Characterization of the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from human periodontal ligament based on cell surface markers

Mesenchymal stem cell （MSC）-mediated therapy has been shown to be clinically effective in regenerating tissue defects. For improved regenerative therapy, it is critical to isolate homogenous populations of MSCs with high capacity to differentiate into appropriate tissues. The utilization of stem cell surface antigens provides a means to identify MSCs from various tissues. However, few surface markers that consistently isolate highly regenerative MSCs have been validated, making it challenging for routine clinical applications and making it all the more imperative to identify reliable surface markers. In this study, we used three surface marker combinations： CD51/CD140a, CD271, and STRO-1/CD146 for the isolation of homogenous populations of dental mesenchymal stem cells （DMSCs） from heterogeneous periodontal ligament cells （PDLCs）. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that 24% of PDLCs were CD51＋/CD140a＋, 0.8% were CD271＋, and 2.4% were STRO-1＋/CD146＋. Sorted cell populations were further assessed for their multipotent properties by inducing osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. All three subsets of isolated DMSCs exhibited differentiation capacity into osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages but with varying degrees. CD271＋ DMSCs demonstrated the greatest osteogenic potential with strong induction of osteogenic markers such as DLX5, RUNX2, and BGLAP. Our study provides evidence that surface marker combinations used in this study are sufficient markers for the isolation of DMSCs from PDLCs. These results provide important insight into using specific surface markers for identifying homogenous populations of DMSCs for their improved utilization in regenerative medicine.

Overview of noncoding RNAs involved in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells

Periodontal diseases are infectious diseases that are characterized by progressive damage to dental support tissue.The major goal of periodontal therapy is to regenerate the periodontium destroyed by periodontal diseases.Human periodontal ligament(PDL)tissue possesses periodontal regenerative properties,and periodontal ligament stem cells(PDLSCs)with the capacity for osteogenic differentiation show strong potential in clinical application for periodontium repair and regeneration.Noncoding RNAs(ncRNAs),which include a substantial portion of poly-A tail mature RNAs,are considered“transcriptional noise.”Recent studies show that ncRNAs play a major role in PDLSC differentiation;therefore,exploring how ncRNAs participate in the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs may help to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and further shed light on the potential of stem cell transplantation for periodontium regeneration.In this review paper,we discuss the history of PDLSC research and highlight the regulatory mechanism of ncRNAs in the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs.

Effects of lysophosphatidic acid on human periodontal ligament stem cells from teeth extracted from dental patients

Despite their potential applications in future regenerative medicine, periodontal ligament stem cells(PDLSCs) are difficult to obtain in large amounts from patients. Therefore, maintaining sternness while expanding the cell numbers for medical use is the key to transitioning PDLSCs from the bench to the clinic. Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA), which is present in the human body and saliva, is a signaling molecule derived from phospholipids. In this study, we examined the effects of LPA on sternness maintenance in human PDLSCs. Several spindle-shaped and fibroblast-like periodontal ligament stem-like cell lines were established from PDLSC isolation. Among these cell lines, the most morphologically appropriate cell line was characterized. The expression levels of OCT4, NANOG(a stem cell marker), and CD90(a mesenchymal stem cell marker) were high. However, CD73(a negative marker of mesenchymal stem cells) expression was not observed. Notably, immunofluorescence analysis identified the expression of STRO-1, CD146(a mesenchymal stem cell marker), and sex determining region Y-box 2 at the protein level. In addition, lipid droplets were stained by Oil red O after the induction of adipogenesis for 21 days, and mineralized nodules were stained by Alizarin Red S after the induction of osteogenesis for 14 days. Alkaline phosphate staining also demonstrated the occurrence of osteogenesis. In summary, we established a human PDLSC line, which could be applied as a cell source for tissue regeneration in dental patients. However, further studies are needed to determine the detailed effects of LPA on PDLSCs.

Therapeutic potential of periodontal ligament stem cells

Inflammatory periodontal disease known as periodontitis is one of the most common conditions that affect human teeth and often leads to tooth loss.Due to the complexity of the periodontium,which is composed of several tissues,its regeneration and subsequent return to a homeostatic state is challenging with the therapies currently available.Cellular therapy is increasingly becoming an alternative in regenerative medicine/dentistry,especially therapies using mesenchymal stem cells,as they can be isolated from a myriad of tissues.Periodontal ligament stem cells(PDLSCs)are probably the most adequate to be used as a cell source with the aim of regenerating the periodontium.Biological insights have also highlighted PDLSCs as promising immunomodulator agents.In this review,we explore the state of knowledge regarding the properties of PDLSCs,as well as their therapeutic potential,describing current and future clinical applications based on tissue engineering techniques.

