KH_2PO_4和Penicillin对小麦老化种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

适宜浓度的 KH2 PO4和 Penicillin能明显提高小麦老化种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量及幼苗长度 ,且能适当降低其种子浸泡液的电导度。其中以 0 .0 2 5 % KH2 PO4+10 0 mg/

Cumulative Toxicity of Residue Degradation Products of Penicillin Bacteria

[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the accumulation of toxic slag of penicillin bacteria residue degradation products and explore its ability to meet the aquaculture industry as a protein feed into development and utilization conditions.[Method] Through the sub-acute toxicity tests in mice strains,which were fed by different doses of penicillin bacteria residue degradation products （3% and 6%） under continuous observation of 15 weeks,recording a weekly mouse weight and death,and sampling executed after the test,animal liver and kidney function were blood test,taking heart,liver,spleen,kidney weighing,as well as liver and kidney pathology observed in the optical microscope.[Result] There were no significant differences （P 0.05） between the test group mice body weight,mortality and liver and kidney function and the control group within 15 weeks.Low-dose test group could be seen the liver cells,renal tubular epithelial nuclei broken,and a small number of liver and kidney cells with mild edema.High-dose test group could be seen in liver tissue of mice nuclei fragmentation and a fat droplets,the majority of liver cells,edema,and only a small number of liver cells,there were no significant changes.Renal portal area showed inflammatory cell infiltration,renal tubular epithelial cells,edema and necrosis.[Conclusion] In this experimental condition,the degradation products of penicillin bacteria residue played a mild toxcity on organ parenchymal cells in mice.

Penicillin和Ca^(2+)对玉米老化种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

用不同浓度的CaCl2和Penicillin及二者复配后对老化的玉米种子进行处理,结果表明,Penicillin 100 mg/L、CaCl20.015 mg/L、二者复配以0.015 mg/L CaCl2+100 mg/L Penicillin能明显提高老化玉米种子发芽率、幼苗根系活力和叶片叶绿素含量,能适当降低其种子浸泡液的电导度,并经方差分析差异达到显著水平。

Penicillin和Ca^(2+)对玉米老化种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

用不同浓度的CaCl2和Penicillin及二者复配后对老化的玉米种子进行处理。结果表明,Peni-cillin100m g/L、CaCl20.015mg/L、二者复配以0.015mg/LCaCl2+100mg/L Penicillin能明显提高老化玉米种子发芽率、幼苗根系活力和叶片叶绿素含量,能适当降低其种子浸泡液的电导度,并经方差分析差异达到显著水平。

Covalent Assembly of Penicillin Acylase in Mesoporous Silica Based on Macromolecular Crowding Theory

To improve the covalent immobilization of penicillin acylase （PA）, macromolecular crowding theory was applied to its immobilization. Influence of mass ratio of enzyme to the silica, as well as, activation time with glutaraldehyde on the activity of assembled PA, was studied. In the mesopores, the effect of fl-cyclodextrin （β-CD） on the immobilization of the enzyme was also investigated. It was remarkable that the coupled yield and relative activity reached 99.5% and 92.3%, respectively, when penicillin acylase assembled covalently in the mesopores. The results here indicate that mimicked macromolecule crowding could significantly ameliorate the performance of covalently immobilized PA.

An efficient synthesis of ampicillin on magnetically separable immobilized penicillin G acylase

Penicillin G acylase(PGA) was immobilized on the magnetic hydrophilic polymer microspheres with average pore size of 17.1 nm,specific surface area of 128.2 m2/g and saturate magnetization of 6.4 emu/g.The 96.7%ampicillin yield with 1.60 of the synthesis/hydrolysis(S/H) ratio from 6-aminopenicillanic acid(6-APA) and D-(-)-alpha-phenylglycine methyl ester(D-PGME) can be achieved using the resultant magnetic biocatalyst in ethylene glycol,where only 82.1%yield with 1.40 of the S/H ratio was obtained using the free PGA under the identical reaction conditions.The immobilized PGA can be separated magnetically and recycled for five times without obvious loss of its catalytic activity.

