Effect of psychological nursing intervention on anxiety level and quality of life in patients with gastrointestinal peptic ulcer

BACKGROUND Peptic ulcer is a common gastrointestinal disease,and psychological intervention has an important influence on its occurrence and development.AIM To investigate the effect of psychological nursing intervention on the anxiety level and quality of life of patients with gastrointestinal peptic ulcers.METHODS Two groups of patients with peptic ulcer were selected from January to December 2012,with 60 cases in each group,and psychological nursing intervention and routine treatment were respectively performed.Psychological nursing interven-tions include cognitive behavioral therapy,psychological support and relaxation training.Self-rating anxiety scale(SAS)and quality of life questionnaire were used to evaluate the anxiety level and quality of life of patients before,during and after treatment.RESULTS The SAS scores of the experimental group significantly decreased over the course of treatment,from 52.3 before treatment to 30.5 after treatment,while SAS scores of the control group did not change significantly.Meanwhile,the experimental group's quality of life score(SF-36)significantly improved over the course of treatment,from 65.2 to 85.2,while the control group remained stable.Further analysis showed that sex and age had no significant influence on the effect of psychotherapy.Both men and women,young and old,showed similar trends in anxiety relief and improved quality of life after treatment.CONCLUSION Psychological nursing-based intervention program has a positive effect on the anxiety level and quality of life of patients with gastrointestinal peptic ulcer.

Role of second look endoscopy in endoscopic submucosal dissection and peptic ulcer bleeding:Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND Second-look endoscopy(SLE)to prevent recurrent bleeding in patients with peptic ulcer disease(PUD)and those undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)is routinely being performed.Conflicting evidence exists regarding efficacy,risk,benefit,and cost-effectiveness.AIM To identify the role and effectiveness of SLE in ESD and PUD,associated rebleeding and PUD-related outcomes like mortality,hospital length of stay,need for endoscopic or surgical intervention and blood transfusions.METHODS A systematic review of literature databases PubMed,Cochrane,and Embase was conducted from inception to January 5,2023.Randomized controlled trials that compared patients with SLE to those who did not have SLE or evaluated the role of prophylactic hemostasis during SLE compared to other conservative interventions were included.The study was conducted per PRISMA guidelines,and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO(ID CRD42023427555:).RevMan was used to perform meta-analysis,and Mantel-Haenszel Odds ratio(OR)were generated using random effect models.RESULTS A total of twelve studies with 2687 patients were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis,of which 1074 patients underwent SLE after ESD and 1613 patients underwent SLE after PUD-related bleeding.In ESD,the rates of rebleeding were 7%in the SLE group compared to 4.4%in the non-SLE group with OR 1.65,95%confidence intervals(CI)of 0.96 to 2.85;P=0.07,whereas it was 11%in the SLE group compared to 13%in the non-SLE group with OR 0.895%CI:0.50 to 1.29;P=0.36.The mean difference in the blood transfusion rates in the SLE and no SLE group in PUD was OR 0.01,95%CI:-0.22 to 0.25;P=0.91.In SLE vs non-SLE groups with PUD,the OR for Endoscopic intervention was 0.29,95%CI:0.08 to 1.00;P=0.05 while it was OR 2.03,95%CI:0.95 to 4.33;P=0.07,for surgical intervention.The mean difference in the hospital length of stay was-3.57 d between the SLE and no SLE groups in PUD with 95%CI:-7.84 to 0.69;P=0.10,denoting an average of approximately 3 fewer days of hospital stay among patients with PUD who underwent SLE.For mortality between SLE and non-SLE groups in PUD,the OR was 0.88,95%CI:0.45 to 1.72;P=0.70.CONCLUSION SLE does not confer any benefit in preventing ESD and PUD-associated rebleeding.SLE also does not provide any significant improvement in mortality,need for interventions,or blood transfusions in PUD patients.SLE decreases the hospital length of stay on average by 3.5 d in PUD patients.

