Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) as Systemic Inflammatory Predictors in the Diagnosis of Bullous Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vulgaris

Introduction: Autoimmune blistering skin disorders such as Bullous Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vulgaris present diagnostic challenges. The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), are inflammatory markers used to assess the body’s immune-inflammatory response. Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the significance of hematologic markers, specifically the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), as diagnostic predictors of bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Methods: A retrospective study of 64 patients (36 with BP and 28 with PV). Patient clinical data: age, gender, complete blood count, autoimmune antibody levels (Dsg1, 3 and BP180, 230), IgE and C-reactive protein, and history of hypertension, diabetes, brain infarction, and coronary heart disease. The data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The study involved 36 (56.3%) diagnosed with bullous pemphigoid (BP) and 28 (43.75%) with pemphigus vulgaris (PV). The average age in BP was 71 ± 8 and 52 ± 13 in PV. Laboratory findings showed high levels of Dsg1, Dsg3, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count in PV, while high levels of eosinophils with a significant increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) in BP. Blood biomarkers, including NLR, PLR, SII, MPV, CRP, and IgE, proved an overall of 84.4% in disease prediction. Dsg1, Dsg3, BP180, and BP230 showed an overall of 88.1%. No significant relationship was noted between NLR, SII, and patients with comorbidities. Conclusion: The study highlights the diagnostic potential of SII and NLR in addition to hematologic markers in BP and PV, emphasizing their role in early diagnosis and therapeutic interventions, requiring further validation in larger patient cohorts.

Assessing the Effects of a Health Belief Model-Based Educational Program on Knowledge Attitudes and Practice (KAP) among Patients with <i>Pemphigus vulgaris</i>

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an educational program based on Health Belief Model on knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) in patients with Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) referred to Razi Hospital in Iran. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 88 patients in 2013-2014. Subjects were divided into two intervention and control groups using block randomization. In addition to their usual care for both groups, the intervention group sat through a six-month self-care educational program in a specialized outpatient clinic. A self-designed questionnaire was used to gather information about demographic characteristics, PV related variables, and KAP-related questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS Software. p value of less than 0.05 was set as statistically significant. Results: mean scores of KAP increased significantly after intervention compared to control groups when adjusted for baseline differences of these scores and house ownership and employment status differences in two groups. Conclusion: study results show the effectiveness of an HBM based educational program on KAP in PV patients that can lead to adoption of self care behaviors and help them gain self efficacy in controlling their disease and assisting their treatment process, counting as a tertiary preventive measure.

Pemphigus vulgaris macroscopically and cytologically resembling oral squamous cell carcinoma

We describe the clinical, macroscopic, cytological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, serodiagnostic and aspects of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) in the oral gingiva that clinically mimicked oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a 57-year-old Japanese man. He developed slight haphalgesia of the buccal gingiva around teeth numbers 18 and 19 2 years ago. A dentist diagnosed intractable ulcer, but the patient ignored the condition for about 2 years until a sharp pain in the gingiva worsened. He consulted an otolaryngologist, who referred the patient to our hospital under a cytological diagnosis of OSCC. An oral examination revealed several extensive painful erosions/ ulcers from the buccal and lingual gingiva around teeth numbers 18 to 21 to the distal alveolar mucosa of no. 18 and the buccal and lingual gingiva around tooth number 31. A presumptive diagnosis of PV with dysplastic changes was determined from cytological smears. The cytological Nikolsky test was positive. The diagnosis of PV was confirmed from clinical and histopathological findings of a biopsy specimen obtained from the perilesional site. Although the definitive diagnosis of PV required only 2 weeks after this patient presented at our hospital, 2 years had elapsed since the onset of oral lesions.

Effects of chimeric molecule of recombinant Dsg3EC_(1-2) with toxin PE40 on T and B lymphocytes in Pemphigus Vulgaris