Immobilization of penicillin G acylase on paramagnetic polymer microspheres with epoxy groups

Paramagnetic polymer microspheres were synthesized by the inverse suspension polymerizationmethod through polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate,ally glycidyl ether and methacrylamide onthe surface of silica‐coated Fe3O4nanoparticles using N,N’‐methylene‐bis(acrylamide)as across‐linking agent.Penicillin G acylase(PGA)was covalently immobilized on the surface of theparamagnetic microspheres by reacting the amino groups of the PGA molecules with the epoxygroups of the paramagnetic polymer microspheres.The effect of the SiO2coating and the amount ofparamagnetic Fe3O4nanoparticles on the initial activity and the operational stability of the immobilizedPGA was investigated.The results indicated that SiO2played an important role in the polymerization process and paramagnetic polymer microspheres with a SiO2‐coated Fe3O4nanoparticles mass content of7.5%are an optimal support material for PGA immobilization.Immobilized PGA on the paramagnetic polymer microspheres shows a high initial activity of430U/g(wet)and retains99%of its initial activity after recycling10times.Furthermore,immobilized PGA exhibits high thermal stability,pH stability and excellent reusability,which can be rapidly recycled by the aid of magnet.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Poly(GMA/MA/MBAA)Copolymer Beads:a Highly Efficient Support Immobilizing Penicillin G Acylase

The hydrophilic, macroporous and beaded ternary copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate （GMA）/methacrylamide（MA）/N,N＇-methylene-bis（acrylamide）（MBAA）was synthesized using the industrial agents by inverse suspension polymerization. The apparent activity of the immobilized penicillin G acylase reached 1096 IU/g for hydrolysis penicillin G on the beads with diameter of 0.11-0.13 ram, and it changed hardly after 50 cycles. It can be expected to be a good potential in industrial application,

Development of a Rapid Multi-residue Assay for Detecting β-lactams Using Penicillin Binding Protein 2x

Objective To develop a rapid multi-residue assay for detecting 16 demanded by the European Union （EU）. Methods A recombinant penicillin-binding protein （PBP） 2x＊ from Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 was expressed in vitro and six β-1actams were conjugated to HRP by four methods. A rapid multi-residue assay for β-1actams was established with PBP2x＊ and HRP-conjugate. Results PBP2x＊ was expressed and purified successfully and the ideal HRP-conjugate was identified. The multi-residue assay was developed. After optimization, penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, cephalexin, ceftiofur, cefalonium, cefquinome, cefazolin, cefoperazone, cephacetrile, and cephapirin can be detected at levels below MRL in milk with simple pretreatment. Conclusion This assay developed can detect all 16 β-1actams demanded by the European Union （EU）. The whole procedure takes only 45 min and can detect 42 samples and the standards with duplicate analysis.

Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase on Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified by Ionic Liquids

Functionalized ionic liquids containing ethyoxyl groups were synthesized and immobilized on magnetic silica nanoparticles （MSNP） prepared by two steps, i.e., Fe304 synthesis and silica shell growth on the surface. This magnetic nanoparticle supported ionic liquid （MNP-IL） were applied in the immobilization of penicillin G acylase （PGA）. The MSNPs and MNP-ILs were characterized by themeans of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The results showed that the average size of magnetic Fe304 nanoparticles and MSNPs were -10 and -90 nm, respectively. The saturation magnetizations of magnetic Fe304 nanoparticles and MNP-ILs were 63.7 and 26.9 A＇m2·kg^-1, respectively. The MNP-IL was successfully applied in the immobilization of PGA. The maximum amount of loaded enzyme-was about 209 mg·g^-1 （based on carder）, and the highest enzyme activity of immobilized PGA （based on ImPGA） was 261 U·g^-1. Both the amount of loaded enzyme and the activity of ImPGA are at the same leyel of or higher than that in previous reports. After 10 consecutive operat!ons, ImPGA still mainrained 62% of its initial activity, indicating the＇good recovery property of ImPGA activity. The ionic liquid modified magnetic particles integrate the magnetic properties of Fe304 and the structure-tunable properties of ionic liquids, and have extensive potential uses in protein immobilization and magnetic bioseparation. This work may open up a novel strategy to immobilize proteins by ionic liquids.

Penicillin-resistant characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Gansu,China

Bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is difficult to treat because of increasing resistance against antibiotics, especially penicillin. β-Lactamase and biofilm are responsible for penicillin resistance of S. aureus. The aim of this study was to investigate the β-lactamase activity and biofilm formation capacity of 37 penicillin-resistant S. aureus strains （35 were blaZ positive and 2 were blaZ negative） from bovine mastitis in Gansu Province, China, as well as to measure the intercellular adhesion genes icaA and icaD of these strains. β-Lactamase Test Kit was used to determine the β-lactamase activity, biofilm formation was tested by semi-quantitative adherence assay method. Moreover, the presence of icaA and icaD were measured by PCR. A total of 32 penicillin-resistant S. aureus strains, including the two blaZ-negative strains, were identified as β-lactamase producers. All tested S. aureus isolates produced biofilm in the microtiter plate assay. Meanwhile, all these strains were PCR-positive for the ica locus, icaA and icaD. The study indicated high prevalence of β-lactamase activity, biofilm-forming capacity, and the ica genes among the penicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates, and implied that S. aureus resistant to penicillin was attributed to multiple mechanisms.