Gastrointestinal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcer in children

BACKGROUND The detection rate of peptic ulcer in children is improving,with development of diagnostic procedures.Gastroscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of peptic ulcer,but it is an invasive procedure.Gastrointestinal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS)has the advantages of being painless,noninvasive,nonradioactive,easy to use,and safe.AIM To investigate the clinical value of CEUS for diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcer in children.METHODS We investigated 43 children with digestive tract symptoms in our hospital from January 2021 to June 2022.All children were examined by routine ultrasound,gastrointestinal CEUS,and gastroscopy.The pathological results of gastroscopy were taken as the gold standard.Routine ultrasonography was performed before gastrointestinal CEUS.Conventional ultrasound showed the thickness of the gastroduodenal wall,gastric peristalsis,and the adjacent organs and tissues around the abdominal cavity.Gastrointestinal CEUS recorded the thickness of the gastroduodenal wall;the size,location and shape of the ulcer;gastric peristalsis;and adjacent organs and tissues around the abdominal cavity.The results of routine ultrasound and gastrointestinal ultrasound were compared with those of gastroscopy to evaluate the diagnostic results and coincidence rate of routine ultrasound and gastrointestinal CEUS.All children received informed consent from their guardians for CEUS.This study was reviewed and approved by the hospital medical ethics committee.RESULTS Among the 43 children,17(15 male,2 female)were diagnosed with peptic ulcer by gastroscopy.There were 26 children with nonpeptic ulcer.There were eight cases of peptic ulcer and 35 of nonpeptic ulcer diagnosed by conventional ultrasound.The diagnostic coincidence rate of peptic ulcer in children diagnosed by conventional ultrasound was 79.1%(34/43),which was significantly different from that of gastroscopy(P=0.033).It indicates that the coincidence rate of gastrointestinal contrast-enhanced ultrasound and gastroscope is low.Fifteen cases of peptic ulcer and 28 of nonpeptic ulcer were diagnosed by CEUS.The diagnostic coincidence rate of peptic ulcer in children was 95.3%(41/43).There was no significant difference between CEUS and gastroscopy(P=0.655).It indicates that the coincidence rate of gastrointestinal contrast-enhanced ultrasound and gastroscope is high.CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal CEUS has a high coincidence rate in the diagnosis of peptic ulcer in children,and can be used as a preliminary examination method.

Causal associations between intermediate very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-to-total lipids ratio and peptic ulcer:A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Previous epidemiologic investigations have consistently demonstrated a strong association between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium very-lowdensity lipoprotein(VLDL)and the occurrence of peptic ulcers(PU).However,the precise causal relationship between these factors remains ambiguous.Consequently,this study aims to elucidate the potential correlation between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL and the incidence of peptic ulcer.AIM To investigate the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium very-low-density lipoprotein(VLDL)association with PU via genetic methods,guiding future clinical research.METHODS Genome-wide association study(GWAS)datasets for the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL and peptic ulcer were retrieved from the IEU OpenGWAS project(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk).For the forward Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis,72 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified as instrumental variables.These SNPs were selected based on their association with the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL,with peptic ulcer as the outcome variable.Conversely,for the inverse MR analysis,no SNPs were identified with peptic ulcer as the exposure variable and the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL as the outcome.All MR analyses utilized inverse variance weighted(IVW)as the primary analytical method.Additionally,weighted median and MR-Egger methods were employed as supplementary analytical approaches to assess causal effects.Egger regression was used as a supplementary method to evaluate potential directional pleiotropy.Heterogeneity and multiplicity tests were conducted using the leave-one-out method to evaluate result stability and mitigate biases associated with multiple testing.RESULTS The genetically predicted ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL was significantly associated with an elevated risk of peptic ulcer(IVW:OR=2.557,95%CI=1.274-5.132,P=0.008).However,no causal association of peptic ulcer with the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL was observed in the inverse Mendelian randomization analysis.CONCLUSION In conclusion,our study reveals a significant association between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL and an elevated risk of peptic ulcers.However,further validation through laboratory investigations and larger-scale studies is warranted to strengthen the evidence and confirm the causal relationship between these factors.

