Effects of Plant Density on the Economic Yield and Agronomic Characters of Perilla frutescens L.

Perilla frutescens L. is a traditional medicinal plant in china. In recent years, with more and more attention is paid to the nutritional and health values of Perilla frutescens L, it has become a potential medicinal and edible crop. Two Per- ilia frutescens cultivars, Qisu No.1 （oil type） and Qisu No.3 （leaf and seed-using type）, bred by Rapeseed Research Institute of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, were used as test material for studying the effects of different planting density on the economic yield and agronomic characters of Perilla frutescens L. under moderate fertility level. The results showed the variation tendency of agro- nomic characters with the change of planting density was similar for the two Perilla frutescens cultivars. Among them, the plant height, main-stem nods, first effective branch length, first effective branch height, spikes per plant, and yield per plant were negatively related to the planting density; and main spike length and main- spike grains were positively related to the planting density. The effects of planting density on kilo-grain weight were not significant. The yield of the two cuitivars all increased first and then decreased with the increase of planting density. The re- gression analysis of planting density versus yield of Perilla frutescens L. was per- formed for obtaining the regression equations （Qisu No.l： y=54.046 5＋96.777 lx- 45.719 8x2, r=0.999 4; Qisu No.3：y=38.717 6＋42.111 3x-16.757 7x2, r=0.999 8）. Based on the regression equations, the optimal planting density for Qisu No.1 was 158 745 plants/hm2 with peak yield of 1 578.90 kg/hm2, and for Qisu No.3 was 188 745 plants/hm2 with peak yield of 977.55 kg/hm2. Under the optimal planting density, Qisu No.3 could also harvest 3 000 kg/hm2 of Perilla frutescens dry leaves and 2 400 kg/hm2 of Perilla frutescens stems. This research would provide an important reference for the promotion, high-yield cultivation and comprehensive utilization of Perilla frutescens L.

基于网络药理学和UPLC指纹图谱的紫苏质量标志物(Q-Marker)预测

基于UPLC指纹图谱和网络药理学法分析并筛选紫苏潜在质量标志物(Q-Marker)。首先建立15批紫苏叶及14批紫苏梗的指纹图谱,并对不同来源、批次的紫苏叶和紫苏梗中的成分及含量进行比较,标定紫苏不同部位指纹图谱的共有峰和非共有峰;采用网络药理学法构建紫苏“成分-靶点”网络图,并构建靶点蛋白互作网络图,预测紫苏Q-Marker。本研究建立的紫苏不同部位的指纹图谱,共检测到了5种成分,其中迷迭香酸、咖啡酸、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、木犀草素-7-O-二葡萄糖醛酸苷为叶和梗的共有成分,芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷为紫苏叶特有成分。筛选得到包括MAPK1、PIK3CA等在内的14个核心靶点,对以上靶点进行GO和KEGG功能分析可知涉及肿瘤坏死因子、新冠肺炎、脂质和动脉粥样硬化等通路,最后构建“成分-靶点-通路”网络图,选取排名前4的靶蛋白与4个成分进行分子对接验证,结果显示成分与蛋白之间具有十分良好的结合性能。本实验基于UPLC法建立紫苏不同部位多成分含量测定方法,此方法操作简单、准确度高,可作为紫苏质量检测的参考方法;同时结合网络药理学和分子对接技术预测迷迭香酸、咖啡酸、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、木犀草素-7-O-二葡萄糖醛酸苷为紫苏潜在质量标志物,以此来评价紫苏“多成分-多靶点-多通路”的协同作用,为紫苏的质量控制提供了理论依据,同时也为后续的紫苏药效物质基础和作用机制提供坚实的基础。

Large scale identification of SSR marker in perilla by next generation sequencing

Perilla frutescens (L.) is an edible, medicinal crop, and most popular in East Asia. Its molecular breeding and research are hampered by the paucity of molecular markers. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are ubiquitous and widely used in eukaryotic genomes. EST-SSRs identification of perilla was performed in 116,387 reads generated by Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. In total 25,449 unigenes containing SSR and 33,867 SSR loci were identified, and 19,400 primer pairs were designed. Polymorphism of SSR primers was conducted by searching for insertions and deletions (INDELs), and 1,567 unique SSRs were predicted. Totally, 200 SSR primer pairs were selected for polymorphic validation among 23 perilla accessions. Results showed that 175 primer pairs produced amplicons, and 30 pairs exhibited polymorphism. Polymorphic ratio was higher by using INDEL method than using conventional primers. Phylogenetic analysis showed the 2 distinct groups: P. frutescens var. frutescens and P. frutescens var. crispa. Wrinkled leaf trait and seed trait were distinct between these 2 groups. However, no clear leaf color or geographic relationship was detected. The large scale development and identification of SSR marker in this research laid a foundation for genetic analysis and marker assisted breeding of cultivated perilla.