Human periodontal ligament stem cells repair mental nerve injury

Human periodontal ligament stem cells are easily accessible and can differentiate into Schwann cells. We hypothesized that human periodontal ligament stem cells can be used as an alternative source for the autologous Schwann cells in promoting the regeneration of injured peripheral nerve. To validate this hypothesis, human periodontal ligament stem cells （1 × 106） were injected into the crush-injured left mental nerve in rats. Simultaneously, autologous Schwann cells （1 × 106） and PBS were also injected as controls. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that at 5 days after injection, mRNA expression of low affinity nerve growth factor receptor was sig-nificantaly increased in the left trigeminal ganglion of rats with mental nerve injury. Sensory tests, histomorphometric evaluation and retrograde labeling demonstrated that at 2 and 4 weeks after in-jection, sensory function was significantly improved, the numbers of retrograde labeled sensory neurons and myelinated axons were significantly increased, and human periodontal ligament stem cells and autologous Schwann cells exhibited similar therapeutic effects. These findings suggest that transplantation of human periodontal ligament stem cells show a potential value in repair of mental nerve injury.

Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance the Osteoblastic Differentiation of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Under High Glucose Conditions Through the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

Objective High glucose(HG)can influence the osteogenic differentiation ability of periodontal ligament stem cells(PDLSCs).Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes(hUCMSC-exo)have broad application prospects in tissue healing.The current study aimed to explore whether hUCMSC-exo could promote the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs under HG conditions and the underlying mechanism.Methods We used a 30 mmol/L glucose concentration to simulate HG conditions.CCK-8 assay was performed to evaluate the effect of hUCMSC-exo on the proliferation of hPDLSCs.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)staining,ALP activity,and qRT-PCR were performed to evaluate the pro-osteogenic effect of hUCMSC-exo on hPDLSCs.Western blot analysis was conducted to evaluate the underlying mechanism.Results The results of the CCK-8 assay,ALP staining,ALP activity,and qRT-PCR assay showed that hUCMSC-exo significantly promoted cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in a dosedependent manner.The Western blot results revealed that hUCMSC-exo significantly increased the levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT in cells,and the effect was inhibited by LY294002(PI3K inhibitor)or MK2206(AKT inhibitor),respectively.Moreover,the increases in osteogenic indicators induced by hUCMSC-exo were significantly suppressed by LY294002 and MK2206.Conclusion hUCMSC-exo promote the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs under HG conditions through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Mass acquisition of human periodontal ligament stem cells

The periodontal ligament(PDL)is an essential fibrous tissue for tooth retention in the alveolar bone socket.PDL tissue further functions to cushion occlusal force,maintain alveolar bone height,allow orthodontic tooth movement,and connect tooth roots with bone.Severe periodontitis,deep caries,and trauma cause irreversible damage to this tissue,eventually leading to tooth loss through the destruction of tooth retention.Many patients suffer from these diseases worldwide,and its prevalence increases with age.To address this issue,regenerative medicine for damaged PDL tissue as well as the surrounding tissues has been extensively investigated regarding the potential and effectiveness of stem cells,scaffolds,and cytokines as well as their combined applications.In particular,PDL stem cells(PDLSCs)have been well studied.In this review,I discuss comprehensive studies on PDLSCs performed in vivo and contemporary reports focusing on the acquisition of large numbers of PDLSCs for therapeutic applications because of the very small number of PDLSCs available in vivo.

Effects of Aging on the Proliferation and Differentiation Capacity of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells

这研究的目的是调查牙齿周围的系带干细胞( PDLSC )的增长，区别和 apoptosis 的目的源于不同年老的施主，并且通过手术从 24 被获得在 PDLSC.Methods 牙齿周围的系带纸巾的生物特征上评估老化的效果在 orthodontics 期间提取了人的前臼齿治疗。标本根据施主年龄被划分成三个组。组织 A：18-20 年，组 B：30-35 年，组 C：45-50 年。PDLSC 被孤立并且用由限制冲淡试金的一个 tissue-block-based enzymolytic 方法有教养。为三个试验性的组形成 PDLSC 的效率的殖民地是坚定的。联系老朽的牛乳糖(SA -- G ) 在三个组的表示用染色工作的牛乳糖被检验解决方案。PDLSC 的房间周期和 apoptosis 被流动 cytometry 检验。碱的磷酸酶(高山) 活动被高山染色评估。成骨的区别的表示联系了基因老牛相关的抄写 factor-2 ( Runx-2 )，骨胶原类型 1 ( co-1 )，并且 PDLSC 的高山被在组 A ， B 和 C 形成 PDLSC 的效率的殖民地是的量的即时 RT-PCR.Results 检验36.67%，22.67%和9.33%，分别地它与施主年龄减少了( P < 0.05 )。SA -- 在组 A， B 和 C 的衰老的 PDLSC 的 G 表示是 4.14% ， 16.39% ， 50.38% ，分别地(P < 0.05 ) 。在 G2/S 的房间分阶段执行是 38.73% ， 29.88% ， 18.25%(P < 0.05 ) ，并且 apoptosis 率是 1.57% ， 4.56% ， 5.84%(P < 0.05 ) 在组 A， B 和 C 分别地。在三个组染色的高山随施主年龄的增加减少了，并且 Runx-2 ， col-1 和高山的表示从组 A 逐渐地减少了组织 C (所有 P < 0.05 )，它显示当施主 aging.Conclusion 人 PDLSC 能成功地从不同年老的施主的牙齿周围的系带纸巾被孤立时， PDLSC 的 osteogenic 区别能力减少了。然而，当施主变老时，增长和 PDLSC 的 osteogenic 区别能力减少了。

PDLSCs-Exo对炎性环境中牙周膜干细胞增殖能力及活性氧水平的影响

目的探讨牙周膜干细胞(periodontal ligament stem cells,PDLSCs)来源的外泌体(exosome,Exo)对炎性环境中牙周膜干细胞增殖及活性氧水平的影响。方法分离培养牙周膜干细胞,提取牙周膜干细胞来源的外泌体,并将其添加至正常及含有10μg/mL脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)的牙周膜干细胞培养基中,实验对象分为PDLSCs组、PDLSCs+LPS组、PDLSCs+Exo组、PDLSCs+LPS+Exo组,检测各组牙周膜干细胞对外泌体的摄取能力、增殖能力、细胞内活性氧水平及炎性因子水平。结果在10μg/m L LPS刺激下,牙周膜干细胞增殖能力下降。组间对比,PDLSCs+LPS组较PDLSCs组、PDLSCs+Exo组、PDLSCs+LPS+Exo组增殖能力显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PDLSCs+LPS+Exo组增殖能力较PDLSCs+Exo组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细胞内活性氧及炎性因子对比,PDLSCs+LPS组较其余三组细胞内活性氧水平增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论牙周膜干细胞来源的外泌体能够改善LPS刺激导致的牙周膜干细胞增殖活性降低,降低胞内活性氧及炎性因子水平,并提高牙周膜干细胞的抗氧化能力。

静态机械牵张力对HPDLSCs和PPDLSCs破骨相关基因表达的影响

目的:探讨健康牙周组织来源的牙周膜干细胞(HPDLSCs)和牙周病组织来源的牙周膜干细胞(PPDLSCs)在静态机械牵张力作用下破骨相关基因表达的异同。方法:采用低密度接种法分离培养HPDLSCs和PPDLSCs,应用流式细胞仪对两种细胞的表面间充质干细胞标记物表达进行检测,使用Flexcell Tension Unit对HPDLSCs和PPDLSCs进行不同力值静态机械牵张力(SMS)加载,实时定量RT-PCR检测HPDLSCs和PPDLSCs中破骨相关基因RANKL和C-fos的表达。结果:间充质干细胞表面标记物STRO-1、CD146、CD90、CD29在HPDLSCs和PPDLSCs中均强阳性表达,且HPDLSCs中的表达显著高于PPDLSCs(P<0.05)。在未加载SMS情况下,PPDLSCs中RANKL和C-fos的表达水平明显高于HPDLSCs(P<0.05);当加载SMS≤12%形变量时,HPDLSCs中两种破骨相关基因的表达水平较未加力时无明显变化(P>0.05),而形变量达到14%时,二者的表达显著上调(P<0.05);在PPDLSCs组,当SMS≤8%形变量时,RANKL和C-fos的表达无明显变化(P>0.05),而SMS≥10%形变量时,可明显激活两种破骨基因的表达(P<0.05)。结论:HPDLSCs和PPDLSCs对SMS的反应不同,过大的静态牵张力会导致PPDLSCs表达破骨相关基因增强。

