α-和β-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶活性有不同程度的抑制作用,以100μg·ml-1处理松材线虫后6h,乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力抑制率为50.15%～73.14%,对酸性磷酸酯酶活性的抑制率为38.56%～48.37%。抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性可能是骆驼蓬提取物主要杀线虫机理之一。

骆驼蓬属植物种子中去氢骆驼蓬碱和骆驼蓬碱的HPLC-荧光检测法测定

建立了HPLC-荧光检测法测定不同产地骆驼蓬、骆驼蒿、多裂骆驼蓬种子(共15个样品)中去氢骆驼蓬碱(1)和骆驼蓬碱(2)的含量。采用C18色谱柱,以乙腈-醋酸铵缓冲液(19∶81)为流动相,激发波长为250nm、发射波长为460nm。结果显示,骆驼蓬中1的含量(3.6%～5.0%)高于2(2.8%～3.5%);多裂骆驼蓬则相反,1、2的含量分别为1.6%～2.0%和2.3%～3.1%;骆驼蒿中2的含量较高(4.4%),但1含量低于检测限。

多裂骆驼蓬化学成分研究 Ⅰ.种子生物碱类成分及其抗肿瘤活性

首次从我国特有植物多裂骆驼蓬种子总生物碱中分离得到了９个化合物，鉴定了７个，其中６个为生物碱，分别为去氢骆驼蓬碱（Ⅰ），哈尔醇（Ⅱ），哈梅林（Ⅲ），鸭嘴花碱（Ⅳ），鸭嘴花酮碱（Ⅴ），脱氧鸭嘴花酮碱（Ⅵ），另一个化合物为苯甲酸（Ⅶ）。并对主成分Ⅰ进行了Ｋ５６２人白血病细胞生长抑制作用的体外细胞毒研究，结果表明去氢骆驼蓬碱对Ｋ５６２白血病细胞有明显的抑制和杀灭作用，活性指数超过环磷酰胺。