RP-HPLC用于紫苏油及其习用品白苏油、野苏油的鉴别

本文采用RP－HPLC方法对紫苏油及其习用品白苏油、野苏油甘油酯进行了定性定量分析。利用HPLC分析油脂也为中药材真伪鉴别提供了一条有效途径。

Perilla frutescens:A traditional medicine and food homologous plant

Perilla frutescens,an annual herb of the Labiatae family,has been cultivated in China for more than 2000 years.P.frutescens is the one of the first medicinal and edible plant published by the Ministry of Health.Its leaves,stems and seeds can be used as medicine and edible food.Because of the abundant nutrients and bioactive components in this plant,P.frutescens has been studied extensively in medicine,food,health care and chemical fields with great prospects for development.This paper reviews the cultivation history,chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of P.frutescens,which provides a reference for the development and utilization of P.frutescens resources.

Comparative transcriptome and co-expression analysis reveal key genes involved in leaf margin serration in Perilla frutescens

Objective:In this study,we aimed to identify the genes involved in leaf margin serration in Perilla frutescens.P.frutescens(Family:Lamiaceae)is widely grown in Asian countries.Perilla leaf is the medicinal part stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.There are mainly two types of perilla leaves:one with serrated leaf margin which is the phenotype described in the pharmacopoeia and the other with smooth leaf margin.Methods:Transcriptome sequencing,co-expression analysis,and qRT-PCR analysis of six perilla tissues sampled from two different phenotypes(serrated and smooth leaves)were performed.Results:Forty-three differentially expressed genes(DEGs),which may potentially regulate leaf shape,were identified through de novo transcriptome sequencing between the two groups.Genes involved in leaf shape regulation were identified.Simultaneously,we validated five DEGs by qRT-PCR,and the results were consistent with the transcriptome data.In addition,1186 transcription factors(TFs)belonging to 45 TF families were identified.Moreover,the co-expression network of DEGs was constructed.Conclusion:The study identified the key genes that control leaf shape by comparing the transcriptomes.Our findings also provide basic data for further exploring P.frutescens,which can help study the mechanism of leaf shape development and molecular breeding.

紫苏的食药价值及栽培历史考证

紫苏是我国传统的药食同源植物,具有悠久的栽培历史和广泛的应用价值。尽管目前已有对紫苏的本草考证,但对其名称演化、食药价值及栽培历史等方面仍然缺乏系统梳理。该研究以历代本草、医籍、农政史料等为基础,考证发现:(1)紫苏常以荏、苏等名收录于典籍,荏指籽用类紫苏,苏指药用类紫苏;(2)古籍中紫苏叶、籽均可用于药膳,紫苏籽油用作食用油脂,其古法压榨工艺有详细记载。(3)紫苏性味辛温,主下气,紫苏叶、梗偏于散,紫苏子偏于收,其药用价值有明确记载。(4)紫苏原产于中国,应用记载可追溯到战国时代,其栽培特性有详细记载。该文系统梳理了荏、苏的区分,并对其在食药及栽培方面的古籍记载进行了综述,可为紫苏作为药食同源大健康产品的开发提供文献依据。

Comprehensive analysis of Perilla frutescens(L.)Britt.along the value chain in northeast Inner Mongolia