Comparative analysis of different feeder layers with 3T3 fibroblasts for culturing rabbits limbal stem cells

AIM： To explore the possibility of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells（h UCMSCs）, human umbilical vein endothelial cells（h UVECs）, human dental pulp stem cells（h DPSCs） and human periodontal ligament stem cells（h PDLSCs） serving as feeder cells in co-culture systems for the cultivation of limbal stem cells.METHODS： Different feeder layers were cultured in Dulbecco＇s modified Eagle＇s medium（DMEM）/F12 and were treated with mitomycin C. Rabbits limbal stem cells（LSCs） were co-cultured on h UCMSCs, h UVECs, h DPSCs, h PDLSCs and NIH-3T3, and then comparative analysis were made between each group to see their respective colony-forming efficiency（CFE） assay and immunofluorescence（IPO13,CK3/12）.RESULTS： The efficiency of the four type cells in supporting the LSCs morphology and its cellular differentiation was similar to that of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts as demonstrated by the immunostaining properties analysis, with each group exhibiting a similar strong expression pattern of IPO13, but lacking CK3 and CK12 expression in terms of immunostaining. But h UCMSCs, h DPSCs and h PDLSCs feeder layers were superior in promoting colony formation potential of cells when compared to h UVECs and feedercell-free culture.CONCLUSION： hUCMSCs, hDPSCs and hPDLSCs can be a suitable alternative to conventional mouse NIH-3T3 feeder cells, so that risk of zoonotic infection can be diminished.

Overview of the main biological mechanisms linked to changes in periodontal ligament stem cells and the inflammatory microenvironment

Periodontitis is a complex chronic inflammatory disease.The invasion of pathogens induces the inflammatory microenvironment in periodontitis.Cell behavior changes in response to changes in the microenvironment,which in turn alters the local inflammatory microenvironment of the periodontium through factors secreted by cells.It has been confirmed that periodontal ligament stem cells(PDLSCs)are vital in the development of periodontal disease.Moreover,PDLSCs are the most effective cell type to be used for periodontium regeneration.This review focuses on changes in PDLSCs,their basic biological behavior,osteogenic differentiation,and drug effects caused by the inflammatory microenvironment,to provide a better understanding of the influence of these factors on periodontal tissue homeostasis.In addition,we discuss the underlying mechanism in detail behind the reciprocal responses of PDLSCs that affect the microenvironment.

钽涂层对hPDLSCs增殖及成骨分化的影响

目的 探究钽涂层表面对人牙周膜干细胞(human periodontal ligament stem cells, hPDLSCs)增殖及成骨分化的影响。方法 对hPDLSCs进行分离、培养和细胞鉴定。纯钛试件抛光清洗后,经喷砂、酸蚀处理,以等离子喷涂技术制备钽涂层。以抛光钛表面(P组)为对照组,喷砂酸蚀钛(SLA组)、钽涂层钛(Ta组)为实验组。通过扫描电镜、能谱仪分析各组钛表面的微形貌、元素组成;将hPDLSCs接种于各组试件表面,通过CCK-8法测定细胞的增殖情况,经成骨诱导培养后行碱性磷酸酶活性检测和茜素红染色,qPCR检测成骨基因表达。结果 在钛试件上成功制备了钽涂层;成功分离培养并鉴定hPDLSCs;CCK-8实验结果显示,在培养3、5、7 d后,Ta组OD值明显高于SLA组及P组(P<0.05);ALP检测结果显示,在第7天时,三组间的差距无统计学意义;第14天时,Ta组ALP活性明显高于P组和SLA组(P<0.01)。茜素红染色显示,三组材料表面都有红色钙化结节形成,SLA组和Ta组的矿化结节明显多于P组。qPCR结果显示Ta组表面细胞ALP、RUNX2、OCN基因表达水平显著高于P组(P<0.01),RUNX2、OCN基因表达显著高于SLA组(P<0.01)。结论 SLA钛表面钽涂层对hPDLSCs的增殖、成骨分化具有促进作用。

