This paper introduces the development of the pension system in East Asian and Southeast Asian countries in the backdrop of population aging all over the world.Based on the historical development and comparison of the ...This paper introduces the development of the pension system in East Asian and Southeast Asian countries in the backdrop of population aging all over the world.Based on the historical development and comparison of the present pension systems of different countries in East Asia and Southeastern Asia,this paper proposes the key components and the functions of each component of the pension system.Moreover shortcomings of low coverage and benefit and suggestions for the future are also covered in this paper.展开更多
With the improvement of the degree of aging,the traditional pension model can no longer meet the growing needs of the elderly.Therefore,it is necessary to use the intelligent means of information technology to improve...With the improvement of the degree of aging,the traditional pension model can no longer meet the growing needs of the elderly.Therefore,it is necessary to use the intelligent means of information technology to improve the level of pension services.This paper will integrate multi-sensor fusion technology,NB-IoT communication technology and cloud platform technology to develop and design a smart pension online monitoring system to realize real-time collection of human health and motion status information and realize monitoring platform management.In this system,STM32 microcontroller will be used as the main control module,and MAX30102,ADXL345 and DS18B20 sensors will be used to collect the heart rate,blood oxygen,displacement and body temperature of the human body in real time.On the one hand,the communication part is completed by the BC20 Internet of Things module.The data transmission between the terminal detection device and the cloud platform,on the other hand,the HC-42 Bluetooth module is used to complete the data communication with the mobile phone.The test results show that the system can collect and process data accurately in real time and maintain good communication with the cloud platform and mobile phone.The designed system has strong pertinence,easy operation,high reliability and broad development prospects.展开更多
Population ageing is a worldwide phenomenon,but the speed and scale of ageing are much greater in China than in most other countries.This paper discusses the key demographic indicators of the population in China and p...Population ageing is a worldwide phenomenon,but the speed and scale of ageing are much greater in China than in most other countries.This paper discusses the key demographic indicators of the population in China and provides a comparison with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.The evolution of the Chinese pension system is summarised before concentrating on the current structure for both public-and private-sector workers as well as rural and urban residents.The level of future pension promises for full career workers is calculated and compared with those of selected OECD countries.Possible future challenges are highlighted as China seeks to achieve an adequate and sustainable pension system.The paper highlights the issue of high level of pensioner poverty in comparison to many OECD countries as well as the low retirement age,particularly for women,despite China’s relatively high employment rates for older workers.展开更多
This study focuses on the framework and achievements of China’s pension system,and analyses the long-term risk and institutional dilemmas.Because the existing pension system does not clearly define the responsibiliti...This study focuses on the framework and achievements of China’s pension system,and analyses the long-term risk and institutional dilemmas.Because the existing pension system does not clearly define the responsibilities among the government,the market and the individuals,the main challenge facing China’s current pension system is the huge future fund gap and the difficulty in coping with the risk of an ageing population.The proposal for China’s pension scheme reformation is to establish a three-pillar pension system:transfer the social pooling account into a public pension as the first pillar;merge the refilled personal account by transferring the state-owned assets and the enterprise annuity into the occupational pension as the second pillar;and promote the tax deferral individual pension plan as the third pillar.The roles and functions of the government in the three-pillar pension system are different:for the first pillar,it is fully responsible for the system construction,management and funding security;for the second and the third pillar,it is responsible for system construction and operational supervision.展开更多
Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems....Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems. Therefore, in order to guarantee the smooth implementation of new rural social pension insurance work in Heilongjiang Province, this paper combined with the reality to provide several suggestions for improving the new rural social pension insurance system in Heilongjiang Province.展开更多
The rate of return on capital is a key parameter in pension reform policy making. While evaluating pension reform, the method Feldstein proposed to measure the rate of return on capital is widely adopted. Here we calc...The rate of return on capital is a key parameter in pension reform policy making. While evaluating pension reform, the method Feldstein proposed to measure the rate of return on capital is widely adopted. Here we calculate the rate of return on capital in China by this method. The calculation demonstrates that the rate of retum on all the industrial enterprises is around 6.5 percent from 1996 to 2000, and the average rate of return on state-owned industrial enterprises is lower than the above figure by 1.5 percent during the same period. Finally, we draw a conclusion that the rate of return ranging from 5 to 7 percent is appropriate for the pension reform in China.展开更多