Objective:To observe the effects of the recombinant chimeric toxin Dsg3EC 1-2PE40 on T and B lymphocytes isolated from Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) patients to further study its biological therapeutic function for PV. Methods:Recombinant chimeric toxin Dsg3EC 1-2PE40 was first identified, expressed and purified, and then its effects on T and B lymphocytes of PV patients in vitro were detected and quantified by ELISPOT assay and MTT assay.Results:The purity of the expressed protein Dsg3EC 1-2PE40 was up to 80%. In ELISPOT assay, with Dsg3EC 1-2PE40, the overall number of B cells that produce anti-Dsg3 antibodies among PV patients was only about 60% of the comparable number with Dsg3EC 1-2. The proliferation of T cells of PV patients was inhibited markedly by Dsg3EC 1-2PE40. There was significant difference between the different groups with Dsg3EC 1-2PE40 and Dsg3EC 1-2.Conclusion:The recombinant chimeric toxin Dsg3EC 1-2PE40 decrease the number of B cells that produce anti-Dsg3 antibodies in PV patients and can inhibit or kill T cells of PV patients in vitro.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS AND HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN IN HAN NATION OF NORTHEAST CHINA

Objective To investigate the relationship between pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in Han nation of northeast China. Methods Standard microcytotoxicity test and polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers method were used to detect the HLA classⅠ antigens and HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 alleles in 27 patients with PV and results were compared with control group. Results Gene and phenotype frequencies of HLA-A3, A26(10), B60(40), and B13 (27.99%, 48%; 16.11%, 30%; 23.02%, 41%; 16.11%, 30%, respectively) increased significantly in PV group compared with control (1.01%, 2%; 0.5%, 1%; 4.61%, 9%; 5.13%, 10%, respectively). After P value correction, the difference of A3, A26 (10), and B60 (40) between the two groups was still significant. The gene frequencies of HLA-DRB1*140x (1401, 1404, 1405, 1407, 1408), DRB1*120x, and DQB1*0503 alleles in PV group (42.26%, 25.46%, and 23.02%) were significantly higher than control group (5.09%, 7.74%, and 1.89%). After P value correction, the difference was still significant between the two groups. Conclusion PV significantly relates with HLA in PV patients of Han nation of northeast China.

普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)AOX基因家族鉴定与表达分析

交替氧化酶(Alternative oxidase,AOX)是一种末端氧化酶,在维持植物正常生长代谢速率和代谢平衡以及抵御逆境胁迫中发挥了一定作用。AOX家族成员已经在很多植物物种中被鉴定,但是在普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)中却未见报道。研究对普通菜豆中AOX家族成员进行了鉴定和分析,并进一步解析了AOX基因家族成员的功能及调控机制。结果表明,基于普通菜豆参考基因组中共挖掘得到了4个AOX家族成员,通过进化关系、保守基序(Motifs)、基因结构分析,将各成员划分成4个亚族。此外,顺式作用元件、共线性与盐胁迫下的表达量分析结果表明,AOX成员可能在植物的非生物胁迫响应中发挥了作用。为后续深入研究普通菜豆中AOX成员的功能奠定了理论基础。

Common Organic Amendment (Rice Straw) Can Reduce Salinity Effects on Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Growth with or without Photoperiod Manipulation

Soil salinity is a major limiting factor for crop production in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Cheap and sustainable management of soil salinity is hence most sought out topics in agricultural research. Conceptualizing that idea in mind, a pot experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil, Water & Environment, University of Dhaka in order to analyze if common organic amendments (rice straw, saw dust) coupled with reduce photoperiod can mitigate salinity effect on the growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The experiment was set up following completely randomized design (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications containing Tc (Control), T1 (Ambient photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T2 (Reduced photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T3 (Ambient photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T4 (Reduced photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Rice straw), T5 (Ambient photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust), T6 (Reduced photoperiod + 110 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust), T7 (Ambient photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust) and T8 (Reduced photoperiod + 220 mM Salinity treatment + Saw dust). Organic amendments were used separately at the rate of 12 ton/ha. The highest plant height (98.67 cm), root length (12.5 cm), pod number (10.33), leaf area (13.99 cm2), fresh weight (680 kg/ha), dry weight (316.67 kg/ha) were recorded with the treatment T1 while the second-best treatment was treatment T2 (with highest harvest index 0.040) and these results were statistically significant (p < 0.001). In post-harvest soil, pH, EC, OC, OM;available N, P, K, S;total Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn were increased significantly in treatment T1. The overall results illustrated that the best growth and yield performances were achieved in the treatment T1 and T2.