The Evolutionary Profile of Patients Operated for Peptic Ulcer Perforation in Bujumbura

Background: The evolutionary profile of patients operated for peptic ulcer perforation in Bujumbura. Perforated peptic ulcer is a serious complication of peptic ulcer with potential risk of grave complications. Aim: To study the early morbidity and mortality of surgery for peptic ulcer perforation in Bujumbura City Hall hospitals: Kamenge University Hospital Center (CHUK), Kamenge Military Hospital (HMK) and Prince Louis Rwagasore Clinic (CPLR). Patients and methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study carried out in the three hospitals of Bujumbura over a period of three years from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022. It involved 57 cases (n = 57) of peptic ulcer perforation. Results: The frequency of surgery for peptic ulcer perforation was 2.7% with a mean age of 43.6 years +/- 15.3 years and a male predominance with a sex ratio of 3.7. Eight percent of patients presented with shock, 24.5% were smokers, and 67.9% had taken non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The mean hospital stay was 15.2 days with a standard deviation of 12.1. The morbidity rate was 30.2%, 32% were classified in grade IIIb of the Clavien-Dindo Surgical Complications Scale. There were 9 deaths (17%). Seven patients who underwent surgery and received late consultations died. Conclusion: Surgery for peptic ulcer perforation remains an intervention associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality in Bujumbura. Surgery for peptic ulcer perforation remains a procedure associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate in Bujumbura. The time before consultation was the only factor associated with early morbidity and mortality of Surgery for peptic ulcer’s perforations.

Clinical Effect of Ilaprazole Enteric-Coated Tablets in Patients with Peptic Ulcer

Objective: To discuss the actual effect of ilaprazole enteric-coated tablets in the treatment of peptic ulcer patients. Methods: 200 peptic ulcer patients who received treatment from January to December 2023 were selected as the study sample, and all patients were randomly and evenly divided into the study group (n = 100) and the control group (n = 100), and the serum inflammatory factors and the disappearance time of symptoms were compared. Results: After treatment, the serum inflammatory factors in the observation group were better than those in the control group, and the time of belching and burning sensation in the observation group was shorter than that in the control group, all of which were statistically significant (P Conclusion: Ilaprazole enteric-coated tablets in the treatment of peptic ulcer have a good effect and can effectively improve the symptoms of patients with clinical signs, with reference significance.

Changing trends and characteristics of peptic ulcer disease:A multicenter study from 2010 to 2019 in Korea

BACKGROUND The clinical trend and characteristics of peptic ulcer disease(PUD)have not fully been investigated in the past decade.AIM To evaluate the changing trends and characteristics of PUD according to age and METHODS We analyzed seven hospital databases converted into the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership-Common Data Model between 2010 and 2019.We classified patients with PUD who underwent rapid urease tests or Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)serology into three groups:H.pylori-related,drug[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)or aspirin]-related,and idiopathic(H.pylori/NSAID/aspirin-negative)PUD and compared the yearly trends and characteristics among the three groups.RESULTS We included 26785 patients in 7 databases,and the proportion of old age(≥65 years)was 38.8%.The overall number of PUD exhibited no decrease,whereas PUD in old age revealed an increasing trend(P=0.01 for trend).Of the 19601 patients,41.8%had H.pylori-related,36.1%had drug-related,and 22.1%had idiopathic PUD.H.pylorirelated PUD exhibited a decreasing trend after 2014(P=0.01),drug-related PUD demonstrated an increasing trend(P=0.04),and idiopathic PUD showed an increasing trend in the old-age group(P=0.01)during 10 years.Patients with drug-related PUD had significantly more comorbidities and concomitant ulcerogenic drugs.The idiopathic PUD group had a significantly higher number of patients with chronic liver disease.CONCLUSION With the aging population increase,the effects of concomitant ulcerogenic drugs and preventive strategies should be investigated in drug-induced PUD.Further studies are required to clarify the relationship between idiopathic PUD and chronic liver disease.