With the rapid population aging,the payment crisis of China’s pension insurance fund is increasing yearly.The government adjusts fertility policy to alleviate population aging and improve the solvency of pension insu...With the rapid population aging,the payment crisis of China’s pension insurance fund is increasing yearly.The government adjusts fertility policy to alleviate population aging and improve the solvency of pension insurance fund.On January1,2016,China’s fertility policy was adjusted from“selective two-child policy”to universal two-child policy.This paper establishes actuarial models to analyze how fertility policy adjustment influences the pension insurance fund and concludes as follows:(1)if the“one-child policy”were still employed,the accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would appear in the year of 2076;(2)if all couples that satisfy the rules of“selective two-child policy”bear the second child,the time of accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would be postponed by about 9 years;(3)after implementing universal two-child policy,the time of accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would delay under different situations of fertility intentions,if more than 54% of the qualified couples bear a second child,the accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would not appear before 2090.The above conclusions have passed the sensitivity tests.Therefore,“two-child policy”can alleviate the payment pressure of pension insurance fund.If the government wants to solve the payment crisis of pension insurance fund,fertility intentions should be improved.展开更多
China’s public pension system is managed at the provincial level.In recent years,the development of public pension system in the provinces has become more unbalanced.The increase in the gap between the developed and ...China’s public pension system is managed at the provincial level.In recent years,the development of public pension system in the provinces has become more unbalanced.The increase in the gap between the developed and less developed regions of China has become increasingly evident.Based on an analysis of changes to population structure in each province during the 20 year period 1995-2015,combined with research focused on public pension policy,this paper finds that there are great differences in the structure of population in each province with respect to age,type(the ratio of local residents to migrants),and quality(the proportion of the population with higher education).All of these are important factors that help to explain the unbalanced development of the public pension system.China’s developed regions have cumulative advantages in these three areas,and this study found that the gap between developed and less developed regions was growing.Among the three factors,the influences of population age and quality structure were a reflection of normal social phenomenon,while variations of population type structure in the provinces were largely a result of the way in which China’s public pension transfer policy is designed.In this paper,the author argues that if barriers to migration were removed,greater population mobility would help realize national management of the public pension system.展开更多
Presently,the growth of residents’consumption is slowing,which necessitates the expansion of domestic demand.Against this backdrop,research on the impact of pension insurance on the optimization of the consumption st...Presently,the growth of residents’consumption is slowing,which necessitates the expansion of domestic demand.Against this backdrop,research on the impact of pension insurance on the optimization of the consumption structure in rural areas not only facilitates the welfare of rural residents and improves their consumption structure but also boosts the sustainable and healthy development of the Chinese economy.This paper applies China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)micro-data in 2018 and adopts Propensity Score Matching(PSM)to research the impact of China’s pension insurance system on the consumption structure in rural areas and its heterogeneity.This paper draws a conclusion at four levels.First,pension insurance effectively optimizes the consumption structure in rural areas,increases the current overall consumption level by 0.0024 percent,and objectively releases the consumption potential in rural areas.Second,participation in pension insurance enhances the overall consumption level of rural families in eastern China,central China,and northeastern China by 0.08 percent,0.146 percent,and 0.0446 percent respectively,yet,that inhibits the overall consumption level of rural families in rural areas in western China by 0.1057 percent.Third,from eastern China to western China,with regard to pension insurance,as its impact on consumption shifts from a higher level to a lower level,its impact on the optimization of consumption structures sinks to a lower level.Fourth,in terms of major factors,age(older),matrimonial res(married),years of education(longer),health(poor),and the number of family members(small)contribute to the stronger willingness to participate in pension insurance.展开更多