Effect of Biostimulants Based on Natural Products on the Growth and Nutritional Value of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are widely grown in Cameroon and play a key role in the fight against food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty. However, its cultivation encounters problems due to abiotic and biotic stresses, which leads to the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which cause significant damage to the environment and human health due to the presence of synthetics residues in the seeds, pods and in the leaves that are eaten. Promoting the use of natural products is becoming a necessity for organic and eco-responsible agriculture that limits contamination problems and improves people’s purchasing power. This study aims to assess the effect of biostimulants based on natural products on the growth and nutritional value of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Bean seedlings from white variety (MEX-142) and red variety (DOR-701) were treated every seven days in the field from their pre-emergence, emergence and growth to their maturation under a randomized block experimental design. Six treatments and three repetitions with the biostimulants based on natural products and controls were thus performed and the agromorphological parameters were measured. After 120 days, the contents of growth biomarkers and defense-related enzymes were evaluated in leaves, while the contents of macromolecules, minerals and antinutrients were evaluated in seeds. These biostimulants significantly increased (P P < 0.0001) of antinutrients including oxalates, phytates, tannins and saponins in seeds compared to controls (T+ and T−). Treatment with biostimulants, in particular BS4, improves the performance of bean plants in the field as well as the biofortification of seeds regardless of the variety.

A novel pathogen Fusarium cuneirostrum causing common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)root rot in China

Several fungal pathogens cause root rot of common bean,among which Fusarium spp.are the most common pathogens causing Fusarium root rot(FRR)worldwide.FRR has been becoming an increasingly severe disease of common bean in China,but the species of Fusarium spp.have remained unclear.Thus,this study was performed to identify the pathogen causing common bean root rot in Liangcheng County,Inner Mongolia,China.Nineteen Fusarium-like isolates were obtained after pathogen isolation and purification.The pathogenicity test indicated that eight isolates caused severe disease symptoms on common bean,while 11 other isolates were not pathogenic.The eight pathogenic isolates,FCL1–FCL8,were identified as Fusarium cuneirostrum by morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of EF-1α,ITS,28S,and IGS regions.Host range test showed that the representative F.cuneirostrum isolate FCL3 was also pathogenic to mung bean,while not pathogenic to adzuki bean,chickpea,cowpea,faba bean,pea,and soybean.Moreover,50 common bean and 50 mung bean cultivars were screened for resistance to FRR,and seven highly resistant or resistant cultivars of common bean were identified,while no resistant cultivars of mung bean were screened.This study revealed that F.cuneirostrum was one of common bean FRR pathogens in Inner Mongolia and it could induce mung bean root rot as well.To our knowledge,this is the first report of F.cuneirostrum causing FRR of common bean in China.

Effect of Different Feeds on Growth and Survival of the Sergestid Shrimp Acetes vulgaris Hansen, 1919 (Decapoda: Sergestidae)

The sergestid shrimp Acetes vulgaris has long been an important fishery species in estuaries and coastal waters along the Pang-Rad River, Rayong province, Thailand. In nature, this shrimp feeds on a wide range of food items, such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, algae, plant matter, debris, sand, and mud. The objective of this study was to compare different feeds on growth and survival of A. vulgaris reared in fiberglass tanks containing 70 m3 of seawater salinity 25 ppt over a period of 70 days. Individual shrimps were fed with four different types of feeds i.e., newly hatched Artemia (Ar), rotifer (Ro), newly hatched Artemia + rotifer (ArRo) and shrimp larvae commercial feed (SF). Results suggested that specific growth rates (both for body weight and body length) of shrimps reared with SF were not significantly different with treatment feed with Ar, ArRo and Ro (p ≥ 0.05). The survival rate of A. vulgaris did not vary significantly (p ≥ 0.05) among the Ar, Ro and ArRo treatments. However, the highest survival rate of shrimp (81.78% ± 3.08%) was observed in SF treatment and the percentage of survival rate was significantly different with treatment feed with Ar, Ro and ArRo (p ≤ 0.05). The findings reflected the ability of Acetes shrimps to consume diverse food types including both live feed and pelleted feed. Insights obtained from this research suggested that artificial feed can be as efficient as live feeds. This new knowledge is a needed addition to a currently lacking knowledge base for aquaculture of this Acetes species.