Correlation of serum albumin level on postoperative day 2 with hospital length of stay in patients undergoing emergency surgery for perforated peptic ulcer

BACKGROUND Perforated peptic ulcer(PPU)is a common emergency surgical condition and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.While advances in surgical techniques have improved outcomes for patients with PPU,many factors still affect postoperative hospital stay and overall prognosis.One potential factor is the serum albumin(SA)level,a widely utilized marker of nutritional status that has been associated with length of stay and complications in various surgical procedures.AIM To clarify the correlation of SA level on postoperative day 2 with hospital length of stay(HLOS)in patients undergoing emergency surgery for perforated peptic ulcer(PPU).METHODS We retrospectively collected and analyzed clinical baseline data,including blood routine and SA levels,of patients who underwent emergency PPU surgery and postoperative treatment at the Lingnan Hospital,the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between December 2012 and September 2021.Patients were grouped according to HLOS with 7 d as the cut-off value,and relevant indicators were analyzed using SPSS 26.0.RESULTS Of the 37 patients undergoing emergency surgery for PPU referred to our department,33 had gastric and 4 had duodenal ulcer perforation.The median HLOS was 10 d.There were 8 patients in the≤7-d group(median HLOS:7 d)and 29 patients in the>7-d group(median HLOS:10 d).The≤7-d group had markedly higher SA on postoperative day 2 than the>7-d group(37.7 g/L vs 32.6g/L;P<0.05).The SA level on postoperative day 2 was a protective factor for patients with HLOS>7 d(Odds ratio=0.629,P=0.015).The cut-off of SA on postoperative day 2 was 30.6g/L,with an area under the curve of 0.86 and a negative predictive value of 100%for the prediction of HLOS≤7 d.CONCLUSION The SA level on postoperative day 2 was associated with the HLOS in patients undergoing emergency surgery for PPU.The pre-and post-operative albumin levels should be monitored,and infusion of human SA should be considered in a timely manner.

Clinical effects of psychological intervention and drug therapy against peptic ulcer

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effects of psychological interventions and drug therapy against peptic ulcer.Methods:96 patients with peptic ulcer were divided into control group with Tagamet 800 mg per evening p.o.and trial group with psychological intervention on the basis of drug treatment.Results:There were significant differences between the two groups(P【0.05), the trial group showed that the anxiety and depression cases declined obviously and effective rate of ulcer therapy was much higlier than control group.Conclusions:In sum,psychological intervention combined with drug therapy provides an effective method for ulcer treatment.

Peptic ulcer disease in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease hospitalizations:A new challenge on the horizon in the United States

BACKGROUND Peptic ulcer disease(PUD)is frequently seen in patients with liver cirrhosis.However,current literature lacks data on PUD in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)hospitalizations.AIM To identify trends and clinical outcomes of PUD in NAFLD hospitalizations in the United States.METHODS The National Inpatient Sample was utilized to identify all adult(≥18 years old)NAFLD hospitalizations with PUD in the United States from 2009-2019.Hospitalization trends and outcomes were highlighted.Furthermore,a control group of adult PUD hospitalizations without NAFLD was also identified for a comparative analysis to assess the influence of NAFLD on PUD.RESULTS The total number of NAFLD hospitalizations with PUD increased from 3745 in 2009 to 3805 in 2019.We noted an increase in the mean age for the study population from 56 years in 2009 to 63 years in 2019(P<0.001).Racial differences were also prevalent as NAFLD hospitalizations with PUD increased for Whites and Hispanics,while a decline was observed for Blacks and Asians.The all-cause inpatient mortality for NAFLD hospitalizations with PUD increased from 2%in 2009 to 5%in 2019(P<0.001).However,rates of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection and upper endoscopy decreased from 5%in 2009 to 1%in 2019(P<0.001)and from 60%in 2009 to 19%in 2019(P<0.001),respectively.Interestingly,despite a significantly higher comorbidity burden,we observed lower inpatient mortality(2%vs 3%,P=0.0004),mean length of stay(LOS)(11.6 vs 12.1 d,P<0.001),and mean total healthcare cost(THC)($178598 vs$184727,P<0.001)for NAFLD hospitalizations with PUD compared to non-NAFLD PUD hospitalizations.Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract,coagulopathy,alcohol abuse,malnutrition,and fluid and electrolyte disorders were identified to be independent predictors of inpatient mortality for NAFLD hospitalizations with PUD.CONCLUSION Inpatient mortality for NAFLD hospitalizations with PUD increased for the study period.However,there was a significant decline in the rates of H.pylori infection and upper endoscopy for NAFLD hospitalizations with PUD.After a comparative analysis,NAFLD hospitalizations with PUD had lower inpatient mortality,mean LOS,and mean THC compared to the non-NAFLD cohort.