Proteomic profiling of various human dental stem cells-a systematic review

BACKGROUND The proteomic signature or profile best describes the functional component of a cell during its routine metabolic and survival activities.Additional complexity in differentiation and maturation is observed in stem/progenitor cells.The role of functional proteins at the cellular level has long been attributed to anatomical niches,and stem cells do not deflect from this attribution.Human dental stem cells(hDSCs),on the whole,are a combination of mesenchymal and epithelial coordinates observed throughout craniofacial bones to pulp.AIM To specify the proteomic profile and compare each type of hDSC with other mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)of various niches.Furthermore,we analyzed the characteristics of the microenvironment and preconditioning changes associated with the proteomic profile of hDSCs and their influence on committed lineage differentiation.METHODS Literature searches were performed in PubMed,EMBASE,Scopus,and Web of Science databases,from January 1990 to December 2018.An extra inquiry of the grey literature was completed on Google Scholar,ProQuest,and OpenGrey.Relevant MeSH terms(PubMed)and keywords related to dental stem cells were used independently and in combination.RESULTS The initial search resulted in 134 articles.Of the 134 full-texts assessed,96 articles were excluded and 38 articles that met the eligibility criteria were reviewed.The overall assessment of hDSCs and other MSCs suggests that differences in the proteomic profile can be due to stem cellular complexity acquired from varied tissue sources during embryonic development.However,our comparison of the proteomic profile suffered inconsistencies due to the heterogeneity of various hDSCs.We believe that the existence of a heterogeneous population of stem cells at a given niche determines the modalities of regeneration or tissue repair.Added prominences to the differences present between various hDSCs have been reasoned out.CONCLUSION Systematic review on proteomic studies of various hDSCs are promising as an eye-opener for revisiting the proteomic profile and in-depth analysis to elucidate more refined mechanisms of hDSC functionalities.

Application of dental stem cells in three-dimensional tissue regeneration

Dental stem cells can differentiate into different types of cells.Dental pulp stem cells,stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth,periodontal ligament stem cells,stem cells from apical papilla,and dental follicle progenitor cells are five different types of dental stem cells that have been identified during different stages of tooth development.The availability of dental stem cells from discarded or removed teeth makes them promising candidates for tissue engineering.In recent years,three-dimensional(3D)tissue scaffolds have been used to reconstruct and restore different anatomical defects.With rapid advances in 3D tissue engineering,dental stem cells have been used in the regeneration of 3D engineered tissue.This review presents an overview of different types of dental stem cells used in 3D tissue regeneration,which are currently the most common type of stem cells used to treat human tissue conditions.

补骨脂素对人牙周膜干细胞增殖、成骨分化的促进作用及其机制

目的观察补骨脂素对人牙周膜干细胞(hPDLSCs)增殖、成骨分化的促进作用,并探讨其机制。方法将第三代hPDLSCs分为6组,5、10、25、50、100μmol/L补骨脂素组加入5、10、25、50、100μmol/L补骨脂素,对照组正常培养,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力,比色法检测碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,茜素红染色检测成骨诱导矿化结节。另取第三代hPDLSCs并分为两组,25μmol/L补骨脂素组加入25μmol/L补骨脂素,对照组正常培养,采用RT-PCR法检测转录因子2(Runx2)、骨桥蛋白(OPN)mRNA。结果与对照组比较,5、10、25、50、100μmol/L补骨脂素组细胞增殖能力和ALP活性增加,25μmol/L补骨脂素组细胞成骨矿化结节增加(P均<0.05);与5μmol/L补骨脂素组比较,25、50、100μmol/L补骨脂素组细胞增殖能力及10、25μmol/L补骨脂素组细胞ALP活性和25μmol/L补骨脂素组细胞成骨矿化结节增加(P均<0.05);与10μmol/L补骨脂素组比较,25、50、100μmol/L补骨脂素组细胞增殖能力增加(P均<0.05);与25μmol/L补骨脂素组比较,50、100μmol/L补骨脂素组细胞ALP活性降低(P均<0.05)。与对照组比较,25μmol/L补骨脂素组Runx2、OPN mRNA相对表达量增加(P均<0.05)。结论5~100μmol/L补骨脂素均能促进hPDLSCs的增殖和成骨分化,在5~25μmol/L呈剂量依赖性增强,在50~100μmol/L变化不明显;补骨脂素促进hPDLSCs的增殖和成骨分化的机制可能与调节Runx2信号通路有关。

