Translation Peripheries:Paratextual Elements in Translation述评——翻译研究的副文本视角

副文本(paratext)指那些存在于文本以内和文本以外"阈限"(liminal)的相关文本,它们包围并延长正文本.副文本可以分为内文本(peritext)和外文本(epitext).内文本指封面、标题页、作者姓名、副标题、题词、前言、序言、注释、跋、后记等;外文本包括采访、日记、访谈、书信、出版社的广告、海报等(Genette,1997:xviii).副文本和正文本一起构成完整的作品.在翻译研究领域,副文本概念和视角的引入能拓展翻译理论阐释空间,给翻译研究的各个领域,包括翻译史、文学翻译、视听翻译、翻译中的意识形态话语分析等提供广泛的话题和研究方法.

Poetic Religiosity in Brazilian Urban Peripheries

Starting from the observation of a greater religious pluralism of the Brazilian society, we ask ourselves, in the f＇trst instance, if it is a movement does not present itself as a paradigmatic change. That is, if as beliefs underlying social relations in a binary world of identity exclusions would not be in a process of weakening, allowing us to perceive new ways of latent arrangements. In a second instance, after recognizing that plurality requires recognition of the freedoms of belief and expression, we question the limits of such freedom point to a cosmopolitan ethics. For that matter, we take as reference in the non-religions in the Brazilian urban peripheries.

Detecting the core of a network by the centralities of the nodes

Many networks exhibit the core/periphery structure.Core/periphery structure is a type of meso-scale structure that consists of densely connected core nodes and sparsely connected peripheral nodes.Core nodes tend to be well-connected,both among themselves and to peripheral nodes,which tend not to be well-connected to other nodes.In this brief report,we propose a new method to detect the core of a network by the centrality of each node.It is discovered that such nodes with non-negative centralities often consist in the core of the networks.The simulation is carried out on different real networks.The results are checked by the objective function.The checked results may show the effectiveness of the simulation results by the centralities of the nodes on the real networks.Furthermore,we discuss the characters of networks with the single core/periphery structure and point out the scope of the application of our method at the end of this paper.

Peripheries of Molecular Projection in Three-dimensional Space and Studies of Quantitative Structure-activity Relationships

A new index, i.e., the periphery representation of the projection of a molecule from 3D space to a 2D plane is described. The results, correlation with toxicity of substituted nitrobenzenes, obtained by using periphery descrip-tors are much better than that obtained by using the areas (i.e., shadows) of projections of the compounds. Even better results were achieved by using the combination of periphery descriptors and the projections areas as well as the indicated variable K reflecting the action of group NO2 position on the benzene ring.

从边缘出发

在边缘……我们放弃了对不依靠任何参照行事的信仰,重新考虑地理条件与历史的补足性本质。——阿尔瓦罗·西扎,《建筑文集》,1997雅克·德里达在他的名篇《论文字学》中,试图解构西方思想体系中一直存在的中心优于边缘的二元结构。

Globalized Metropolises?An Issue of History and Memories…

Through specific examples of five different metropolises in globalization,New York,Paris,Rome,Prague and Bordeaux,the sources of prosperity and urbanity are not the same when urban history prevails in our memories or when our memories claim to write its history.Yet everything can be lived differently when both are brought together and when they write their space-time together.

Spatial Narrative and The Kite Runner

This article analyzes The Kite Runner with the help of spactial narrative. The novel will be analyzed from three angles—the function of spatial narrative, the basic unit of spatial narrative, the periphery of spatial narrative and the overall effect presented in the novel by using these narrative techniques.

The Extraordinary Rainfall over the Eastern Periphery of the Tibetan Plateau in August 2020

A large amount of accumulated precipitation was recorded over the Eastern Periphery of the Tibetan Plateau(EPTP)in August 2020.Using hourly rain gauge records and the ERA5 reanalysis dataset,we analyzed the unique characteristics of rainfall in August and the accompanying circulation conditions and conducted a comparison with previous data.This record-breaking amount of accumulated rainfall was centered on the northern slope of the EPTP.This location was in contrast with the historical records of the concentration of rainfall over the middle and southern slopes.The hourly rainfall in August 2020 was both more frequent and more intense than the climatological mean rainfall.An amplification effect of the topography was observed,with the precipitation over the EPTP showing a more significant change with terrain height in August 2020.A circulation analysis showed that cold(warm)anomalies existed over the north(south)of approximately 35°N compared with those in the years when the southern EPTP received more rain.The western Pacific subtropical high was more intense and extended to the west,and the low-level cold air from the north was more active.The enhanced low-level southerly winds on the periphery of the subtropical high injected warm,moist air further north than the climatological mean.These winds became easterly near the northern EPTP and were forced to ascend by the steep terrain.

