New Antibacterial Dihydropyrones Induced by Co-Culture of Penicillium crustosum PRB-2 and Penicillium citrinum HDN11-186

Two new dihydropyrones,rhytismatones C(1)and D(2),and a known compound,penicillenol A1(3),were isolated from the co-culture broth of the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium crustosum PRB-2 and Suaeda salsa-derived endophytic fungus Peni-cillium citrinum HDN11-186.Their structures were elucidated through comprehensive analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectra and mass spectra.The absolute configurations of new compounds were determined by calculating the electronic circular di-chroism(ECD)spectrum.UPLC-MS data showed that compounds 1–3 could only be detected in the media of co-culture,suggesting new biosynthetic pathways were activated in the co-cultured fungi.Compound 1 showed obvious antibacterial activities against Pro-teus sp.MMBC-1002 and Bacillus subtilis MMBC-1004 with minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)both at 25μmolL^(-1).

亚麻叶白千层内生真菌Penicillium citrinum YMY-1次生代谢产物研究

目的 研究亚麻叶白千层植物内生真菌Penicillium citrinum YMY-1的化学成分。方法 采用大孔树脂、硅胶、ODS、Sephadex-LH-20柱色谱及Pre-HPLC现代色谱方法进行分离纯化,并通过HR-ESI-MS、NMR等波谱手段对所得化合物进行结构鉴定。结果 从中分离出12个化合物,分别鉴定为chromosulfine(1)、methyl 8-hydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate(2)、penicitrinone A(3)、rubasperone B(4)、quinolactacin Al(5)、quinolactacin A2(6)、3,4,5-三甲基-1,2-苯二酚(7)、12-hydroxysorbicillin(8)、2-(hept-5-enyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,1-b]-1,3-oxazine(9)、dihydrocitrinone(10)、6,8-dihydroxy-3,4,5,7-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin(11)和β-麦角甾醇(12)。结论 化合物4和8为首次从青霉属真菌中分离得到。

柳珊瑚共附生真菌Aspergillus sclertoiorum和Penicillium citrinum共培养代谢产物的研究

利用柱色谱技术，分离纯化来源于柳珊瑚的两株海洋真菌（Aspergillus sclertoiorum和Penicillium cirrinum）共培养发酵代谢产物，通过NMR等波谱学数据进行结构鉴定，并利用HPLC分析A．sclertoiorum分别共培养和纯培养时主要次生代谢产物产量的差异。从共培养的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离鉴定了4个化合物，分别为青霉酸（1），5t6-dihydropenicillic acid（2），6-dihydro-6-hydroxy penicillic acid（3），2-hydmxy-3，6-dimethylbenzoic acid（4），其中化合物4为首次从海洋来源真菌中得到，并且共培养不同程度地提高了化合物1—4的产量。

Inhibitory Effects of Fumigation and Anaerobic Treatments of Citronellal,Wintergreen Oil and Their Composite Essence on Penicillium citrinum

[Objectives]The research was to explore the antifungal effects of citronellal,wintergreen oil and their composite essence on Penicillium citrinum.[Methods]The inhibition zones of citronellal,wintergreen oil and their composite essence against P.citrinum were determined by disk diffusion method,and the growth of inhibition zone plate was observed.The fumigation fungicidal rate of fungi-bearing rice paper within 7 d was determined by plate counting method.[Results]Citronellal had strong antifungal effect,and wintergreen oil could slow down the growth rate of P.citrinum.The combination of citronellal and wintergreen oil had a synergistic effect.As fumigants,both citronellal and composite essence had fungicidal rates up to 100%within 7 d.Combined with anaerobic treatments,all the three essential oils could improve the fungicidal efficiency.The adsorbent in deoxidizing agent would adsorb the essential oils,so that their fumigation had a certain slow release effect.[Conclusions]This study can provide a more friendly and efficient method for the prevention and control of cultural relics mold.