Ocular surface changes in moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris

AIM:To investigate ocular surface disorders and tear function changes in patients with acne vulgaris and explore the potential relationship between acne vulgaris and dry eye.METHODS:This cross-sectional study included right eyes of 53 patients with acne vulgaris and 54 healthy controls.The participants completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI)questionnaire.The following ocular surface-related parameters were measured:tear meniscus height(TMH),noninvasive tear breakup time(NIBUT),Schirmer I test(SIT),lipid layer thickness(LLT)score of the tear film,meibum score,meibomian gland orifice obstruction score,the ratio of meibomian gland loss,conjunctival hyperemia score,and corneal fluorescein staining(CFS)score.RESULTS:The stability of the tear film decreased in acne vulgaris patients.In the acne group,the TMH and NIBUT were lower,whereas the OSDI,meibum score,meibomian gland orifice obstruction score,ratio of meibomian gland loss,and conjunctival hyperemia score were higher compared with controls(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the CFS score,SIT,or LLT score between the groups(P>0.05).In two dry eye groups,the TMH,NIBUT,and LLT score were lower in the acne with dry eye(acne-DE)group,and the meibum score,meibomian gland orifice obstruction score,ratio of meibomian gland loss and conjunctival hyperemia score in the acne-DE group were higher(P<0.05).There were no significant differences between OSDI,SIT,and CFS score(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Patients with moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris are more likely to experience dry eye than those without acne vulgaris.Reduced tear film stability and meibomian gland structure dysfunction are more pronounced in patients with moderate-to-severe acne and dry eye.

Antibacterial,antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of essential oils and ethanolic extracts from Chinese mugwort(Artemisia vulgaris L.)leaf in Shanxi

Background:Artemisia vulgaris,a medicinal aromatic plant,is widely used as a food item,tonic pharmaceutical,and cosmetic industry additive owing to its antibacterial,antihypertensive,hepatoprotective,antioxidant,and antispasmodic properties.But the effect of different geographic locations on the chemical composition and bioactivities of its extracts is unclear.Methods:Biological activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of three varieties of Artemisia vulgaris leaves,which are grown in Shanxi province China,were studied.Results:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main components of essential oils were terpenes and ketones.Essential oils and ethanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris leaves possessed good antioxidant activities,and their half maximal inhibitory concentrations determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)assays were 57.0 and 22.9μg/mL,respectively.The essential oils also exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against three foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains.The ethanol extract presented a high anticancer activity against the MGC-803 human gastric cancer cell line.Conclusion:These biological activities were well correlated with the composition of the extract and EOs,which in turn is affected by the genetic composition of Artemisia vulgaris and geographic location and diverse climatic condition under which it is grown.These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of Artemisia vulgaris as a valuable source of antioxidant,antibacterial,and anticancer agents.

Ecological effect of the plantation of Sabina vulgaris in the Mu Us Sandy Land,China

Vegetation restoration through artificial plantation is an effective method to combat desertification,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.This study aimed to explore the ecological effect of the plantation of Sabina vulgaris on soil physical and chemical properties on the southeastern fringe of the Mu Us Sandy Land,China.We collected soil samples from five depth layers(0-20,20-40,40-60,60-80,and 80-100 cm)in the S.vulgaris plantation plots across four plantation ages(4,7,10,and 16 years)in November 2019,and assessed soil physical(soil bulk density,soil porosity,and soil particle size)and chemical(soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),available nitrogen(AN),available phosphorus(AP),available potassium(AK),cation-exchange capacity(CEC),salinity,p H,and C/N ratio)properties.The results indicated that the soil predominantly consisted of sand particles(94.27%-99.67%),with the remainder being silt and clay.As plantation age increased,silt and very fine sand contents progressively rose.After 16 years of planting,there was a marked reduction in the mean soil particle size.The initial soil fertility was low and declined from 4 to 10 years of planting before witnessing an improvement.Significant positive correlations were observed for the clay,silt,and very fine sand(mean diameter of 0.000-0.100 mm)with SOC,AK,and p H.In contrast,fine sand and medium sand(mean diameter of 0.100-0.500 mm)showed significant negative correlations with these indicators.Our findings ascertain that the plantation of S.vulgaris requires 10 years to effectively act as a windbreak and contribute to sand fixation,and needs 16 years to improve soil physical and chemical properties.Importantly,these improvements were found to be highly beneficial for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas.This research can offer valuable insights for the protection and restoration of the vegetation ecosystem in the sandy lands in China.