Retrospective Study Efficacy of pantoprazole plus perforation repair for peptic ulcer and its effect on the stress response

BACKGROUND Peptic ulcer(PU)is an abnormal phenomenon in which there is rupture of the mucosa of the digestive tract,which not only affects patients'normal life but also causes an economic burden due to its high medical costs.AIM To investigate the efficacy of pantoprazole(PPZ)plus perforation repair in patients with PU and its effect on the stress response.METHODS The study subjects were 108 PU patients admitted between July 2018 and July 2022,including 58 patients receiving PPZ plus perforation repair[research group(RG)]and 50 patients given simple perforation repair[control group(CG)].The efficacy,somatostatin(SS)concentration,stress reaction[malondialdehyde(MDA),lipid peroxide(LPO)],inflammatory indices[tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin(IL)-1β],recurrence,and complications(perforation,hemorrhage,and pyloric obstruction)were compared.RESULTS The overall response rate was higher in the RG than in the CG.Patients in the RG and IL-1β were significantly reduced to lower levels than those in the CG.Lower recurrence and complication rates were identified in the RG group.CONCLUSION Therefore,PPZ plus perforation repair is conducive to enhancing treatment outcomes in PU patients,reducing oxidative stress injury and excessive inflammatory reactions,and contributing to low recurrence and complication rates.

A review on conventional and herbal drug approach to peptic ulcer

Peptic ulcer,a common digestive ailment,has been considered as an inflammatory response and necrotic lesions of the gastric mucosa.Peptic ulcer reaches intensely to the mucosal muscle layer in the stomach and duodenum.Various factors have been documented to be involved in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers like Helicobacter pylori,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs),acid and pepsin,genetics,and smoking.The conventional use of drugs like proton pump inhibitors(PPIs),histamine(H_(2))receptor antagonists,antacids,potassium competitive acid blockers,and antibiotics has shown antiulcer effects.However,various researches have shown that herbal drugs can successfully treat peptic ulcers in preclinical and clinical models by different mechanisms.Many herbal drugs and their extracts from different parts like root,stem,leaf,flower,and seed showed potent ulcerprotective effects in the experimental setup.This review critically discusses the factors involved in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers.In addition,the potential of herbal drug extracts has been highlighted in the present review.

Ultrastructural observation on the relation of H.pylori to the gastric epithelia in chronic gastrictis and in peptic ulcer

AIMS The relationship between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and gastric epithelia in chronic gastritis and in petic ulcer was studied by transmission electron mi- croscopy (TEM). METHODS Seventy-five gastric antral biopsy speci- mens from the patients examined by six other methods for Hp were fixed in glutaraldehyde and treated with tanin acid before OsO_4 staining than routinely prooessed for TEM studies (at least 4 semi- thin sections oriented for ultrathin sections in each sample). RESULTS The bacilli were detected by TEM within gastric mucosa in 53 of 55 patients infected with Hp. Ultrathin sections especially stained with tanin acid re- vealed clearly glycocalyx by which the bacillus was connected with the epithelium. As the bacilli grouped as colony and breed,the adjacent mucous cells degerated and characterized by erosion of the juxtalu- minal cytoplasm,vacuolation or blebs,even desqua- mation of cell. Evidence was accumulated to show that the baoilli were located in the lumen attracted neu- trophils which intended to migrate into intercellular space of epithelia or into the lumen to exert the effect of Hp phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS The sensitivity and specificity of Hp diagnosis by TEM is respectively 96% and 95%. Tanin acid is suitable for the preservation of glycocalyx of cell. The colonized bacilli,usually with the wide periplasmic pools,contributed to the spectrum degen- eration of epithelia,including mucous neck cells. If Hp infection persists,the degeneration and regeneration of mucous neck cells alternatively carried on and ultimate- ly the generative stem cells were damaged,as the result,the chronic atrophy gastritis could occure.

