Evaluation of Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents of Fresh and Dried Pepper (Piper nigrum) from the Ivory Coast

The growing interest in the potential biological activity of polyphenols and flavonoids has highlighted necessity to assess their content in fresh and dried pepper from Ivory Coast. The total polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu test and the total flavonoid content was also measured spectrophotometrically using the aluminum chloride colorimetric test. The results obtained indicate the total polyphenol levels of fresh and dried peppers are higher in the samples collected in Danane (0.8 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100g) and in Azaguie (0.4 ± 0.08 mg GAE/100g). The lowest concentrations were obtained with fresh and dried pepper samples collected in N’douci (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g) and in PK 103 (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g). The highest content of total flavonoids was revealed in the locality of PK 103 (1.85 ± 0.62 mg EC/100g) followed by the locality of Maféré (1.37 ± 0.25 mg EC/100g) respectively for black pepper and green pepper. Then, the lowest flavonoid contents were obtained in the dried pepper of Lopou (0.57 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g) and the fresh pepper of PK 103 (0.47 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g). The results obtained highlight the importance of these black spices as promising sources of phenolic compounds and could be used in pharmaceutical treatments and in food.

Isolation of Bulk Amount of Piperine as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) from Black Pepper and White Pepper (<i>Piper nigrum</i>L.)

In the pharmaceutical world the majority of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) have been obtained from the natural products. Piperine is such naturally occurring alkaloid which can be considered as major bioactive phytochemical having broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. It is obtained from the most valuable ethnomedicinal spices peppercorns i.e. black pepper and white pepper, which are the fruits of the Asian vine Piper nigrum L. Because of the widespread traditional uses of this medicinal compound, present article reveals a simple and effective isolation method of bulk piperine. The novelty of this investigation is to provide an idea for utilizing such natural method of large scale commercial piperine production as API drug in spite of chemical synthesis. Piperine was isolated in a pure crystal form and characterized by its melting point, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) studies and spectral data, including two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy. Chromatographic techniques like Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were applied to determine the purity of the yielded piperine. It was found that piperine yield from black pepper was within 2.5% - 3.0% and from white pepper within 4.0% - 4.5% and the purity of the yielded piperine was found to be up to 98.5% for black pepper and 98.2% for white pepper. Considering this yield value and purity it is indicated that, such effective isolation method can be successfully utilized for industrial large-scale production commercially. According to the result, it can be claimed that, as a natural product the isolated piperine can also be utilized as API drug like other expensive chemically synthesized piperine in different drug formulation.

Discussion on AFLP Molecular Markers in Piper methysticum and Pepper

The aim of the research was to discuss the genetic relationships between Piper methysticum, Pepper and other wild species in Pepper genus. DNA was extracted from leaves which belonged to 28 germplasms including 6 materials of P. methysticum, 21 maerials of cultivated and wild Pepper, 1 material of Peperomia pellucida belonged to different genus. Premiers with good band-type and high polymorphism and resolution were selected from 64 pairs of primers for AFLP amplification and the clustering analysis was conducted with MVSP3.13f software. 191 bands were amplified by 4 pairs of premiers, 189 of which had polymorphism, being 98.6%. 28 germplasms were classified into 6 different groups at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.52 by silver staining AFLP, in which 6 materials of Piper methysticum were clustered into a single group, indicating that P. methysticum belonged to Pepper family of Pepper genus but were distantly related to the others. The research provided the basis for selecting rootstocks for P. methysticum graft, molecular identification of P. methysticum and the fingerprint construction of P. methysticum.

Quantification of total phenol,flavonoid content and pharmacognostical evaluation including HPTLC fingerprinting for the standardization of Piper nigrum Linn fruits

Objective:To carry out the physicochemical and phytochemical standardization with high performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting of Piper nigrum L.(P.nigrum)fruits in order to ascertain the standard pharmacognostical parameters of this king of spices.Methods:Many standardization parameters like extractive values,total ash value,water soluble ash value and acid insoluble ash,moisture content,loss on drying and pH values of P.nigrum L.fruits were analyzed.The method of Harborne was adopted for the preliminary phytochemicals screening.Analysis of total phenolic and flavonoid contents,pesticides residues,aflatoxin and heavy metals were also performed.CAMAG-high performance thin layer chromatography system was used for fingerprinting of methanolic extract of P.nigrum L.fruits.Results:The results of phytochemicals testing indicated the presence of carbohydrates,phenolic compounds,flavonoids,alkaloids,proteins,saponins,lipids,sterols and tannins in various solvent extracts.Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanolic extract were found to be 1.728 1 mg/g and 1.087 ug/g,respectively.Heavy metals concentrations were found to be within standard limits.Aflatoxins and pesticides residues were absent.Conclusions:The outcome of this study might prove beneficial in herbal industries for identification,purification and standardization of P.nigrum L.fruits.