Objective:To ensure the quality of Perilla frutescens(L.)Britt.and improve the associated benefits for stakeholders,this study analyzed the influences of different circulation channels and stakeholders on the quality,price,and other factors of P.frutescens with consideration to P.frutescens distribution.Method:We interviewed the local stakeholders and e-commerce platforms in Oroqen Autonomous Banner and Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner regarding the origin,circulation,distribution,and prices of different medicinal parts of P.frutescens.In addition,the maximumentropymodel was used to predict the potential distribution of P.frutescens in the study area.According to the Chinese Pharmacopeia(2020 edition),we measured the content of index components in the collected Perillae Folium,Perillae Caulis,and Perillae Fructus samples and evaluated the quality of the samples by quantitative and cluster analyses.Remote sensing was employed to distinguish and calculate the P.frutescens area in highly suitable regions.The autoregressive integrated moving average model was adopted to analyze the Perillae Fructus price in the study area.Result:The results showed 8 value chains for P.frutescens.The cooperation chain between farmers and enterprises in the study area could maximize the benefits for all stakeholders and guarantee the quality of the medicinal materials.The results of the regionalization analysis showed that themost suitable area for planting P.frutescens was the junction between Oroqen Autonomous Banner and Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner.Chemical results showed that Perillae Fructus and Perillae Caulis samples were unqualified andmostly purchased from e-commerce platforms.We identified 5 land types,among which the cultivated land area was 3247.7501 km2.The price of Perillae Fructus in the study area showed a rising trend,although this trend slowed down.Conclusion:This study involved various links in the production and circulation of medicinal materials from planting to consumption by consumers,which can help to facilitate the future research on any link.The findings help to guarantee the quality of medicinal materials and benefits of all stakeholders and promote the development of the P.frutescens industry in the study area.

基于SSR分子标记的紫苏种质资源遗传多样性及群体结构分析

为了明确不同紫苏种质的遗传基础和群体的亲缘关系,本研究利用19对SSR分子标记对不同地理来源的141份紫苏资源进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析。结果表明,19对SSR分子标记扩增出80条多态性条带,平均每对引物4.26条,多态性指数(PIC)变幅在0.3311~0.8457之间,平均为0.6206,多态性条带占比85.10%。利用UPGMA法对141份紫苏进行分子聚类,遗传相似系数(GS)介于0.4787~0.9489之间,平均为0.7099,在GS=0.696处将供试材料分为三类。通过Structure群体结构分析,将供试材料分为三大类,其中68.8%的紫苏种质资源遗传背景比较单一,31.2%的资源拥有混合血统,其遗传背景较为复杂。

紫苏叶提取物对小鼠止咳祛痰作用研究

目的探究水提和乙醇提两种不同方法制备的紫苏叶提取物对小鼠止咳祛痰的作用。方法分别采用水和50%乙醇作为溶剂制备紫苏叶提取物。比较各种紫苏叶提取物中总酚、总黄酮、总三萜和总多糖含量的差异;采用浓氨水引咳法和气管酚红排泌量法,观察紫苏叶提取物对小鼠咳嗽潜伏期、咳嗽次数以及气管酚红排泄量。结果紫苏叶50%乙醇提取物中总酚、总黄酮、总三萜含量显著高于水提取物(P<0.01),紫苏叶水提取物中总多糖含量显著高于50%乙醇提取物(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,紫苏叶水提取物可以明显延长小鼠咳嗽潜伏期并显著减少浓氨水引起的咳嗽次数(P<0.01);紫苏叶50%乙醇提取物对小鼠咳嗽潜伏期无显著影响(P>0.05),但可以显著减少小鼠咳嗽次数(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,紫苏叶水提取物可以显著增加气管酚红排泌量(P<0.01);而紫苏叶50%乙醇提取物的酚红排泌量无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论不同溶剂所制备的紫苏叶提取物成分不同。紫苏叶水提取物中多糖成分含量较高,同时具备较好的止咳和祛痰效果;紫苏叶醇提取物成分以酚、黄酮、三萜类化合物为主,具有较好的止咳效果。

紫苏油抗过敏·炎症的研究

介绍紫苏子中脂肪酸类成分抗过敏·炎症作用及其作用机制 ,即抑制血小板活化因子 (PAF)和白三烯的研究概况。并与同系列脂肪酸二十碳五烯酸 (EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA)进行了比较 。

镉铜胁迫下紫苏的生长响应和富集特征研究

通过盆栽试验,分析了紫苏（Perilla frutescens（L.）Britt.）在Cd、Cu胁迫下生长响应及其对Cd、Cu的耐性、吸收和累积特征。结果表明,在Cd处理浓度≤60 mg.kg^-1和Cu处理浓度为≤600 mg.kg^-1时,紫苏株高和根长均随处理浓度提高而增加,此后则随处理浓度增加胁迫作用渐趋明显。植株地上部和根部Cd的最高含量分别是331.51和991.14 mg.kg^-1,Cu的最高含量分别为228.65和2 030.63 mg.kg^-1。植株地上部Cd和Cu的最大富集量分别为66.70和36.52μg.plant^-1。植株Cd、Cu富集系数分别为2.59-15.42和0.14-1.24,迁移系数分别为0.35-1.44和0.07-0.56。因此,该植物可用于Cd、Cu污染土壤的修复。