Influence of interleukin polymorphisms on development of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced in the gastric mucosa by inflammatory cells activated by chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Polymorphisms of these cytokine genes are associated with individual differences in gastric mucosal cytokine mRNA level, which result in differences in gastric mucosal inflammation, acid inhibition and gastroduodenal disease risk in response to H. pylori infection. Although polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-1RN and TNF-A have been reported to relate well with gastric cancer and peptic ulcer risk, those of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 genes are unclear. In combined analyses using data from previous studies, we found that the risk of gastric non-cardia cancer development was significantly associated with IL-4-168 C allele (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69-1.00) and IL-4-590 T allele carrier status (0.61, 0.53-0.73), and IL-6-174 G/G genotype (2<Abstract>Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced in the gastric mucosa by inflammatory cells activated by chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Polymorphisms of these cytokine genes are associated with individual differences in gastric mucosal cytokine mRNA level, which result in differences in gastric mucosal inflammation, acid inhibition and gastroduodenal disease risk in response to H. pylori infection. Although polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-1RN and TNF-A have been reported to relate well with gastric cancer and peptic ulcer risk, those of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 genes are unclear. In combined analyses using data from previous stud- ies, we found that the risk of gastric non-cardia cancer development was significantly associated with IL-4-168 C allele (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69-1.00) and IL-4-590 T allele carrier status (0.61, 0.53-0.73), and IL-6-174 G/G genotype (2.02, 1.31-3.10). In peptic ulcer development, IL-2-330 G and IL-4-590 T allele carriers had a significantly decreased risk (0.37, 0.27-0.50 and 0.58, 0.34-0.99, respectively). Moreover, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 gene genotypes prevalence differs among popula- tions. The inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms (e.g. IL-4 -590 and IL-6 -572 for gastric cancer, and IL-4-590, IL-6-572 and IL-8-251 for peptic ulcer) have a more potent influence on development of gastroduo- denal diseases in Western than East Asian populations. These cytokine gene polymorphisms, as well as those of IL-1B, IL-1RN and TNF-A, may be used to identify groups at higher risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer, and those suitable for their prevention by H. pylori eradication therapy in Western populations..02, 1.31-3.10). In peptic ulcer development, IL-2-330 G and IL-4-590 T allele carriers had a significantly decreased risk (0.37, 0.27-0.50 and 0.58, 0.34-0.99, respectively). Moreover, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 gene genotypes prevalence differs among populations. The inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms (e.g. IL-4 -590 and IL-6 -572 for gastric cancer, and IL-4-590, IL-6-572 and IL-8-251 for peptic ulcer) have a more potent influence on development of gastroduo-denal diseases in Western than East Asian populations. These cytokine gene polymorphisms, as well as those of IL-1B, IL-1RN and TNF-A, may be used to identify groups at higher risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer, and those suitable for their prevention by H. pylori eradication therapy in Western populations.

Epidemiology of perforated peptic ulcer:Age-and gender-adjusted analysis of incidence and mortality

AIM:To investigate the epidemiological trends in inci-dence and mortality of perforated peptic ulcer(PPU)in a well-defined Norwegian population. METHODS:A retrospective,population-based,single-center,consecutive cohort study of all patients diag-nosed with benign perforated peptic ulcer.Included were both gastric and duodenal ulcer patients admitted to Stavanger University Hospital between January 2001 and December 2010.Ulcers with a malignant neoplasia diagnosis,verified by histology after biopsy or resection,were excluded.Patients were identified from the hospitals administrative electronic database using pertinent ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes(K25.1,K25.2,K25.5, K25.6,K26.1,K26.2,K26.5,K26.6).Additional searches using appropriate codes for relevant laparoscopic and open surgical procedures(e.g.,JDA 60,JDA 61,JDH 70 and JDH 71)were performed to enable a complete identification of all patients.Patient demographics,presentation patterns and clinical data were retrieved from hospital records and surgical notes.Crude and adjusted incidence and mortality rates were estimated by using national population demographics data. RESULTS:In the study period,a total of 172 patients with PPU were identified.The adjusted incidence rate for the overall 10-year period was 6.5 per 100 000 per year(95%CI:5.6-7.6)and the adjusted mortality rate for the overall 10-year period was 1.1 per 100 000 per year(95%CI:0.7-1.6).A non-significant decline in ad-justed incidence rate from 9.7 to 5.6 occurred during the decade.The standardized mortality ratio for the whole study period was 5.7(95%CI:3.9-8.2),while the total 30-d mortality was 16.3%.No difference in in-cidence or mortality was found between genders.However,for patients≥60 years,the incidence increased over 10-fold,and mortality more than 50-fold,compared to younger ages.The admission rates outside office hours were high with almost two out of three(63%) admissions seen at evening/night time shifts and/or during weekends.The observed seasonal variations in admissions were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION:The adjusted incidence rate,seasonal distribution and mortality rate was stable.PPU fre-quently presents outside regular work-hours.Increase in incidence and mortality occurs with older age.