海洋来源真菌Penicillium citrinum的化学成分及其活性研究

为研究海洋来源真菌橘青霉(Penicillium citrinum)的次生代谢产物及其活性,采用凝胶柱层析、正相硅胶柱层析以及高效液相色谱等方法对菌株发酵液的乙酸乙酯提取物进行分离,通过LC-MS、NMR结构鉴定和文献数据对比等方法进行鉴定。结果表明,分离到的7个已知化合物经鉴定分别为3,3-二吲哚烷基-1,2-丙二醇(1)、robillafuran (2)、asperfuran A (3)、gamahorin (4)、7-羟基-5-甲氧基-4,6-二甲基-异苯并呋喃酮(5)、5-甲氧基-4,6-二甲基-7-氧-α-L-鼠李糖基-异苯并呋喃酮(6)、pestynol (7)。化合物1-7均为首次从青霉属真菌中分离得到,化合物1首次从真菌的次生代谢产物中发现。活性筛选结果表明,化合物7具有抗菌活性,化合物1和7对Marc-145细胞具有较强的细胞毒活性,半数致死浓度(Median Lethal Concentration, LC)值分别为57.397μg/mL和35.386μg/mL;在LPS诱导的BV-2细胞模型中,化合物2和4在浓度为12μg/mL时,BV-2细胞的存活率分别为76.77%和69.69%,具有潜在的抗神经炎症活性。

Biological Synthesis of Colloidal Gold Nanoprisms Using <i>Penicillium citrinum</i>MTCC9999

This report provides for the first time rapid novel environment friendly cell surface based synthesis of stable gold nanoprisms at room temperature using Penicillium citrinum MTCC9999 biomass. The UV-Visible spectral scan of dispersed gold nanoparticles (GNPs) solution showed absorption maxima at 540 nm due to surface plasma resonance (SPR) of gold nanoparticles. Typical Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) images showed that most of them were prism (55%) shaped with a diameter ranging from 20 - 40 nm. These results obtained from TEM correlated well with the data obtained from Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) experiment. Average zeta potential of GNPs was -20 mV suggesting some biomolecules capped the nanoparticles imparting a net negative charge over it. FTIR analysis also showed that protein molecules were involved in stabilization.

Perpyrrospirone A, an unprecedented hirsutellone peroxide from the marine-derived Penicillium citrinum

Perpyrrospirone A(1) characterized an unprecedented 6/5/6/8/5/13/6 oxahexacyclic scaffold with a unique peroxide-bridged 8,9-dioxa-2-azaspiro[4.7]dodecane core from marine-derived Penicillium citrinum. Compounds 2 and 3 possessed rare oxatetracyclic(6/5/6/5) skeleton fused with a 13-menberedring macrocyclic moiety. Their structure and absolute configurations were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, ECD data coupled with TD-DFT calculations and X-ray diffraction experiments. In addition, 7 showed cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis of Hela cells in a dose-dependent manner after a48 h treatment.

深海橘青霉Penicillium citrinum SCSIO41305化学成分及其乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性研究

目的研究1株采自深海沉积物中橘青霉Penicillium citrinum SCSIO41305的次级代谢产物。方法利用薄层色谱法(TLC)、硅胶柱层析法、凝胶柱层析法、中压制备液相色谱法(MPLC)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)等分离方法对该菌株发酵产物进行分离纯化;通过核磁共振(NMR)等现代波谱学方法,同时结合相关文献进行数据分析,鉴定化合物结构。结果从橘青霉Penicillium citrinum SCSIO41305的代谢产物中分离得到7个化合物,分别是citrininc(1)、ergosterol(2)、penicillenol A_(1)(3)、penicillenol A_(2)(4)、penicitrinone A(5)、ozazinocyclo-(2,3-dihydroxyl-trp-tyr)(6)、3,4,5-trimethylbenzene-1,2-diol(7)。活性测试结果表明,化合物2对金黄色葡萄球菌有一定的抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值为0.50 mg/mL,化合物3和4对乙酰胆碱酯酶有较好的抑制作用,其IC_(50)分别为10.43和15.41μmol/L。

