Environmental and Climate Justice in Palestine

To have a clean, safe, and functional environment is not only essential for the purpose of preservation, but also imperative for safeguarding the most fundamental of human rights. Resolution 45/94 of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly also stresses and acknowledges that: “all individuals are entitled to live in an environment adequate for their health and wellbeing” (United Nations Digital Library System, 1991). Environmental and climate justice, which: “emerged in the context of the local environmental struggles of directly oppressed groups”, is a global movement dedicated to ensuring equal protection of people’s human rights (i.e., water, health, life, etc.) in the face of the climate crisis. Moreover, health, environment and human rights are part of the 2030 agenda (in particular, SDG 1, SDG 5, SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 16, SDG 17). Individually, both environmental and climate justice are rooted in an intersectional outlook, by which they highlight the common threads between communities and the people’s inclusion, irrespective of race, class, or gender, in the pursuit of justice. On the other hand, they recognise and acknowledge the role and consequences of climate change in economic, social, and political dimensions;thus, drawing emphasis on the rights of people under the emerging inequities. In the case of Palestine, the Palestinian community is increasingly becoming vulnerable to these effects and the resulting inequalities of climate change. This vulnerability stems from: 1) The right to life;clean WASH;equitable work opportunities;access to resources;and free movement;are all examples of human rights that the Israeli colonial regime infringes upon;2) Infrastructure is essential for climate adaptation: 61% of the West Bank is ultimately barred from building infrastructure (B’Tselem, 2019) and Gaza Strip has major gaps in infrastructure due to intentional destruction by Israel;3) Palestinian deprivation of the sovereign right to natural resources by Israel;4) Apartheid system in water accessibility: Israeli water usage per person is over three times higher than that of Palestinians (their usage is under the WHO recommended minimum per day) (B’Tselem, 2023);and 5) Violent settler attacks. In 2022 alone, the Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem (ARIJ) recorded 1527 settler attacks that targeted land, properties, livestock, agriculture and even Palestinian civilians. The ongoing neglect of these concerns and the persistent colonization of Palestine by Israel unequivocally and unwaveringly affect the human rights of Palestinians. The power dynamics at play especially hamper the Palestinian ability to exercise and fulfill their inalienable human rights and to tackle the obstacles to justice in their environment.

Advancement Towards Spatial Justice:The Barrier-Free Environment Construction from a Gender Perspective

Space is both a product and a producer of social relations.In the spatial domain,gender blindness has long existed,limiting women’s rights of access to and use of space,leading to structural oppression of women’s rights,and giving rise to new gender inequalities.The barrier-free environment construction has the functions of eliminating physical barriers and generating societal norms,and when combined with social changes,can facilitate justice correction across multiple dimensions.However,barrier-free environment construction itself,as a means of justice correction,also suffers from gender blindness.There remains room for improvement in the areas of facility construction,information exchange,and social services within the realm of barrier-free environments.In response to this phenomenon,gender equality offers a new critical perspective.Therefore,integrating a gender perspective into the barrier-free environment construction,focusing on the spatial rights of women,especially groups with multiple vulnerabilities,such as disabled women and elderly women,can contribute to the advancement towards spatial justice.

Environmental Justice through Community-Policy Participatory Partnerships

Geographical information systems (GIS) are often used to design environmental justice (EJ) policy interventions. Leveraging GIS and other graphics, overburdened EJ communities can learn from maps that geographically link environmental burden (EB) and social disparity (SD) data. Visually representing EB and SD data concretizes the unjust distributions of environmental and broader inequitable societal policies. These maps can be used to efficaciously assess EJ disparities created by such policies through exploring socioeconomic characteristics with local communities. Given the great variation in how GIS EJ applications measure and visualize EB and SD, we present a community-based participatory design (CBPD) lens to collaboratively work across overburdened communities and support making EJ data accessible to all stakeholders. Our location proximity approach is a powerful way to assess overburdened EJ communities because it relies on user-predefined boundaries, and it doesn’t use a single fixed unit of reference to prioritize areas of intervention. Moreover, most areal unit applications use ordinal measures, such as percentiles, and multidimensional indexes, which are intelligible to understand by many residents. Leveraging a community-based participatory design methodology, we present our novel Proximity to Hazards Dashboard (PHD) that includes data on asphalt plants and industrial corridors, hazards often missing from state-level dashboards but very relevant for city policymaking, as well as more traditionally used environmental hazard sources. The use of the tool by policymakers and community members suggests that EJ categorization should focus less on procedural benchmarks and more on systemic change for policy impacts in ways that sustain the participatory nature of our approach.