Upper-gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to peptic ulcer disease:Incidence and outcomes

AIM: To evaluate the incidence, surgery, mortality, and readmission of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) secondary to peptic ulcer disease (PUD).

Distinctive aspects of peptic ulcer disease,Dieulafoy'slesion,and Mallory-Weiss syndrome in patients withadvanced alcoholic liver disease or cirrhosis

AIM:To systematically review the data on distinctive aspects of peptic ulcer disease(PUD),Dieulafoy’s lesion(DL),and Mallory-Weiss syndrome(MWS)in patients with advanced alcoholic liver disease(a ALD),including alcoholic hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis.METHODS:Computerized literature search performed via Pub Med using the following medical subject heading terms and keywords:"alcoholic liver disease","alcoholic hepatitis","alcoholic cirrhosis","cirrhosis","liver disease","upper gastrointestinal bleeding","nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding","PUD",‘‘DL’’,‘‘Mallory-Weiss tear",and"MWS’’.RESULTS:While the majority of acute gastrointestinal(GI)bleeding with a ALD is related to portal hypertension,about 30%-40%of acute GI bleeding in patients with a ALD is unrelated to portal hypertension.Such bleeding constitutes an important complication of a ALD because of its frequency,severity,and associated mortality.Patients with cirrhosis have a markedly increased risk of PUD,which further increases with the progression of cirrhosis.Patients with cirrhosis or a ALD and peptic ulcer bleeding(PUB)have worse clinical outcomes than other patients with PUB,including uncontrolled bleeding,rebleeding,and mortality.Alcohol consumption,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use,and portal hypertension may have a pathogenic role in the development of PUD in patients with a ALD.Limited data suggest that Helicobacter pylori does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PUD in most cirrhotic patients.The frequency of bleeding from DL appears to be increased in patients with a ALD.DL may be associated with an especially high mortality in these patients.MWS is strongly associated with heavy alcohol consumption from binge drinking or chronic alcoholism,and is associated with a ALD.Patients with a ALD have more severe MWS bleeding and are more likely to rebleed when compared to non-cirrhotics.Preendoscopic management of acute GI bleeding in patients with a ALD unrelated to portal hypertension is similar to the management of a ALD patients with GI bleeding from portal hypertension,because clinical distinction before endoscopy is difficult.Most patients require intensive care unit admission and attention to avoid over-transfusion,to correct electrolyte abnormalities and coagulopathies,and to administer antibiotic prophylaxis.Alcoholics should receive thiamine and be closely monitored for symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.Prompt endoscopy,after initial resuscitation,is essential to diagnose and appropriately treat these patients.Generally,the same endoscopic hemostatic techniques are used in patients bleeding from PUD,DL,or MWS in patients with a ALD as in the general population.CONCLUSION:Nonvariceal upper GI bleeding in patients with a ALD has clinically important differences from that in the general population without a ALD,including:more frequent and more severe bleeding from PUD,DL,or MWS.

Risk factors and therapeutic response in Chinese patients with peptic ulcer disease

AIM:To assess the risk factors and the eff icacy of medications of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers among Chinese patients in Taiwan.METHODS:Patients with peptic ulcers,diagnosed by upper endoscopy,were retrospectively collected between January 2008 and December 2008.The differences were compared.RESULTS:Among all 448 cases,254(56.6%) and 194(43.4%) patients had gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers respectively.Patients with gastric ulcers were younger than those with duodenal ulcers.Although more men existed,there was a female predominance in middle-aged cases.Patients with duodenal ulcers had a higher rate of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) infection(62.4% vs 43.3%,P = 0.001),and those with gastric ulcers owned a significantly higher amount of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID) use(7.5% vs 1.5%,6.7% vs 2.1%,P = 0.001).Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking had no different impact between these two groups.Proton-pump inhibitors and H2-receptor antagonists(H2RA) were effective,but significantly less so in cases with duodenal ulcers receiving H2RAs,or in those with H.pylori infection and a history of NSAID use.CONCLUSION:Patients with gastric ulcers had lower H.pylori infection but more aspirin or NSAID use.Antisecretory therapy was ineffective in gastric ulcers underwent H2RA treatment,and cases combined H.pylori infection and NSAID use.