Potentials of Two Nigerian Spices—<i>Piper nigrum</i>and <i>Monodora myristica</i>as Sources for Cheap Natural Antioxidants

Two commonly consumed spices in Nigeria—Piper nigrum (leaf and seed) and Monodora myristica (seed) were evaluated for natural antioxidant potentials in complementary in vitro assay systems. Extracts of the tested plant parts contained low amounts of antioxidant compounds: 4.00 - 6.65 μg GAE/mg and 2.50 - 10.38 μg RE/mg for phenols and flavonoids respectively. The extracts scavenged DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in the range of 4.32% - 37.37% (inferior to ascorbic acid and gallic acid used as standards) and 6.43% - 17.10% respectively. In the reducing power and phosphomolybdenum assays, the extracts showed ability to reduce Fe (III) and Mo (VI) ions to their lower valence states of Fe (II) and Mo (V) respectively, although these activities were inferior to those of the standards used. Comparatively, Monodora myristica seed extract was superior to Piper nigrum leaf and seed extracts in antioxidant potential, but all the extracts generally showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. Evidently, the studied spice plants are not without some natural antioxidant capacity and would contribute appreciably in combating free radical damages when consumed.

Antileishmanial Potential of <i>Piper</i><i>nigrum</i>Seed Extracts against <i>Leishmania</i><i>donovani</i>

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a pestilent form of leishmaniasis that chiefly impinges the poorest sections of the society. The prototypical therapeutic interventions in vogue are handicapped due to toxicity and alarming increase in drug resistance. In the absence of vaccines, progressive emergence of HIV-VL co-infection and relapse in the form of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, have fuelled the quest for alternative therapies. Herein, we report antileishmanial activity of Piper nigrum, which is endowed with multifarous medicinal properties. Hexane (PNH) and ethanolic (PNE) extracts of P. nigrum substantially inhibited the growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 31.6 and 37.8 μg&#183ml-1, respectively. Growth reversibility analysis revealed the leishmanicidal effect of PNH which caused cell shrinkage and flagellar disruption. In contrast, PNE treated promastigotes showed partial effect. PNH and PNE also abrogated the growth of intra-macrophagic Leishmania amastigotes with IC50 of 14.6 and 18.3 μg&#183ml-1, respectively. Anti-amastigote efficacy of PNH was accompanied by higher selectivity over host macrophages than PNE. Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry showed the presence of several secondary metabolites such as trans-β-caryophyllene, piperine, β-bisabolene and other sesquiterpenes in PNH and piperine, δ-(sup 9)-cis oleic acid and piperyline in PNE. Conclusively, our work revealed discernible antileishmanial activity of P. nigrum extracts.

Progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Piper nigrum L.

Piper nigrum L.,belonging to Piper genus of the Piperaceae family,is a medicinal and edible plant.Studies have shown that there are many chemical constituents in this plant,including alkaloids,lignans,steroids and other compounds.In addition,some chemical components of P.nigrum have potential values to treat cancer,inflammation and other diseases.Research progress on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of P.nigrum was reviewed in this study to better explore its potential medicinal value.

Network pharmacology-based virtual screening of active alkaloid ingredients from Piper nigrum L.and the potential targets against Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a common neurodegenerative disease.Despite a great deal of research on this disease,there is still no definitive treatment plan.Literature investigations have shown that Piper nigrum L.has a protective effect on the nerve center.Therefore,network pharmacology was used in this study to investigate the therapeutic potential of P.nigrum for PD.As a result,six active alkaloid ingredients and four potential targets were obtained.This study laid the foundation for finding the lead compounds from P.nigrum to treat PD.

辣椒炭疽病菌Colletotrichum nigrum鉴定、生物学特性及药剂敏感性研究

对2021年9—10月从吉林省和内蒙古自治区东部辣椒主产区采集的辣椒果实炭疽病样本进行病菌的组织分离和纯化,获得212株形态特征基本一致的菌株,对代表菌株进行柯氏验证,证明其具有致病性,为该病害的病原菌。结果表明,结合病原菌的形态学特征及基于ITS、TUB2、ACT、GAPDH和CHS-1基因序列构建系统发育树,确定病原菌为Colletotrichum nigrum。病原菌的生物学特性研究发现,OA培养基适合病原菌菌丝生长;D-麦芽糖是最佳碳源;蛋白胨为最佳氮源;最佳pH为10;最适培养温度为20℃;全黑暗时最适合菌丝生长。代表菌株对25种杀菌剂敏感性研究表明,400 g·L^(-1)氯氟醚·吡唑酯SC、240 g·L^(-1)氯氟醚·吡唑酯EC、42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺SC、40%唑醚·戊唑醇SC、43%唑醚·氟酰胺SC对病菌菌丝生长速率和孢子萌发均有明显抑制作用,其EC_(50)<1 mg·L^(-1),可作为该病害防治的优选药剂。