外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对盐胁迫下紫苏种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的:通过对紫苏种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的研究,寻找提高紫苏种子及幼苗在盐胁迫条件下抗盐能力的途径。方法:测定了不同浓度硝普钠(SNP)处理后的NaCl胁迫下紫苏种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,并对紫苏幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性进行了测定。结果:结果显示在100 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下的紫苏种子萌发受到显著抑制,但是经过不同浓度的SNP处理后,萌发指标均有升高,其中经过0.1 mmol/L的SNP处理后,各项指标均达到最大值,发芽势为60.4%,发芽率为78.3%,发芽指数为13.7,活力指数为为0.1093。SNP处理降低了叶片MDA的含量,并且提高了NR、SOD、POD和CAT四种酶的活性,且均为当SNP浓度为0.1 mmol/L时达到最大值,分别为:1.52μg/g.h、0.32 U/mg、5.9 U/mg和4.8 U/mg。结论:0.1 mmol/L的SNP能够有效的减缓NaCl胁迫对紫苏种子及幼苗产生的伤害,提高了种子及幼苗的抗盐能力。

西洋参、紫苏籽和薏苡根水提物的化感作用

目的 研究西洋参、紫苏籽和薏苡根水提物的化感作用。方法 以白菜和西洋参为测试植物 ,观察西洋参、紫苏籽和薏苡根水提物对其种子萌发和活力、存苗率、幼苗初期生长的影响。结果 西洋参茎叶水提物与高于 1%浓度的须根水提物严重抑制白菜和西洋参的种子萌发及活力、存苗率、幼苗初期生长 ,而紫苏籽和薏苡根的水提物则促进实验植物幼苗根和芽的生长。高浓度的薏苡根水提物可使西洋参的存苗率显著降低。结论 3种药用植物中存在活性较强的化感物质 ,其化感作用的正负效应和强度与它们的水提物浓度及植物受体种类有关。

紫苏对不同浓度镉胁迫的生理响应

为探讨紫苏的耐镉生理机制,通过水培试验,研究了镉离子浓度为0 mg.L-1(对照)、2.0 mg.L-1、5.0 mg.L-1、10.0 mg.L-1条件下紫苏的生长、镉富集作用及叶片的保护酶活性。结果表明,2.0 mg.L-1、5.0 mg.L-1、10.0 mg.L-1镉胁迫下,紫苏单株生物量比对照分别减少28.4%、42.4%、66.0%,不同处理间均存在极显著差异;3个镉离浓度下紫苏的镉富集量依次为462.4μg.株-1、705.0μg.株-1、609.7μg.株-1,富集系数依次为91.9、70.0、51.1,具备镉超积累能力。此外,SOD、POD、CAT酶活测定结果显示,随镉离子浓度升高,紫苏叶片的SOD活性和MDA含量显著升高,POD和CAT活性显著下降,破坏了体内保护酶系统的平衡,抑制紫苏生长。

苏子油对大鼠血脂及血液流变性的影响

报告了苏子油对大鼠血清甘油三脂（ＴＧ）、总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）、低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）、红细胞变形指数、血小板聚集率及ＨＤＬ－Ｃ／ＴＣ的影响。实验共分三组，猪油组、苏子油组、基础饲料组，前二组均为高脂饲料。试验期７８天。结果显示：苏子油组血ＴＣ值在试验后３０天即显著低于猪油组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。试验期末，苏子油组的ＴＣ、ＴＧ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ均显著低于猪油组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＴＧ值还低于基础饲料组（Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＨＤＬ－Ｃ／ＴＣ则显著高于猪油组；ＨＤＬ－Ｃ三组差别不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）；血小板聚集率基础饲料组和苏子油组差别无意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）；但红细胞变形指数以基础饲料组最低，苏子油组其次，猪油组最高，后两组差别无意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示富含α－亚麻酸的苏子油具有良好的预防和降低血脂的作用，值得进一步研究和开发。