南蛇藤素对脂多糖诱导的人牙周膜干细胞增殖、凋亡和炎症反应的影响

目的 探讨南蛇藤素(Cel)对微小RNA(miR)-223-3p/核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)轴对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的人牙周膜干细胞(hPDLSCs)增殖、凋亡和炎症反应的影响。方法 分别给予不同浓度的Cel(1、2、4μmol/L)培养经1μg/ml LPS诱导的hPDLSCs,以未处理的hPDLSCs作为对照组。采用MTT法检测细胞存活率,选取合适的Cel浓度用于后续实验研究。将对数生长期hPDLSCs分为对照组、LPS组、Cel组(2μmol/L),采用LipofectamineTM2000转染试剂盒在Cel组的基础上转染细胞miR-223-3p inhibitor及阴性对照(inhibitor NC),并命名为Cel+inhibitor NC组、Cel+miR-223-3p inhibitor组。分别检测以上各组细胞凋亡、增殖以及炎症因水平;q RT-PCR检测各组细胞中miR-223-3p表达水平,Western blot检测细胞中NLRP3蛋白及凋亡蛋白-天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1(Caspase-1)表达;双荧光素酶报告基因检测实验验证miR-223-3p、NLRP3靶向关系。结果 2μmol/L Cel作用细胞后其活力最高。与对照组相比,LPS组细胞存活率、mi R-223-3p表达显著下降,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6含量、细胞凋亡率、NLRP3、Caspase-1表达显著升高(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,Cel组细胞存活率、miR-223-3p表达显著升高,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量、细胞凋亡率、NLRP3、Caspase-1表达显著降低(P<0.05);与Cel+inhibitor NC组相比,Cel+miR-223-3p inhibitor组LPS组细胞存活率、miR-223-3p表达显著下降,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量、细胞凋亡率、NLRP3、Caspase-1表达显著升高(P<0.05)。结论 Cel可以促进LPS诱导的hPDLSCs增殖,抑制细胞凋亡及炎症反应,可能与上调miR-223-3p、抑制NLRP3表达有关。

长链非编码RNA与牙周炎

背景:近年来,大量研究显示长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)在牙周炎的发病过程有重要作用,包括免疫反应过程及细胞(牙周膜干细胞、破骨细胞)的生物活性和功能,人们试图通过调控lnc RNA表达水平来实现对牙周炎症的调控及牙周组织的再生。目的:就lnc RNA在牙周炎中的研究进展进行综述,以期望更好地推进lnc RNA在牙周炎的研究。方法:第一作者检索Pub Med、中国知网等数据库建库到2023年3月发表的相关文献,以“长链非编码RNA,lnc RNA,牙周炎,牙周,免疫,炎症,牙周膜干细胞,破骨细胞,成骨分化,骨吸收,骨形成,复发,缺氧,氧化应激,静态机械应变”为中文检索词;“lnc RNA,periodontitis,periodontal,immunity,inflammation,periodontalmembranestemcells,osteoclasts,osteogenicdifferentiation,bone resorption,bone formation,recurrence,hypoxia,oxidative stress,static mechanical strain”为英文检索词,阅读每篇文献的文题、摘要进行初筛,最终筛选出87篇文献进行归纳分析。结果与结论:(1)牙周致病菌刺激机体导致免疫效应失衡引发炎症反应造成牙周组织的破坏,lnc RNA参与其调控机制。(2)lnc RNA对炎性环境的牙周膜细胞主要参与了促炎的调控,对于破骨细胞分化的影响,通过ce RNA机制进行调控,为探究牙周炎发病机制提供了新的线索。对于B细胞及巨噬细胞,lnc RNA在牙周炎中可调控其亚群的浸润、细胞活性和功能发挥。(3)lnc RNA参与牙周炎相关免疫反应主要在Toll样受体与NOD样受体两种模式识别受体与核因子κB途径这一信号通路发挥作用。(4)探究lnc RNA是否可作为牙周炎生物学标志在牙周炎的诊断及预后复发问题上有很大价值。(5)已有动物实验证实了可以通过调控lnc RNA的表达水平来逆转lnc RNA在牙周炎的作用从而起到抗炎作用,其对牙周炎的免疫治疗研究有很大价值。(6)Lnc RNA对于牙周膜干细胞的调控主要通过内源性竞争机制及各种信号通路实现,且其作用受多种因素影响,如炎性环境、机械应变及缺氧和氧化应激等,通过这些相关因素进行相关机制的研究为牙周炎的治疗提供了新的思路。