Partition Behavior of Penicillin in Three-liquid-phase Extraction System

Partition behavior of penicillins G and V was studied in a novel three-liquid-phase extraction system,which is composed of butyl acetate (BA),polyethylene glycol (PEG),ammonia sulfate (NH4)2SO4 and water (H2O). The main components in the top,middle and bottom phases are butyl acetate,polyethylene glycol aqueous solution and ammonia sulfate aqueous solution,respectively. Some parameters such as partition coefficients Di/j and mass fractions Ei of penicillins G and V were determined at the room temperature,respectively. Experimental efforts have been made to investigate the partition behavior of penicillin in the three-liquid-phase extraction system,including initial concentrations of phase-forming components PEG and (NH4)2SO4,PEG molecular weight,pH,initial concentration of penicillin. The results indicated that penicillins G and V have the similar partition behavior. They preferentially distribute into the middle phase with the increase of initial concentration of phase-forming components and into the top phase with the decrease of pH,while partition coefficient Dm/b is hardly affected by pH value. The variation of PEG molecular weight has little effect on mass fractions of penicillin. The increase of initial concentration of penicillins G and V could lead to the increase of Dt/b,Dm/b and the decrease of Dt/m,while their mass fractions in all phases were almost independent on their initial concentrations.

Comparative study on production,purification of penicillin by Penicillium chrysogenum isolated from soil and citrus samples

Objective:To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp.would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp.in different media with altered carbohydrate source.Methods:The collected soil samples were screened for the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum(P.chrysogenum) by soil dilution plate.The isolated Penicillium species were further grown in different production media with changes in the carbohydrate source.The extracted penicillin from various isolates was analyzed by HPLC for the efficacy of the product.Further the products were screened with various bacterial species including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).And the work was extended to find the possible action on MRSA,along with characterization using other pathogens.Results:From the various soil and citrus samples used for analysis,only the soil sample from Government General Hospital of Bangalore,India,and Sanjay Gandhi Hospital,Bangalore,India,showed some potential growth of the desired fungi P.chrysogenum.Different production media showed varied range of growth of PenicilUum.Optimum production of penicillin was obtained in maltose which proved maximum zone of inhibition during assay.Characterization of penicillin on pathogens,like wild Escherichia coli strain,Klebsiella spp.,and MRSA,gave quite interesting results such as no activity on the later strain as it is resistant.HPLC data provided the analytical and confirmation details of the penicillin produced.Accordingly,the penicillin produced from the soil sample of Government General Hospital had the high milli absorbance unit of 441.5 mAu compared with that of the penicillin produced from Sanjay Gandhi Hospital sample,8S.S2 mAu.Therefore,there was a considerable change in quantity of the penicillin produced from both the samples.Conclusions: The Penicillium spp.could be possibly rich in hospital contaminants and its environments.This research focuses on various unexplored sources of medical ailments,and also shows that the growth of penicillin is high in maltose rich media that could possibly enhance the growth.

Zhang Weishe n:A Pion eer in the Developme nt and In dustrial Production of Penicillin in New China

The research and development of penicillin started with dificulty before 1949 and achieved certain results.In 1951,after the founding of the People’ s Republic of China,Zhang Weishen,as the only Chinese scientist who had been trained and worked in a penicillin research and development center in the United States for many years,overcame many difficulties and returned to China.In 1953,with the efforts of Zhang Weishen and his colleagues,China realized the industrialized production of penicillin,alleviating the urgent needs of the masses.Antibiotics has also become the first discipline to achieve major scientific and technological achievements after the founding of the New China.In the mid-1950s,the technical breakthrough in the localization of lactose substitutes marked the localization of the raw materials of the penicillin-producing culture medium,which paved the way for the industrialized production of penicillin with Chinese characteristics.Antibiotics have become one of the most widely used and affordable drugs for hundreds of millions of patients in China,and China has since ended the humiliating history of the "Sick Man of East Asia".

Selective Association between Cephalosporin, Quinolone, Macrolide, and Penicillin Antibiotic Consumption and Childhood Obesity in Europe

The accelerated weight gain in productive animals as a result of feeding antibiotic enriched fodder has been well known for decades. The better energy harvest is the result of modified gut microbiota as a consequence of applied antibiotics. Similar mechanisms might result obesity in humans as well. Objectives: Finding associations between global antibiotic consumption of different classes in EU countries and obesity data in adults and children prove that antibiotics might play a significant role in the development of obesity “epidemics” and related illnesses. Methods: Antibiotic consumption data were compared with obesity figures in adults and children in European countries and statistically analyzed for significance. Results: Significant correlation was found between the average yearly consumption of cephalosporins (p = 0.007), quinolones (p = 0.031), macrolides (p = 0.000083) and childhood obesity data, but no significant association was observed with the average penicillin consumption. No association was observed between adult obesity and any of the antibiotic classes studied. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that different types of antibiotics might influence the development of obesity among children, and this finding can serve as a unified explanation for the development of obesity “epidemics”, similarly to the obesity and gut flora alteration-related diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus, autism, etc.).