Serum level changes of inflammatory cytokines in patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris treated with dual-wavelength laser

Background:Acne vulgaris(AV)is a common inflammatory skin disease.Although various mechanisms have been indicated in the etiopathogenesis of AV,the exact pathophysiology remains unknown.Various lasers have been used to treat AV;however,the serum level changes of inflammatory cytokines after laser therapy have not been elucidated.We aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammatory changes and remission on the opposite side in patients with moderate to severe AV after treating half of the face with 595-and 1064-nm dualwavelength laser.Methods:In total,18 patients(9 male and 9 female)between 16 and 35 years of age with moderate to severe AV were evaluated in the study.Disease severity was classified according to the Pillsbury grading system of acne.Patients were randomized to receive a series of two treatment sessions at intervals of 2 weeks and followed up at 2 weeks after the final treatment.A 3 mL blood sample was drawn from every subject each time,and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-6,IL-8,and IL-22 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline and 2 weeks after each treatment.Improvement was determined by a blinded assessment of photographs taken before and after the final evaluation.Results:Inflammation was significantly reduced on both the treated and untreated sides,and symptoms of AV lesions were alleviated.All patients showed a significant increase in serum IL-22 levels after the first laser therapy,with no significant difference in serum IL-6 and IL-8 levels.After the second laser therapy,serum IL-6,IL-8,and IL-22 levels were significantly decreased.No significant side effects such as bruising,edema,hyperpigmentation,hypopigmentation,or scarring were reported.Conclusion:Half-face treatment with 595-and 1064-nm dual-wavelength laser for moderate and severe AV showed a significant effect of full-face remission,which was associated with a gradual decrease in IL-6,IL-8,and IL-22 levels after half-face topical treatment.This suggests that reducing inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum can relieve inflammation in non-therapeutic sites.This laser treatment is effective,economical,and painless.

Effect of Light Intensity and pH on Cell Density Assessed by Spectrophotometry for the Unicellular Algae Chlorella vulgaris

In this study, an effective environment for Chlorella vulgaris growth is sought after. As a substitute source of food and feed, increasing the cell density of Chlorella culture is one of the keys to ensuring sustainability. It can be showed from different studies that optimum light intensity and pH could increase cell density. In this study, the effects of light and pH on the growth rate of C. vulgaris were observed in photobioreactor. A specific wavelength (682 nm) was determined by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry to carry out the further analysis. The light intensities were set at 7409, 9261 and 11,113 lux;pH values were set at 7, 8 and 9 respectively. The experimental results depicted the light intensity of 9261 lux as the best due to the higher number of cells (48.56 × 106 cells/mL) obtained using this intensity. In terms of pH, without pH control, cell numbers were found to be highest under the light intensity of 9261 lux. When pH was controlled, it was found that under the optimum light intensity, pH control between 7.0 and 7.5 was the optimum range for the growth of C. vulgaris. Moreover, this method of study may possibly be a promising source of low cost culture for Chlorella vulgaris.

Cutaneous Myiasis in a Neglected Case of Pemphigus Vulgaris:A Case Report

Introduction:Myiasis is an infestation of the tissues and organs of living vertebrates and humans by fly larvae,usually those belonging to the Calliphoridae family.The larvae feed on the host’s necrotic or living tissue.Case presentation:On mucocutaneous examination,the patient had multiple sinus tracts covered with purulent necrotic slough,and cylindrical maggots were crawling out of and around the areas of slough.The patient was diagnosed with wound myiasis caused byCochliomyia hominivorax.Turpentine oil flushes and oral ivermectin were prescribed.Discussion:Cutaneous myiasis can be papular,pustular,furuncular,and nodular.It is more common in people who have poor hygiene and intimate contact with domestic animals,such as people living in rural areas and tropical/subtropical countries.The chief aim of management is to remove the maggots as soon as possible,kill them to prevent maturation,promote wound healing,and prevent development of secondary complications.Conclusion:In the current case,the patient’s poor nursing and personal care and low socioeconomic condition predisposed her to secondary wound infection and maggot infestation.Such cases require prompt care to prevent secondary infection and septicemia.

Hypotensive Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Bambusa vulgaris (Poaceae) Leaves in Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

Plant of Bambusa vulgaris is used in traditional medicine practice for the management of many pathologies including hypertension. The effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Bambusa vulgaris on blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive male rabbits. Blood pressure was measured by the invasive method. Thus, aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves had been injected intravenously at doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg in rabbits anesthetized with thiopental. The effects of this extract on blood pressure were also evaluated in rabbits having previously received different doses of atropine. The aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves induced a dose-dependent hypotension which is not canceled in the presence of atropine. The results obtained show that the extract has blood pressure lowering effect which may be mediated by muscarinic-type cholinergic receptors.