The development of a multi-pillar pension insurance system is an effective solution for an aging society.Commercial pension insurance,as the third pillar of pension insurance,is an integral part of this system in Chin...The development of a multi-pillar pension insurance system is an effective solution for an aging society.Commercial pension insurance,as the third pillar of pension insurance,is an integral part of this system in China and can play a critical and complementary role in rural areas where support for the elderly is a more pressing concern and a second pillar of pension insurance remains absent.To this end,we first elaborate on the theoretical logic that commercial pension insurance can develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.We then empirically test rural residents’willingness to participate in a commercial pension insurance plan(CPIP)in a probit model with household research data from rural areas in major labor-exporting provinces,such as Sichuan and Henan so as to explore whether commercial pension insurance has the potential to become one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.Our research findings can be synthesized in three points.First,rural residents out of agricultural production for five consecutive years are more willing to participate in a CPIP than other rural residents,indicating that progress in industrialization and urbanization can significantly boost such willingness.Second,the younger rural residents are more inclined to participate in a CPIP than the older generation.Third,income increases can significantly boost rural residents’willingness to participate in a CPIP.Thus,with progress in industrialization and urbanization and an increase in rural disposable income,commercial pension insurance has a promising potential in rural areas and can hopefully develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.展开更多
The aging society has dawned on China,and the pension industry is now considered to be a sunrise industry.In 2020,the number of people over the age of 65 in Chongqing had reached more than 5.47 million.At present,the ...The aging society has dawned on China,and the pension industry is now considered to be a sunrise industry.In 2020,the number of people over the age of 65 in Chongqing had reached more than 5.47 million.At present,the mainstream home-based care,children support,and institutional care cannot fully meet the needs of the elderly for food,housing,medical care,nursing,and entertainment.The value curve model from“Blue Ocean Strategy”is used to look for innovative,differentiated competitive strategies.Through community-sharing pension institutions,it is believed that a new model that provides lower prices and more professional medical care services for the elderly,enriches the spiritual world of the elderly with rich entertainment activities,and connects social services through an elderly studio to meet the needs of the elderly for self-realization can be introduced.展开更多
Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insur...Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insurance fund.It introduces and analyzes the fund's accounting status from four key perspectives:fund raising.expenditure,financial statement system,and accounting information disclosure.The research identifes existing problems in City S's accounting system and conducts in-depth research on these issues.Furthermore,an empirical analysis is conducted on the management of the pension insurance fund.Through this empirical study,the paper aims to offer insights and recommendations for promoting stable and healthy development measures for City S'8 urban employee basic pension insurance fund.展开更多
基金the staged achievement of the national natural science fund program(71303195)the humanities and social sciences fund program of the Ministry of Education(11YJC630256)+1 种基金the soft science fund program of Sichuan Province(2014ZR0137)the special fund program of the basic scientific research of central colleges and universities(2682014CX116)
文摘This paper introduces the development of the pension system in East Asian and Southeast Asian countries in the backdrop of population aging all over the world.Based on the historical development and comparison of the present pension systems of different countries in East Asia and Southeastern Asia,this paper proposes the key components and the functions of each component of the pension system.Moreover shortcomings of low coverage and benefit and suggestions for the future are also covered in this paper.
基金supported by Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Fund(BK20150247)the Fundamental Research Funds for Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(XSJCX22_36,XSJCX22_44,SJCX22_1479)
文摘With the improvement of the degree of aging,the traditional pension model can no longer meet the growing needs of the elderly.Therefore,it is necessary to use the intelligent means of information technology to improve the level of pension services.This paper will integrate multi-sensor fusion technology,NB-IoT communication technology and cloud platform technology to develop and design a smart pension online monitoring system to realize real-time collection of human health and motion status information and realize monitoring platform management.In this system,STM32 microcontroller will be used as the main control module,and MAX30102,ADXL345 and DS18B20 sensors will be used to collect the heart rate,blood oxygen,displacement and body temperature of the human body in real time.On the one hand,the communication part is completed by the BC20 Internet of Things module.The data transmission between the terminal detection device and the cloud platform,on the other hand,the HC-42 Bluetooth module is used to complete the data communication with the mobile phone.The test results show that the system can collect and process data accurately in real time and maintain good communication with the cloud platform and mobile phone.The designed system has strong pertinence,easy operation,high reliability and broad development prospects.