Methodology of Marx for Ecological Justice

Historical materialism provides a methodology for solving the problem of ecological justice,that is,consciously constructing the socialist power system is the prerequisite and foundation for realizing ecological justice.In essence,the fundamental nature of the socialist power system,namely,“affinity to the people”,determines the realistic possibility of ecological justice.

Marx’s Ontology of Social Power System for Ecological Justice

Historical materialism provides the ontology basis to understand the contemporary ecological justice problem,which is the perspective for analyzing ecological interests from the nature,structure,and transition of the social power system.The transcendence of Marx’s thoughts on western mainstream environmental justice theory lies that it does not based on the“speculative ontology”of metaphysics,but on the basis of“realistic ontology”of social power system.

Climate Justice Dimensions:Approaching Loss and Damage and Adaptation towards a Just City

The escalating occurrence of severe climatic events over the past decade,with a projection for further intensification due to the climate emergency,underscores the critical role of urban and regional planning in climate action towards just cities.Municipalities and regions are both significant contributors to CO_(2)emissions and are vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.This paper contends that urban and regional planning must undergo a paradigm shift to address this challenge.Climate justice,encompassing dimensions of inequality and environmental equity,is a pivotal dialogue in these contexts.Through a comprehensive review,this study contributes to the evolving landscape of climate justice planning and policy,offering insights that could resonate across the Global South and beyond.As an illustrative case,the authors delve into Brazil’s climate challenges,discussing adaptation planning and post-disaster response,and emphasizing the need for localized and community-driven initiatives.This article delves into the interplay between Loss and Damage,adaptation,and just cities,with a focus on the Global South.The authors scrutinize the emerging discourse on Loss and Damage,its associations with climate impacts,and the quest for a just and equitable approach.The work advances the understanding of the distinction between adaptation and Loss and Damage actions,highlighting the significance of a dedicated fund for addressing Loss and Damage in vulnerable countries.

基于环境正义的城市空间治理研究和实践进展

基于环境正义的城市空间治理研究与实践已成为国内外城市规划、建设和管理的关注热点话题。文章在界定环境正义与城市空间治理概念的前提下,构建基于环境正义的城市空间治理内涵和认知框架,并利用CiteSpace软件分析基于环境正义的城市治理研究的主题特征和变化情况。针对既有的城市环境不公正问题,文章构建了基于环境正义的城市空间治理内涵框架,从认知正义、程序正义与分布正义3个层面分析环境正义问题,并从治理目标和路径两个方面分别讨论城市空间治理如何迈向环境正义,以期为新时期我国开展以公平正义为目标的高水平城市空间治理提供借鉴。

分配·承认·能力:职业教育高考制度正义的多维审视

职业教育高考制度正义是揭示其作为一项“好制度”的根本所在,旨在彰显职业教育类型化变革和职业教育人才选拔的时代精神。职业教育高考制度正义指高等职业院校入学招生考试制度的正义属性,既包含职业教育高考制度中的正义追求,也包含职业教育高考制度内容的正义以及制度执行手段的正义,还包含职业教育高考制度所形成的高考文化、高考风俗、高考习惯以及高考心理、高考舆论等制度亚文化的正义性。职业教育高考制度正义还是多元化、层次化的复合正义,具体包含优质教育资源的分配正义、教育主体地位的承认正义、个体自由发展的能力正义。是故,职业教育高考制度在制定与执行中需要强调权利的平等、机会的公平、民主的平等,以教育考试制度的正义性变革实现人的自由发展。

面向治理现代化的公共服务理论思考:内涵、要求与路径

公共服务作为保障国家和社会良好运行的物质载体,逐渐成为现代国家治理的合法性基础。面对人民群众需求层次提升的现实要求和推进治理现代化的时代使命,公共服务被赋予新的内涵和要求。而这种变化的具体要求和表现以及由此对公共服务供给方式带来的挑战,并没有在当前的研究中得到充分讨论。新时期公共服务现代化的要求在于实现服务配置的公平正义、服务供给的可持续性和服务供需的有效匹配。因此,有必要基于公共服务在内容体系、供给侧和需求侧的变化,结合公共服务供给的基本过程,构建理解治理现代化下公共服务发展要求的分析框架,重新思考公共服务的供给方式,提出公共服务的空间路径、财政路径和技术路径。一是科学配置有限的资源,优化空间功能与设施布局,重构公共服务的空间结构和空间秩序,以空间资源配置回应空间正义。二是明晰政府、市场和社会等主体的责权关系和角色,完善层级政府间的财政制度设计,以财政治理促进可持续发展。三是通过打造数字化的公共服务场景,利用数字技术优化公共服务需求识别和反馈机制,以技术赋能实现供需有效匹配。