紫苏主要农艺性状与产量构成相关性分析

为建立紫苏理想株型,系统分析了紫苏主要农艺性状与产量构成因素间的相关性。在贵阳和开阳2个试验点种植209份来源于主要生态区域的紫苏材料,采集主要农艺学性状指标,分析各性状值与单株产量间的相关性,确定单株穗数(X4)、主穗果数(X6)、千粒重(X7)为紫苏产量构成的3个主要因素,两个试验点的回归方程为:Y贵=-5.972 8+0.025 0X4+0.194 0X6+2.647 8X7,Y开=-11.453 1+0.019 4X4+0.212 9X6+4.557X7,回归方程均达极显著水平。依据各性状与单株产量间的回归关系求极值,得出其理想株型:贵阳点理想单株产量约为29.25~30.21g,理论产量约为2 475kg/hm2;开阳点理想单株产量约为24.81~25.17g,理论产量约为2 040kg/hm^2。

尿素增强烯草酮胁迫下紫苏幼苗耐性的研究

为探讨烯草酮与尿素处理对紫苏生长的影响,阐明尿素对紫苏在烯草酮胁迫下耐性的调节效应。采用随机区组试验设计,在紫苏六叶期喷施不同浓度的尿素(0、1、2、4和8 g/L)和24%烯草酮乳油(0、0.67、1.33、2.66和3.99 mL/L),分析其对紫苏生长、光合特性、抗逆性指标、杂草防效和产量的影响。结果表明,烯草酮抑制紫苏幼苗生长,降低光合特性,使丙二醛积累增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性随其浓度的增加呈先上升后下降趋势;而1～4 g/L浓度的尿素处理则促进生长,并提高了光合特性;8 g/L的尿素处理效果相反。1～4 g/L的尿素和不同浓度的烯草酮先后处理,比单施烯草酮处理的效果好,A组(先喷施尿素后喷施烯草酮)的C1N3(4 g/L尿素,0.67 mL/L烯草酮)处理可使现蕾期产量和子粒产量比单独施用烯草酮增产13.94%和10.54%,杂草株防效提高11%。表明在紫苏六叶期先喷施4 g/L的尿素再喷施0.67 mL/L的烯草酮,能显著提高紫苏幼苗在烯草酮胁迫下的耐性,提高幼苗净光合速率,促进植株生长,这些效应与其提高抗氧化酶活性有关;该施药模式具有提高杂草防效,安全高产等特点,有较高的推广价值。

紫苏子中α-亚麻酸的气相色谱法测定

目的 :建立紫苏子有效成分α -亚麻酸的气相色谱测定法。方法 :色谱条件为 15 %丁二酸二乙二醇聚酯(DEGS)色谱柱 ,柱温 182℃ ,FID检测器 ,内标为十七碳酸乙酯。结果 :α -亚麻酸乙酯浓度在 0 42 92～ 2 146 0mg·mL-1范围内呈线性关系 (r=0 9999) ,加样平均回收率为 10 2 8% (RSD =0 73% )。结论 :该法简便 ,灵敏 ,易操作 。

紫苏叶片响应镉胁迫的蛋白质差异表达分析

为阐明紫苏[Perilla frutescens(L.)Britt.]响应镉胁迫的分子机制,应用营养液加镉法,采用蛋白质组学技术分析了紫苏叶片响应镉胁迫3周的蛋白质表达差异。结果表明,镉胁迫下紫苏叶片有25个蛋白发生差异表达,其中20个蛋白质得到LC-MS/MS鉴定:光合作用相关蛋白3个,能量代谢相关蛋白11个,胁迫相关蛋白1个,蛋白质代谢相关蛋白2个,基因表达相关蛋白1个,结构蛋白1个,生物合成与解毒相关蛋白1个。在浓度为2.0 mg·kg-1、5.0 mg·kg-1、10.0mg·kg-1镉胁迫下,紫苏叶片中ATP合成酶、丝氨酸羧肽酶、植物细胞色素P450均上调表达,Rubisco大亚基、核糖体蛋白S3和肌动蛋白表达均下调。光合系统Ⅱ稳定/装配因子HCF136及胁迫反应蛋白乙酰辅酶A硫酯酶在低浓度镉(2 mg·kg-1)处理下表达上调,在高浓度镉(5 mg·kg-1,10 mg·kg-1)处理下表达下调;磷酸核酮糖激酶/尿苷激酶家族蛋白在2 mg·kg-1和5 mg·kg-1镉处理时表达上调,10 mg·kg-1镉处理时不变;逆转录转座子蛋白在10 mg·kg-1镉处理时表达下调。可见,紫苏叶片通过增强能量代谢、降低光合作用、改变蛋白代谢与基因表达和提高解毒能力,增强了镉耐性。