Clinical characteristics of Helicobacter pylori-negative drugnegative peptic ulcer bleeding

AIM:To investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of idiopathic Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)-negative and drug-negative]peptic ulcer bleeding(PUB).METHODS:A consecutive series of patients who experienced PUB between 2006 and 2012 was retrospectively analyzed.A total of 232 patients were enrolled in this study.The patients were divided into four groups according to the etiologies of PUB:idiopathic,H.pylori-associated,drug-induced and combined(H.pylori-associated and drug-induced)types.We compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes between the groups.When the silver stain or rapid urease tests were H.pylori-negative,we obtained an additional biopsy specimen by endoscopic re-examination and performed an H.pylori antibody test 6-8 wk after the initial endoscopic examination.For a diagnosis of idiopathic PUB,a negative result of an H.pylori antibody test was confirmed.In all cases,re-bleeding was confirmed by endoscopic examination.For the risk assessment,the Blatchford and the Rockall scores were calculated for all patients.RESULTS:For PUB,the frequency of H.pylori infection was 59.5%(138/232),whereas the frequency of idiopathic cases was 8.6%(20/232).When idiopathic PUB was compared to H.pylori-associated PUB,the idiopathic PUB group showed a higher rate of rebleeding after initial hemostasis during the hospital stay(30%vs 7.4%,P = 0.02).When idiopathic PUB was compared to drug-induced PUB,the patients in the idiopathic PUB group showed a higher rate of rebleeding after initial hemostasis upon admission(30%vs 2.7%,P < 0.01).When drug-induced PUB was compared to H.pylori-associated PUB,the patients in the drug-induced PUB were older(68.49 ± 14.76 years vs 47.83 ± 15.15 years,P< 0.01) and showed a higher proportion of gastric ulcer(77%vs 49%,P < 0.01).However,the Blatchford and the Rockall scores were not significantly different between the two groups.Among the patients who experienced drug-induced PUB,no significant differences were found with respect to clinical characteristics,irrespective of H.pylori infection.CONCLUSION:Idiopathic PUB has unique clinical characteristics such as re-bleeding after initial hemostasis upon admission.Therefore,these patients need to undergo close surveillance upon admission.

Optimal initiation of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding

AIM:To evaluate when Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication therapy(ET)should be started in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding(PUB).METHODS:Clinical data concerning adults hospitalizedwith PUB were retrospectively collected and analyzed.Age,sex,type and stage of peptic ulcer,whether endoscopic therapy was performed or not,methods of H.pylori detection,duration of hospitalization,and specialty of the attending physician were investigated.Factors influencing the confirmation of H.pylori infection prior to discharge were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis.The H.pylori eradication rates of patients who received ET during hospitalization and those who commenced ET as outpatients were compared.RESULTS:A total of 232 patients with PUB were evaluated for H.pylori infection by histology and/or rapid urease testing.Of these patients,53.7%(127/232)had confirmed results of H.pylori infection prior to discharge.In multivariate analysis,duration of hospitalization and ulcer stage were factors independently influencing whether H.pylori infection was confirmed before or after discharge.Among the patients discharged before confirmation of H.pylori infection,13.3%(14/105)were lost to follow-up.Among the patients found to be H.pylori-positive after discharge,41.4%(12/29)did not receive ET.There was no significant difference in the H.pylori eradication rate between patients who received ET during hospitalization a n d t h o s e w h o c o m m e n c e d E T a s o u t p a t i e n t s[intention-to-treat:68.8%(53/77)vs 60%(12/20),P=0.594;per-protocol:82.8%(53/64)vs 80%(12/15),P=0.723].CONCLUSION:Because many patients with PUB who were discharged before H.pylori infection status was confirmed lost an opportunity to receive ET,we should confirm H.pylori infection and start ET prior to discharge.