活性氧影响牙周炎发生发展及牙周组织再生

背景:活性氧在牙周炎发生发展和牙周组织再生过程中发挥双刃剑作用,低浓度的活性氧诱导牙周膜成纤维细胞的分化,过量的活性氧会造成牙周组织损伤。炎症发生时,牙周组织中的活性氧聚集,通过多种细胞信号通路或通过氧化还原反应诱导细胞和组织的损伤。目的:对活性氧在牙周炎发生发展及牙周组织再生中的双刃剑效果进行综述,为临床治疗牙周炎及促进牙周组织再生提供潜在靶点及治疗思路。方法:通过检索1990年4月至2023年4月PubMed及中国知网数据库,英文检索词为“periodontal tissue engineering,periodontal defect,regeneration of periodontal tissue,chronic periodontitis,reactive oxygen species,oxidative stress,antioxidative stress,oxidative injuries,free radicals,reactive nitrogen species”,中文检索词为“牙周组织工程,牙周缺损,牙槽骨丧失,牙周组织再生,牙周炎,破骨细胞,氧化应激,抗氧化,活性氧”,经过对每条文献文题、摘要的筛选,排除与研究目的相关性差及内容陈旧、重复的文献,对最终符合标准的77篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:(1)活性氧是一种反应活性较高的自由基,在细菌入侵时活性氧经中性粒细胞的呼吸爆发作用大量释放,经其氧化还原反应或作为多效性生理信号传导剂在体内发挥双刃剑作用。(2)在牙周炎中,低浓度的活性氧可以杀灭入侵的病原菌,但高浓度的活性氧经JNK、RANK、Wnt/β-连环蛋白等通路促进炎症因子分泌,促进免疫损伤或通过氧化反应直接损伤组织等方式加重牙周炎症。(3)在牙周组织再生过程中,低浓度的活性氧可以经Nrf2等通路促进牙周膜干细胞的增殖与分化,并能促进血管内皮生长因子的分泌进而促进血管再生。这为牙周组织再生提供了种子及营养的环境,对促进牙周组织再生极为重要,而高浓度的活性氧则会降低牙周膜干细胞的活性,并损伤内皮细胞,不利于血管再生。这将影响伤口愈合,抑制牙周组织再生。(4)因此,探索活性氧在牙周炎发生发展和牙周组织再生中的作用并发现其作用的潜在机制,并探索其发挥减轻牙周炎症并促进牙周组织再生的适宜浓度,对未来临床牙周炎和牙周组织再生的治疗具有重要意义。以活性氧作为靶点,探索减轻牙周炎症并促进牙周膜干细胞活性及血管再生的方法,可能成为临床上有效治疗牙周炎并促进牙周组织再生的方法。

炎症与正常牙周膜来源牙周膜干细胞的成骨分化能力和自噬水平

背景:炎症影响牙周膜干细胞的成骨分化,同时牙周膜干细胞的成骨能力与自噬水平密切相关,但是炎症是否影响牙周膜干细胞成骨分化不同阶段的成骨能力与自噬水平尚未见相关报道。目的:探讨牙周膜干细胞在牙周炎和正常状态下的碱性磷酸酶表达和自噬水平。方法:分离培养健康人群与牙周炎患者的牙周膜干细胞,进行Vimentin、pan-CK和Stro-1荧光染色。正常和炎症牙周膜干细胞成骨分化3,7,14d时,Westernblot检测碱性磷酸酶、LC3B、Beclin1、ATG5的蛋白表达,real-time PCR检测碱性磷酸酶、骨唾液蛋白、骨钙素、Runx2、LC3B、Beclin1、ATG5的mRNA表达。结果与结论:(1)牙周膜干细胞内Stro-1阳性表达,Vimentin阳性表达,pan-CK阴性表达;(2)成骨分化3,7,14 d,与正常牙周膜干细胞相比,炎症牙周膜干细胞所形成的矿化结节明显减少(P<0.01),碱性磷酸酶的蛋白和mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05),骨唾液蛋白、骨钙素、Runx2的mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05);(3)成骨分化7,14 d,与正常牙周膜干细胞相比,炎症牙周膜干细胞的ATG5、LC3B与Beclin1蛋白和mRNA表达均明显降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,炎症可减少牙周膜干细胞的矿化结节形成和碱性磷酸酶的表达,削弱牙周膜干细胞成骨分化7,14 d的自噬潜能。