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Investigations of Four New Y(Ⅲ), Ge(Ⅳ), W(Ⅵ) and Si(Ⅳ) Penicillin Antibiotic Drug Complexes

A four new penicillinate complexes were prepared through the chemical interactio ns of penicillin potassium salt (Pin) with YCl 3, GeCl 4, WCl 6 and SiCl 4 m etal ions. These metal complexes were characterized using spectroscopic techniqu es (e.g. 1H-NMR, infrared, electronic UV-Vis) as well as elemental, cond uctivity, and magnetic measurements. The molar conductance values were highly, s howing their electrolytic nature. The magnetic and electronic study strongly rec ommends the octahedral geometry of all penicillinate complexes. A monomeric stru ctures of Pin complexes are proposed with octahedral coordinated metals ions. Th e metal ions are coordinated toward Pin as tridentate ligand through the amide a nd β-lactam carbonyls and a carboxylate group from penicillin. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of all the complexes, at concentrations in μg·mL^-1 , was screened against four bacterial pathogens, namely, Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus , and two kinds of fungi Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans showed better activi ty compared to parent drug and control drug. The anti-cancer inhibition of the tungsten(Ⅵ) complex was assessed against the human hepato cellular carcinoma (H epG-2) tumor cell line with IC50 value is 646 μg·mL^-1 .

A NEW PROCESS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF PENICILLIN G FROM THE FILTRATE OF FERMENTATION BROTH WITH TBP IN BUTYL ACETATE

The mixture of neutral phosphorus esters and butyl acetate (BA) can be used, as the extractant for the extraction of penicillin G. The extraction equilibrium pH can be increased to pH3—4 due to the stronger extraction capability of the solvent mixture, instead of pH1.8—2.2 with butyl acetate as solvent. The experimental results indicate that the total recovery of penicillin G can reach 96.6% with the new extraction process, which is 5—6% higher than that obtained with the traditional process using BA as solvent at pH1.8—2.2.

Protective effect of insulin and glucose at different concentrations on penicillin-induced astrocyte death on the primer astroglial cell line

Astrocytes perform many functions in the brain and spinal cord.Glucose metabolism is important for astroglial cells and astrocytes are the only cells with insulin receptors in the brain.The common antibiotic penicillin is also a chemical agent that causes degenerative effect on neuronal cell.The aim of this study is to show the effect of insulin and glucose at different concentrations on the astrocyte death induced by penicillin on primer astroglial cell line.It is well known that intracranial penicillin treatment causes neuronal cell death and it is used for experimental epilepsy model commonly.Previous studies showed that insulin and glucose might protect neuronal cell in case of proper concentrations.But,the present study is about the effect of insulin and glucose against astrocyte death induced by penicillin.For this purpose,newborn rat brain was extracted and then mechanically dissociated to astroglial cell suspension and finally grown in culture medium.Clutters were maintained for 2 weeks prior to being used in these experiments.Different concentrations of insulin（0,1,3 nM）and glucose（0,3,30 mM）were used in media without penicillin and with 2 500μM penicillin.Penicillin decreased the viability of astroglial cell seriously.The highest cell viability appeared in medium with 3 nM insulin and 3 mM glucose but without penicillin.However,in medium with penicillin,the best cell survival was in medium with 1 nM insulin but without glucose. We concluded that insulin and glucose show protective effects on the damage induced by penicillin to primer astroglial cell line.Interestingly,cell survival depends on concentrations of insulin and glucose strongly.The results of this study will help to explain cerebrovascular pathologies parallel to insulin and glucose conditions of patient after intracranial injuries.

Study on the Interferation of the Concentration of Free Calcium in Peripheral Human Lymphocyte by Low Dose Penicillin, Using Fura-2 as Fluorescent Probe

The effect of penicillin on the human peripheral lymphocytes was studied by steady fluorescent technique and ratiometric fluorescence dye, Fura-2, The change of the free calcium concentration in cytosol was examined under different conditions. A characterization of Fura-2-Ca interaction in an isotonic saline solution showed that Ca^2＋ formed a 1：1 Fura-2-Ca complex with the apparent dissociation constant 1.81×10^-7 mol/L. The mechanism, by which penicillin induced the decrease of [Ca^2＋]i , was discussed in detail. The low dose of penicillin might modify the lymphocytes＇ immunology response by interfering the increase in the intracellular free calcium concentration.