罪错未成年人分级处遇的实践问题与完善路径

结合我国刑事司法实践的需求,继续完善罪错未成年人分级处遇体系将是一项重要且需长期执行的工作。就我国罪错未成年人分级处遇的现状而言,目前仍然存在主导力量缺乏、配套实施细则缺位、处遇层级区分不完善、分级矫治效果有限等问题。因此,有必要在儿童利益最大化、教育保护、调查先行、责任个别化和可恢复性五项指导原则的基础上,建设专门的罪错未成年人分级处遇工作队伍、细化分级处遇的必经程序和判断标准以及推动处遇措施的专门化。

行政执法过程中的裁量正义

行政执法正义攸关群众对党和政府的信任、对法治的信心。裁量权基准乃执法正义之基础,基准正义系裁量正义之前提。基于基准正义,行政执法裁量权基准应当衍生于法律、衍生于个案需要、衍生于实践经验的归纳与总结。裁量过程融惯于执法过程,过程正义乃裁量正义的呈现方式。所谓裁量正义不在别处,就在主体间性之中;正是在主体间性模式中,执法裁量过程成其为有效沟通、关怀输送、共识达成的过程。如果说主体间性是裁量正义的内生力量,那么基准规制和司法审查就是裁量正义的保障机制。而导向规制正义的基准规制内在地需要具备实践性、透明性、交互性之秉性;达成矫正正义的司法审查则须保持能动性、审慎性、适度性之品格。

共同富裕的具体目标和制度选择——基于分配公正原则的研究

党的二十大报告指出,中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。学术界、政策界应该对什么是共同富裕、共同富裕的制度基础和具体目标是什么,展开充分讨论并达成共识。促进共同富裕的关键在于提升低收入人群的生活前景。为此,应当采用当代分配公正研究中提出的三种原则——按需分配、机会平等、差别原则——对公共资源进行分配。具体的分配方案:一是基本需要按需分配,二是稀缺资源保证机会平等,三是保证低收入人群的福利水平持续提升。在此制度设计的基础上,可以提出促进共同富裕的三个具体目标或规范性指标:第一,覆盖全民的、均质的社会保障体系;第二,跨区域的、优质的公立教育;第三,贫富差距被控制在一定范围内。

气候司法本土化的三重逻辑:规范、价值和功能

在全球气候治理司法化转型的背景下,中国司法系统在应对气候变化中呈现出全面积极的态度。气候司法作为环境司法专门化的新领域,亟须形成体系性的本土化方案。气候司法本土化的核心要义在于彰显主体性,需要将气候司法的概念体系、功能定位、审判机制、裁判体系与规则等置于中国法治现代化特定背景和社会结构条件之中予以把握,其内在逻辑是涵括规范体系、价值序列和功能定位的动态体系。当前,中国气候司法规范体系中的多层次立法呈现间接、倡导属性,且多元化司法规范创制不足,体系化任务尚未完成,继而诱导出气候司法规范的周延性困境和融贯性难题。在此情形下,气候司法所保护法益的识别和核心价值尚未被清晰地析出,且科学上的不确定性、政策权衡、经济诱因等诸多外部因素限制着对气候变化案件的价值判断。这些都深刻地影响气候司法作为公益型司法与治理型司法的双重功能定位和发展方向。为此,气候司法本土化的方式与进路需要基于规范、价值和功能三重逻辑及其呈现的问题或要求展开。首先,强化多重规范秩序的塑造,从公私法协同出发推动气候变化立法体系化,通过强化次级气候司法规范凝聚共识,借助多元法律解释方法提升气候司法规范体系的融通性。其次,以利益为核心建构法律论证的权威,通过涉碳利益的衡量强化裁判的实质理由,通过气候环境利益的多维保护强化裁判的开放性,通过外在因素与法律因素的平衡强化裁判的权威理由。最后,精准塑造气候司法的双重功能,以风险预防原则构建预防性公益型气候司法,以政策的司法化构建服务于“双碳”目标的治理型气候司法。

全民基本收入:社会保障的第三种模式?

智能化、数字化、信息化的迅猛发展对传统就业模式形成巨大冲击,以正规就业为基础的传统社会保障模式面临巨大挑战,“全民基本收入”这一古老思想重新焕发活力,并日益成为一种世界性运动。本文从社会政策发展的历史脉络切入,把全民基本收入置于社会保障制度演变的历史情景中,通过比较基本收入与社会救助和社会保险这两大主流社会保障模式的关系,探讨全民基本收入能否成为继社会救助和社会保险之后的第三种社会保障模式。