GKK1032B from endophytic Penicillium citrinum induces the apoptosis of human osteosarcoma MG63 cells through caspase pathway activation

Chemical investigation of the culture extract of an endophytic Penicillium citrinum from Dendrobium officinale,afforded nine citrinin derivatives(1–9)and one peptide-polyketide hybrid GKK1032B(10).The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods.The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined for the first time by calculation of electronic circular dichroism(ECD)data.Among them,GKK1032B(10)showed significant cytotoxicity against human osteosarcoma cell line MG63 with an IC50 value of 3.49μmol·L–1,and a primary mechanistic study revealed that it induced the apoptosis of MG63 cells via caspase pathway activation.

Optimization of citrinin production by endophytic Penicillium citrinum isolated from Ziziphus jujuba

Citrinin is a common mycotoxin produced by different fungi.Although considerable endeavors have been made to increase citrinin output to meet the requirements of research and industrial needs,few methods are effective,owing to potential safety concerns and technical limitations.In this study,a blue fungus that produces a yellow pigment was isolated from Ziziphus jujuba.The strain was then identified as Penicillium citrinum and named HR-087.Preparative liquid chromatography was used to extract the yellow pigment.Both LC-MS and NMR assays showed that it was citrinin.To enhance the citrinin pro-duction of this strain,the culture medium was optimized through orthogonal experiments,as well as batch and fed-batch process.The final titer and productivity of citrinin reached 9.62 g/L and 0.1 g/(L×h),respectively.The high titer achieved indicates the possibility of large-scale production of high purity citrinin for low-cost supply for both academic and diagnostic analysis standard.

一株红树来源真菌Penicillium citrinum HL-5126中两个新异香豆素化合物（英文）

综合运用多种现代色谱学分离方法对红树来源真菌Penicillium citrinum HL-5126中的次级代谢产物进行了研究,从中分离获得2个新的异香豆素类化合物,通过1D NMR,2D NMR和HR-ESI-MS等波谱鉴定技术确定结构分别为penicimarin J(1)和penicimarin K(2).通过测定圆二色谱并与文献数据对照,确定了化合物1和2的绝对构型.化合物1和2对α-Glucosidase显示一定的抑制活性,IC50值分别为18.37和25.86μg/mL.

西沙软珊瑚Sarcophyton sp.共附生青霉菌Penicillium citrinum次级代谢产物和生物活性研究

目的对从软珊瑚Sarcophytonsp.中发现的青霉属真菌Penicillium citrinum(15XS24ZM-2)的次级代谢产物进行研究。方法利用硅胶柱色谱、薄层色谱、ODS中压色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、高效液相色谱(HPLC)等方法对该菌的次级代谢产物进行了分离纯化;通过核磁共振(NMR)、质谱(MS)等方法,并结合文献对照,鉴定化合物的结构。结果从青霉属真菌Penicillium citrinum(15XS24ZM-2)中共发现8个化合物:2,3-dihydrosorbicillin(1)、citrinin(2)、penicitol(3)、dimethyl-4,7-dihydroxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-3,5-dicarboxylate(4)、emodin(5)、methyl-2,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-dicarboxy(6)、8-hydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate(7)、ergostane(8)。生物活性结果显示化合物3对HCT-116和HeLa细胞株有细胞毒性,IC50分别为25.5和12.3μmol/L。

氧浓度对丝绸上霉菌生长的影响

以黑曲霉、桔青霉为例,利用物联网系统监测培养箱温度、湿度和氧浓度,研究氧浓度对黑曲霉、桔青霉生长的影响。结果发现,在温度(28±1)℃、湿度60%~80%条件下培养7 d,黑曲霉生长所需的氧浓度最低值为0.7%。高浓度氧气能满足其有氧代谢,从而使生长发育达到饱和状态;低浓度氧气不能满足其有氧代谢,从而导致生长发育不充分。当氧浓度低至0.7%时,黑曲霉停止代谢活动。氧浓度对桔青霉生长存在类似的影响。研究丝绸文物上的常见霉菌生长与氧浓度的规律以及氧浓度阈值,为丝绸文物保藏及其装置开发设计提供了理论依据。