文摘Population ageing is a worldwide phenomenon,but the speed and scale of ageing are much greater in China than in most other countries.This paper discusses the key demographic indicators of the population in China and provides a comparison with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.The evolution of the Chinese pension system is summarised before concentrating on the current structure for both public-and private-sector workers as well as rural and urban residents.The level of future pension promises for full career workers is calculated and compared with those of selected OECD countries.Possible future challenges are highlighted as China seeks to achieve an adequate and sustainable pension system.The paper highlights the issue of high level of pensioner poverty in comparison to many OECD countries as well as the low retirement age,particularly for women,despite China’s relatively high employment rates for older workers.
文摘This study focuses on the framework and achievements of China’s pension system,and analyses the long-term risk and institutional dilemmas.Because the existing pension system does not clearly define the responsibilities among the government,the market and the individuals,the main challenge facing China’s current pension system is the huge future fund gap and the difficulty in coping with the risk of an ageing population.The proposal for China’s pension scheme reformation is to establish a three-pillar pension system:transfer the social pooling account into a public pension as the first pillar;merge the refilled personal account by transferring the state-owned assets and the enterprise annuity into the occupational pension as the second pillar;and promote the tax deferral individual pension plan as the third pillar.The roles and functions of the government in the three-pillar pension system are different:for the first pillar,it is fully responsible for the system construction,management and funding security;for the second and the third pillar,it is responsible for system construction and operational supervision.
基金Supported by the Philosophy Social Science Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province (10D061)
文摘Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems. Therefore, in order to guarantee the smooth implementation of new rural social pension insurance work in Heilongjiang Province, this paper combined with the reality to provide several suggestions for improving the new rural social pension insurance system in Heilongjiang Province.
基金This work was supported in part by National Nature Science Foundation of China key project under Grant No. 70531010.
文摘The rate of return on capital is a key parameter in pension reform policy making. While evaluating pension reform, the method Feldstein proposed to measure the rate of return on capital is widely adopted. Here we calculate the rate of return on capital in China by this method. The calculation demonstrates that the rate of retum on all the industrial enterprises is around 6.5 percent from 1996 to 2000, and the average rate of return on state-owned industrial enterprises is lower than the above figure by 1.5 percent during the same period. Finally, we draw a conclusion that the rate of return ranging from 5 to 7 percent is appropriate for the pension reform in China.
文摘With the rapid population aging,the payment crisis of China’s pension insurance fund is increasing yearly.The government adjusts fertility policy to alleviate population aging and improve the solvency of pension insurance fund.On January1,2016,China’s fertility policy was adjusted from“selective two-child policy”to universal two-child policy.This paper establishes actuarial models to analyze how fertility policy adjustment influences the pension insurance fund and concludes as follows:(1)if the“one-child policy”were still employed,the accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would appear in the year of 2076;(2)if all couples that satisfy the rules of“selective two-child policy”bear the second child,the time of accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would be postponed by about 9 years;(3)after implementing universal two-child policy,the time of accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would delay under different situations of fertility intentions,if more than 54% of the qualified couples bear a second child,the accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would not appear before 2090.The above conclusions have passed the sensitivity tests.Therefore,“two-child policy”can alleviate the payment pressure of pension insurance fund.If the government wants to solve the payment crisis of pension insurance fund,fertility intentions should be improved.
文摘China’s public pension system is managed at the provincial level.In recent years,the development of public pension system in the provinces has become more unbalanced.The increase in the gap between the developed and less developed regions of China has become increasingly evident.Based on an analysis of changes to population structure in each province during the 20 year period 1995-2015,combined with research focused on public pension policy,this paper finds that there are great differences in the structure of population in each province with respect to age,type(the ratio of local residents to migrants),and quality(the proportion of the population with higher education).All of these are important factors that help to explain the unbalanced development of the public pension system.China’s developed regions have cumulative advantages in these three areas,and this study found that the gap between developed and less developed regions was growing.Among the three factors,the influences of population age and quality structure were a reflection of normal social phenomenon,while variations of population type structure in the provinces were largely a result of the way in which China’s public pension transfer policy is designed.In this paper,the author argues that if barriers to migration were removed,greater population mobility would help realize national management of the public pension system.