胡椒和肉桂挥发性组成分析及对普通大蓟马的驱避作用

豇豆农药残留问题非常严峻,对豇豆上普通大蓟马的化学防治是造成豇豆农残超标的主要原因,开展普通大蓟马的绿色防治迫在眉睫。利用植物挥发物驱避害虫是一种重要的害虫绿色防控手段。本研究利用GC-MS分析了胡椒和肉桂的挥发性化合物组成,并利用“Y”形嗅觉仪测定了胡椒和肉桂及5种主要挥发物对普通大蓟马的驱避作用。结果表明,在胡椒中鉴定出27种挥发性成分,主要成分为β-石竹烯,含量占43.1%;在肉桂中鉴定出21种挥发性成分,主要成分为肉桂醛(28.4%)、α-可巴烯(15.4%)、α-依兰油烯(14.1%)、γ-杜松烯(14.9%)。行为反应测定结果表明胡椒和肉桂对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用;β-石竹烯、肉桂醛、α-可巴烯浓度为10%和1%时对普通大蓟马具有极显著的驱避作用,10%的α-依兰油烯和10%的γ-杜松烯对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用。本研究对豇豆普通大蓟马绿色防控技术研发和驱避剂的开发具有一定指导意义。

超声波-盐析辅助蒸馏提取黑胡椒精油方法优化及活性分析

采用超声波-盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取黑胡椒(Piper nigrum L.)精油,利用响应面法确定了最佳的液料比、超声时间、NaCl浓度等提取参数。结果表明,超声波辅助蒸馏法提取黑胡椒精油的最佳条件参数为液料比17∶1、超声时间13 min、NaCl浓度2.4%。在此条件下黑胡椒精油的得率为1.79%。对使用此方法获得的黑胡椒精油进行了抗氧化和抑菌活性检测,结果表明提取物具有一定的抗氧化能力,且对ABTS的清除能力远强于对DPPH的清除能力。同时,提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和青枯假单胞菌均具有较强的生长抑制功能。

中国胡椒研究综述

胡椒自1947年引入中国,主要种植在海南、广东、云南、广西等省(区),随着胡椒生产的发展,对胡椒的研究也在不断深入。笔者从种质资源、繁殖技术、生理特性、根际微生物特性、耕作栽培、病虫害防治、产品加工、产品的综合利用和产业战略等方面对中国胡椒自引种以来的研究概况进行了综述,提出中国胡椒今后研究的方向,为从事胡椒科研、生产工作者提供参考。

连作对胡椒园土壤和植株中微量元素含量的影响及相关特征分析

为探讨胡椒园土壤、根系和叶片的中微量元素含量与连作年限、产量、品质和根际土壤微生物区系的关系,选取连作12、18、28和38 a的胡椒园,测定土壤、根系和叶片中Ca、Mg、B、Zn、Fe、Mn等中微量元素的全量含量,分析其随种植年限增加的变化规律,并探讨土壤中微量元素与胡椒产量、品质和土壤微生物区系的相关关系。研究发现,长期连作的胡椒园土壤Ca、Mg含量显著降低,B、Zn、Fe表现出不同程度的降低;土壤Ca、Mg含量与根际土壤细菌菌门相对丰度关系密切,而B、Fe含量与胡椒产量和品质以及Actinobacteria、Ascomycota、Verrucomicrobia菌门相对丰度显著或极显著相关。连作胡椒长期定位施肥等原因会造成土壤中微量元素含量降低,因此生产中应注意中微量元素肥料的平衡施用。

黑胡椒和白胡椒精油抗氧化性能及清除自由基能力的比较

黑胡椒精油(BPEO)和白胡椒精油(WPEO)的抗氧化活性的测定是基于总体抗氧化能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基能力、清除羟基自由基能力、铁离子还原能力、抗亚油酸脂质过氧化能力五个方面,并与其他的合成抗氧化剂如BHT,PG,Vc做比较。实验结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,黑、白胡椒精油清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力强于BHT、PG和VC;被测样品的羟自由基清除率BHT>BPEO>WPEO>PG>Vc;精油能有效抑制亚油酸的过氧化反应。实验表明黑、白胡椒精油都具有良好的抗氧化效果,且黑胡椒精油强于白胡椒精油。