银杏采后Penicillium和Aspergillus病害生理研究

初步探讨了银杏种子采后由于ＰｅｎｉｃｉｌｉｕｍｃｉｔｒｉｎｕｍＴｈｏｍ和ＡｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｕｓｆｌａｖｕｓＬｉｎｋ引起的病害生理结果表明，感病的银杏种子呼吸强度、淀粉酶、过氧化物酶及果胶酶活性均与未感病种子显著不同．银杏在贮藏过程中的硬化，不仅与失水有关。

紫苏醛对杨梅主要致病菌桔青霉的抑菌活性及作用机制

紫苏醛是从紫苏叶中提取出来的一种绿色安全的天然抑菌物质,同时也被作为食品添加剂应用到食品生产中。本研究通过最小抑菌浓度、孢子萌发率和菌丝生长抑制实验探究了紫苏醛对杨梅主要致病菌桔青霉的抑菌效果,并通过研究桔青霉菌丝形态和超微结构、细胞膜损伤机制、膜脂过氧化情况以及官能团变化,探讨桔青霉的抑菌机理。结果表明:紫苏醛对桔青霉的最小抑菌浓度为120μL/L;经过120μL/L紫苏醛处理后菌丝生长得到完全抑制,相对电导率、丙二醛含量上升,与未处理组相比,经过90μL/L紫苏醛处理的桔青霉中麦角固醇、总脂质、几丁质水平和线粒体ATP酶活力分别下降了80.00%、81.25%、64.97%和87.40%,破坏了桔青霉细胞膜的通透性,影响细胞膜正常生理功能;扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察发现,紫苏醛处理后的桔青霉头部扫帚状分生孢子头消失,菌丝出现断裂、消融等现象,同时细胞膜遭到破坏,内容物外泄,细胞内部发生皱缩。与0 h相比,处理5 h时120μL/L紫苏醛处理组的桔青霉中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和核酸泄漏量分别增加了71.20%、210.93%和117.31%,验证了细胞膜损伤情况;通过傅里叶变换红外光谱发现,紫苏醛处理的桔青霉羟基、甲基、芳香族碳骨架、苯环碳骨架等官能团含量下降,内部物质被逐渐消耗。综上,紫苏醛对杨梅主要致病菌桔青霉具有良好的抑菌效果,通过破坏细胞膜结构、改变膜通透性、干扰能量代谢及破坏蛋白质和遗传物质等途径发挥抑菌作用,可作为天然保鲜剂具有一定研究和开发前景。

优化发酵条件促海鞘桔青霉Asc2-4生长与产油

桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)Asc2-4是一株分离自雷州海鞘(Pyrosomella verticilliata)的产油真菌,研究温度、pH值、接种量、转速、装液量等单因素对其生长和产油的影响,响应面优化高产油的显著因子,再通过气相色谱分析菌油组成。结果表明:单因素优化初步确定适宜生长的发酵条件并得到提高产油的显著因子(接种量、装液量和转速);响应面优化得出最优发酵条件为温度29℃、pH值5.5、接种量3.3%、装液量120 mL/250 mL和转速220 r/min;验证结果与模型预测值符合,生物量和油脂质量浓度高达19.19 g/L和8.80 g/L,比优化前提高了65.57%和224.72%;菌油的C16和C18系脂肪酸占总脂肪酸96.26%,其主要组分及含量为41.52%油酸(C18:1)、21.74%亚油酸(C18:2)、16.77%棕榈酸(C16:0)和15.61%硬脂酸(C18:0)。研究结果为开发利用桔青霉Asc2-4提供理论基础。