长江流域环境案件跨区域集中管辖问题研究

以行政区划为标准的传统环境司法管辖模式与长江流域环境保护的生态性、整体性、系统性相矛盾,而流域环境案件集中管辖可作为破解环境治理难题的关键路径。通过实证分析可以发现,目前长江流域所涉各省跨行政区划集中管辖的具体实践存在行政区划分离程度不高、法律规范依据不足、环境司法专门机构设置衔接不畅等制约因素。因此,要明确以流域治理所遵循的整体和系统理论为基础,确立长江流域地理单元为基础的整体环境治理理念,确保集中管辖实质效用得到发挥;确立与完善流域跨行政区划环境案件管辖法律规范供给,为司法实践提供统一标准遵循;坚持环境司法专门化改革,以长江生态环境法院为基础框架发展完善专门管辖,以便破除行政区划对流域环境司法的阻碍,增强流域集中管辖的规范性、有效性。

从国家的道德地位到全球治理改革--论沃尔泽国际正义理论的转向

沃尔泽从国家的道德地位出发,以宽容观为基础,以正义战争观为核心,构建了一种以维护政治共同体的自主为核心的国际正义理论。以贝兹和博格等人为代表的世界主义者从个人出发,建构了各种全球正义理论,这给沃尔泽的国际正义理论带来了不少挑战。沃尔泽后来调整了自己的立场,主张一种基于慈善的援助义务,并倡导一种渐进的全球治理改革。相较而言,世界主义者将个人作为分配正义关注的主体更具有道德说服力,而沃尔泽将政治共同体作为分配正义的背景更具有现实意义,沃尔泽的理论转向并没有改变其保守主义色彩,其对人权似是而非的辩护难以令人满意,不能真正解决“正义鸿沟”问题。

共同富裕视角下弥合数字鸿沟与实现数字正义研究

共同富裕是中国特色社会主义的本质要求。在数字技术成为经济社会发展的先导力量背景下,需要关注存在于不同地区、不同人群之间的数字不平等——数字鸿沟现象,这是阻碍共同富裕实现的重要影响因素。基于此,系统梳理数字鸿沟与知识沟、信息沟的形成机制,寻找弥合数字鸿沟之策,成为维护和促进社会公平正义、推动实现共同富裕的重要议题。弥合数字鸿沟,实现数字正义,必须解决发展不平衡、不充分问题,应跨越接入、媒介使用、知识能力三道“数字鸿沟”,做强低收入地区数字经济,弥合高收入群体与低收入群体之间的信息差,扎实推动共同富裕,实现全体人民共同富裕的现代化。

孔子“以直报怨”思想研究——兼论孔子是否反对“以德报怨”

据《论语·宪问》,孔子主张“以直报怨”,而对“以德报怨”则并未明确表示赞成或反对。通过考察《论语》中关于“直”、“怨”的各种论述,结合历代学者的相关观点,可以得出:“以直报怨”中的“直”,应该包含诚实、无私、符合通权达变原则的正直、等值、合乎礼的直率等丰富的含义;“以德报怨”的情况比较复杂,其中有的体现了人们不计前嫌、公而忘私的高尚品德,有的则反映了一些人的虚伪和充满私心的算计,因此,对于“以德报怨”,我们不能简单地予以肯定或否定;“以直报怨”既包含“以德报怨”中值得肯定或提倡的内容,又包含“以德报怨”中所没有的对怨恨对象采取相应报复措施的内容,因此是一种更为全面、合理的报怨方式。

刑事司法领域自动化决策的风险与规制

自动化决策在中外各国的刑事司法领域已有广泛应用,其原因在于自动化决策符合刑事司法预防和打击犯罪、提高诉讼效率、实现案件公正办理的需求,也有相应的观念和技术条件予以支持。然而自动化决策在刑事司法中的应用可能带来准确性不足、公正性偏离和机械性三方面的风险,应采取措施对自动化决策进行规制,以达到补足准确性、保障公正性和消解机械性的效果,实现自动化决策在刑事司法领域的法治化应用。

论能动司法视野下家事司法的人际关系调整功能

能动司法要求家事司法除了从法律上处理家事案件当事人之间的法律争议外,还应当发挥家事司法的人际关系调整功能。家事司法人际关系调整功能就是家事司法所发挥的帮助家事案件当事人修复或重建当事人之间人际关系的作用。家事司法人际关系调整功能是独立于纠纷解决功能之外的家事司法的一项基本功能。家事司法人际关系调整功能确立是应对家事案件的特殊性和实现家事司法正义的要求。为实现家事司法的人际关系调整功能,必须将能动司法理念贯穿于家事司法的始终,要求法院将人际关系调整贯穿于家事司法全过程,联合社会力量共同参与家事司法中当事人人际关系调整,采用家事调解、婚姻家庭辅导教育、心理疏导等多种机制帮助家事案件当事人调整人际关系,并建立相应的配套措施。