胡椒连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性与群落结构的影响

连作障碍严重威胁中国胡椒优势种植区可持续发展,而土壤微生物多样性下降、群落结构失衡是连作障碍形成的重要原因之一。为了探明胡椒连作障碍与微生物多样性及群落结构变化之间的关系,揭示胡椒连作障碍形成的微生物机理,本文采用BIOLOG微平板法研究了海南万宁8、18和28 a 3种不同种植年限胡椒园土壤微生物群落功能多样性和群落结构变化。结果表明:随种植年限增加,不同园块之间稳定并达到最大的平均吸光度值(AWCD)呈明显下降趋势;香农指数、香农均匀度等多样性指数亦随种植年限增加呈显著下降趋势,而辛普森优势度指数无显著性差异;微生物群落结构随着年限增加出现了2次明显变化,第1次群落结构变化发生在8~18 a阶段,主要与酚酸类和多聚物类碳源利用微生物大幅减少有关,第2次则发生在18~28 a阶段,与碳水化合物类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和胺类相关利用微生物减少有关。因此,胡椒连作显著降低了土壤中微生物多样性,改变了微生物群落结构,是胡椒连作障碍形成的重要原因之一。

基于因子分析的胡椒寒害气象等级研究

根据寒害发生年份气象数据及胡椒发生寒害临界温度,提取胡椒寒害的初始气象指标,利用因子分析进行降维等计算后,结合胡椒实地寒害调查情况,建立以寒害气象综合指标为分类标准的胡椒寒害等级。结果表明,由因子分析降维获取的两个因子可分别解释为低温累积因子和温度降幅因子,并可将其作为分析寒害形成原因的量化指标;寒害气象综合指数可以有效表征不同寒害程度,与寒害实地调查的结果比较,二者具有较好的一致性。本研究结果可为进一步评估胡椒寒害风险提供依据,对胡椒产业发展、布局规划等具有参考意义。

胡椒果与胡椒叶精油化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取胡椒鲜果、黑胡椒、白胡椒和胡椒叶中的精油,得率分别为1.46%、1.77%、2.30%和1.25%。对精油进行GC-MS分析,分别鉴定得到38、31、36和63种化学物质,δ-榄香烯、3-蒈烯、D-柠檬烯、α-古巴烯、石竹烯和律草烯在果与叶中含量均较高,其中叶中δ-榄香烯含量占38.54%;蒎烯、月桂烯、α-水芹烯和间伞花素在果中含量较高,而在叶中含量较低;甘香烯、α-荜澄茄油烯、β-榄香烯、α-古芸烯、β-古巴烯、α-蛇床烯、花柏烯、4-异亚丙烯-7-甲基-6-亚甲基-2-辛烯酸甲酯和桉油烯醇在叶中含量较高,而果中含量较低或没有。此外,采用电子鼻方法可有效区分胡椒粉和胡椒叶。

H103大孔树脂吸附胡椒碱的性能研究

为寻找一条成本低、效率高的胡椒碱分离方法,利用不同胡椒碱初始浓度、不同pH、不同乙醇浓度等处理,以分光光度法测定胡椒碱,探讨了H103大孔树脂静态和动态吸附及其解析行为。结果表明:树脂静态吸附量达42.5mg/g,解析率可达89.12%;而动态吸附量可达68.55mg/g,解析率达83.65%。该实验结果对于胡椒碱的工业化生产有指导意义。

超声微波协同技术提取白胡椒精油的条件优化

通过单因素实验和响应面分析法优化了超声-微波协同技术提取白胡椒精油的工艺。在最佳条件下:提取温度100℃,料水比1∶10(g/m L),微波和超声功率分别为500 W和50 W,提取时间为7 min,白胡椒精油得率为3.80%±0.08%。利用超声-微波协同技术提取白胡椒精油,与单独微波或超声提取相比较,其精油得率显著高于单独微波(p<0.001)或单独超声(p<0.001)。扫描电镜的结果显示,超声波和微波协同作用时,白胡椒细胞壁破碎更为彻底,有助于精油的溶出。结论:利用超声-微波协同技术提取精油成分,其精油的提取效率显著优于常规的提取方法。

胡椒资源ISSR遗传多样性研究

利用简单重复序列区间（ISSR）技术分析来自不同国家的56份胡椒种质资源的遗传多态性。结果显示：7条引物共产生141条清晰的谱带，分子量在0．2—3．0bp之间，多态位点百分率达100％，在一定程度上说明胡椒资源遗传的复杂性和多样性。在相似性系数约为O．51的水平上将56份资源聚为3个类群，与基于ITS的研究结果类似。大胡椒与其它种质的亲缘关系均比较远，显示出其明显的差异性和独特性，与其形态学分类结果一致，同时支持将顶花胡椒、光轴苎叶蒟归入苎叶蒟，光茎胡椒作为一个变种。