葡萄糖氧化酶产生菌的诱变育种及发酵工艺优化

文章为优化葡萄糖氧化酶产生菌的诱变育种和发酵工艺,将桔青霉CICC 40277作为生产菌株,通过对固、液培养基中菌种的生长和产酶活力进行比较,选取木薯叶为培养基质,经固体培养活化后,菌株的产酶活力最高达到66.48 U/g。然后采用2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖为菌株抑制剂,以甲基红为指示剂设计了一种高效、简便的筛选方法。通过紫外诱变育种,最终筛选得到一株高产菌株Uv-7,其产酶活力达到79.76 U/g,比原始菌株提高了20%。采用单因素试验对Uv-7菌株产葡萄糖氧化酶的最佳菌种活化条件进行优化,得到最适条件为:培养时间144 h、培养温度30℃、接种量20%(V/V);最适培养基组分为:以5.5 g木薯叶为固体基质,按照1∶1(W/V)的固液比添加盐溶液(g/L):MgSO_(4)·7H_(2)O 0.5、Na_(2)HPO_(4)2.0、KCl 0.3、CaCO_(3)3.0、葡萄糖30、酵母粉6,当pH为6.0时,菌株经活化后产葡萄糖氧化酶的活性提高到了101.52 U/g,与原始菌株相比提高了52.7%。

桔青霉引起透明丝孢霉病1例及文献总结

报告1例由桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)引起的透明丝孢霉病并对相关文献进行回顾分析。患者,女,55岁,因左前臂斑块、结节4个月余就诊。对患者皮损表面的皮屑进行真菌荧光镜检,镜下可见少许菌丝;手术取活检组织,同时病理检查、细菌培养及真菌培养,真菌培养阳性,组织病理结果提示感染性肉芽肿,经PAS染色可见组织内菌丝及孢子;提取源自活检组织的真菌DNA和源自蜡块组织的DNA,对ITS区扩增并通过测序比对鉴定为桔青霉,与形态学鉴定相符。微量液基稀释法测得伊曲康唑对此桔青霉的最低抑菌浓度为0.5μg/mL。诊断为桔青霉所致透明丝孢霉病,予伊曲康唑200 mg/d口服治疗1个月后明显改善。

实验设计法优化核酸酶P_1的发酵培养基

采用实验设计法研究了碳源、氮源和磷源等因素对桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)M02发酵产核酸酶P1的影响. 实验结果表明,含有玉米浆的复合氮源可以明显地提高核酸酶P1的产量. 同时通过两轮实验建立了一个可以较好预测实际发酵的二次模型,并依据此模型优化了碳源、氮源以及磷源的组成,优化后的产核酸酶P1的发酵培养基组成为(g/L):葡萄糖38.73,蛋白胨1.91,玉米浆1.84, KH2PO4 0.6, K2HPO43H2O 0.6, MgSO4 0.4, CaCl2 0.4, ZnSO47H2O 0.4. 用此培养基进行发酵,实际产酶水平为648.3 U/ml,与优化前的380 U/ml相比提高了约70%. 此外,还初步探讨了玉米浆促进P1酶发酵的机理,这是因为玉米浆与蛋白胨相比含有了较多有利于P1酶发酵的氨基酸,如甘氨酸、丙氨酸以及丝氨酸等.

微生物转化连翘苷制备连翘脂素的研究

本文旨在开发一种微生物转化工艺,将连翘苷转化为活性更高的连翘脂素。结果从土壤中分离筛选到一株桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)LB菌株,转化连翘苷为连翘脂素的专一性较高。经培养基主要组成和转化条件优化,得出较佳的产酶培养组成为:蔗糖7g/L,(NH_4)_2SO_4 5g/L,NaCl 5g/L,KH_2PO_4 5g/L,MgSO_4 1g/L,MnSO_4 0.5g/L,pH6.0。LB菌株经产酶培养后,过滤收集菌体悬浮于2倍发酵液体积的磷酸盐缓冲液中,加入2g/L的底物连翘苷,于30℃、200r/min转化20h,连翘脂素的转化得率可达94.1%。利用微生物将连翘苷转化为连翘脂素,具有方法简单、转化得率高、产物容易纯化和副产物少等优点,有潜在的工业化应用价值。