Analysis of differentially expressed genes in Verruca vulgaris vs.adjacent normal skin by RNA-sequencing

Introduction:Verruca vulgaris is one of the most common low-risk HPV infections and is characterized by excessive proliferation of keratinocytes.Currently,very little genetic information is available regarding verruca vulgaris in the Chinese population.This study aimed to obtain comprehensive transcript information of verruca vulgaris by RNA sequencing.Methods:High-throughput sequencing was performed on three fresh verruca vulgaris samples and adjacent normal skin on the Illumina sequencing platform.The transcriptomes were analyzed using bioinformatics and the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were verified by immunohistochemistry.Verruca vulgaris exhibited a unique molecular signature.Results:In total,1,643 DEGs were identified in verruca vulgaris compared to normal skin.The functions of the DEGs were studies by Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis,DEGs Reactome analysis,disease annotation function,and STRING protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis.The results revealed 595 GO terms associated with the cell cycle,signal transduction,immune system,signaling molecules,and interaction.The Reactome analysis revealed enrichment in reversible hydration of carbon dioxide and BMP signaling,while the disease annotation function revealed that the enriched DEGs are involved in keratosis disorders.The STRING PPI network showed that the edges with the highest density mainly included the 2′-5′oligoadenylate synthase(OAS)family-related proteins.Furthermore,the M-code analysis found ISG15,IRF7,and OASL were scored as significant modules and their high expression compared to the control was verified by immunohistochemistry.Conclusion:These findings contribute to the genetic information of verruca vulgaris in the Chinese population,revealing that interferon-stimulated genes may play essential roles in verruca vulgaris.

Ecophysiology and multivariate analysis for production of Tachigali vulgaris in Brazil:Influence of rainfall seasonality and fertilization

Studies on fertilization management of species native to the Amazon for energy plantations contribute to the diversity of species use and reduce biological risk due to the excessive use of clones or hybrids of Eucalyptus.This study evaluates the effect of precipitation seasonality and phosphorus and potassium fertilization on gas exchange in a Tachigali vulgaris plantation.Three levels of P(zero,65.2,130.4 kg ha^(-1))and three of K(zero,100.0,200.0 kg ha^(-1))were applied in a 3×3 factorial randomized block design.Gas exchange measurements were conducted in April and November 2018.In low rainfall,high irradiance period,photo synthetic rates were up to four times higher than in the high rainfall period,reaching 20.3μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)in the treatment with 130.4 g kg^(-1)of P and 100.0 g kg^(-1)of K.Factor analysis and principal component analysis reduced the initial eight gas exchange variables to two and three principal components in periods of high and low rainfall,respectively.The multivariate method used in this study readily identified variations in the variables as a function of rainfall,with high reliability in explaining the data set.

Transcriptome Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Phenotypic Variation in Phaseolus vulgaris Mutant‘nts’

The phenotype of a common bean plant is often closely related to its yield,and the yield of plants with reduced height or poor stem development during growth is low.Mutants serve as an essential gene resource for common bean breeding genetic research.Although model plants and crops are studied to comprehend the molecular mechanisms and genetic basis of plant phenotypes,the molecular mechanism of phenotypic variation in common beans remains underexplored.We here used the mutant‘nts’as material for transcriptome sequencing analysis.This mutant was obtained through 60Co-γirradiation from the common bean variety‘A18’.Differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in GO functional entries such as cell wall organization,auxin response and transcription factor activity.Metabolic pathways significantly enriched in KEGG analysis included plant hormone signal transduction pathways,phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways,and fructose and mannose metabolic pathways.AUX1(Phvul.001G241500),the gene responsible for auxin transport,may be the key gene for auxin content inhibition.In the plant hormone signal transduction pathway,AUX1 expression was downregulated and auxin transport across the membrane was blocked,resulting in stunted growth of the mutant‘nts’.The results provide important clues for revealing the molecular mechanism of‘nts’phenotype regulation in bean mutants and offer basic materials for breeding beneficial phenotypes of bean varieties.