文摘Presently,the growth of residents’consumption is slowing,which necessitates the expansion of domestic demand.Against this backdrop,research on the impact of pension insurance on the optimization of the consumption structure in rural areas not only facilitates the welfare of rural residents and improves their consumption structure but also boosts the sustainable and healthy development of the Chinese economy.This paper applies China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)micro-data in 2018 and adopts Propensity Score Matching(PSM)to research the impact of China’s pension insurance system on the consumption structure in rural areas and its heterogeneity.This paper draws a conclusion at four levels.First,pension insurance effectively optimizes the consumption structure in rural areas,increases the current overall consumption level by 0.0024 percent,and objectively releases the consumption potential in rural areas.Second,participation in pension insurance enhances the overall consumption level of rural families in eastern China,central China,and northeastern China by 0.08 percent,0.146 percent,and 0.0446 percent respectively,yet,that inhibits the overall consumption level of rural families in rural areas in western China by 0.1057 percent.Third,from eastern China to western China,with regard to pension insurance,as its impact on consumption shifts from a higher level to a lower level,its impact on the optimization of consumption structures sinks to a lower level.Fourth,in terms of major factors,age(older),matrimonial res(married),years of education(longer),health(poor),and the number of family members(small)contribute to the stronger willingness to participate in pension insurance.
基金part of“Research in the Return of Migrant Workers to Major Labor Exporting Provinces and Corresponding Allocation of Old Age Support Resources in Rural Areas”(16BSH132)a program funded by the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)“Research in the Path to,and Measures for,High-Quality Rural Development Driven by Entrepreneurial Agglomeration from the Perspective of Triple Coupling”(22FH54)。
文摘The development of a multi-pillar pension insurance system is an effective solution for an aging society.Commercial pension insurance,as the third pillar of pension insurance,is an integral part of this system in China and can play a critical and complementary role in rural areas where support for the elderly is a more pressing concern and a second pillar of pension insurance remains absent.To this end,we first elaborate on the theoretical logic that commercial pension insurance can develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.We then empirically test rural residents’willingness to participate in a commercial pension insurance plan(CPIP)in a probit model with household research data from rural areas in major labor-exporting provinces,such as Sichuan and Henan so as to explore whether commercial pension insurance has the potential to become one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.Our research findings can be synthesized in three points.First,rural residents out of agricultural production for five consecutive years are more willing to participate in a CPIP than other rural residents,indicating that progress in industrialization and urbanization can significantly boost such willingness.Second,the younger rural residents are more inclined to participate in a CPIP than the older generation.Third,income increases can significantly boost rural residents’willingness to participate in a CPIP.Thus,with progress in industrialization and urbanization and an increase in rural disposable income,commercial pension insurance has a promising potential in rural areas and can hopefully develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.
文摘The aging society has dawned on China,and the pension industry is now considered to be a sunrise industry.In 2020,the number of people over the age of 65 in Chongqing had reached more than 5.47 million.At present,the mainstream home-based care,children support,and institutional care cannot fully meet the needs of the elderly for food,housing,medical care,nursing,and entertainment.The value curve model from“Blue Ocean Strategy”is used to look for innovative,differentiated competitive strategies.Through community-sharing pension institutions,it is believed that a new model that provides lower prices and more professional medical care services for the elderly,enriches the spiritual world of the elderly with rich entertainment activities,and connects social services through an elderly studio to meet the needs of the elderly for self-realization can be introduced.
文摘Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insurance fund.It introduces and analyzes the fund's accounting status from four key perspectives:fund raising.expenditure,financial statement system,and accounting information disclosure.The research identifes existing problems in City S's accounting system and conducts in-depth research on these issues.Furthermore,an empirical analysis is conducted on the management of the pension insurance fund.Through this empirical study,the paper aims to offer insights and recommendations for promoting stable and healthy development measures for City S'8 urban employee basic pension insurance fund.