THE INSEMINATION OF GOLDFISH(CARASSIUM AURATUS) OOCYTE MATURED IN VITRO

Full maturation of goldfish oocyte was induced in vitro by 17 a-hydroxy-20B-dihydroprogesterone. The oocyte maturation involves GV migration to the periphery of the oocyte and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). In the experiment, incubation duration for GVBD varied in different broods of oocytes. Generally, if the duration for GVBD was shorter than 6 h, oocytes would have a better chance to survive after maturation and insemination. The maturation of nucleus (GV) and cytoplasm are not synchronous. Cytoplasm maturation occurs several hs after GVBD. Oocytes inseminated 8-9 h after GVBD have the highest fertilizing and hatching rate. Fertilized ova matured in vitro can develop to sexually mature adults capable of reproduction.

Extrinsic sound stimulations and development of periphery auditory synapses

The development of auditory synapses is a key process for the maturation of heating function. However, it is still on debate regaralng wnemer the development of auditory synapses is dominated by acquired sound stimulations. In this review, we summarize relevant publications in recent decades to address this issue. Most reported data suggest that extrinsic sound stimulations do affect, but not govern the development of periphery auditory synapses. Overall, periphery auditory synapses develop and mature according to its intrinsic mechanism to build up the synaptic connections between sensory neurons and/or interneurons.

EXPRESSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CD44 IN THEPERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH CASTRIC CANCER

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of cell adhesive molecule (CD44) expression on periphery blood (PB) of patients with gastric cancer. Methods: Both the level of CD44 and the immunocyte phenotype of the lymphocytes of 110 patients with gastric cancer and 100 healthy subjects were examined by flow cytometry, and the results were analyzed pathologically and statistically. Results: The mean of the CD44% in PB of the healthy subjects was 46.14±3.4 and there were no statistic differences for their age and sex. Site of tumor growth: The significant difference (P<0.01) was present between the patients with the cardiac part (C) or body of gastric (M+C) cancer and normal individuals. The significant difference (P<0.05) was present between patients with the 3 sites involved gastric cancer and normal individuals. Type of tumor mass: The significant difference (P<0.05) was present between patients with mixed type gastric cancer and normal individuals. Size of tumor mass: The significant difference was present between the normal individuals and patients with gastric cancer > 10 cm mass (P<0.01) and 7–10 cm mass (P<0.05). Degree of tumor differentiation: The significant difference (P<0.01) was present between the patients with low differentiation gastric cancer and normal individuals. The significant difference (P<0.01) was present between patients with metastatic stage: The significant difference (P<0.01) was present lymph node gastric cancer and normal individuals. Clinical between the patients with advanced or relapsed gastric cancer and normal individuals. Age: The significant difference (P<0.01) was present between the gastric cancer patients under 59 years and normal individuals. Conclusion: The increased level of CD44 in the PB of patients with gastric cancer indicated the possible existence of relapse, advance or metastasis of tumors. When the tumor was poorly differentiated and bigger in tumor mass, the level of CD44% would be higher. Examining the level of CD44 by flow cytometry in the periphery blood of patients with gastric cancer was useful for the prognosis.

Vegetation actualities and feasibility of restoration for the periphery of oasis in extreme arid region: taking Qira County of Xinjiang as an example

The periphery of oasis plays an important role in mutual transformation between desert and oasis. Vegetation is an important part in the ecosystem and it is an important index indicating certain landscape, Based on several times field investigation, this paper attaches importance to the feasible measures for vegetation restoration according to the current condition of study area - Qira County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, In order to improve die local ecological environment, people lived in Qira County should work bard to protect their homehind and reduce the degree of sandstorm, More protection forest should be established along with other ecological techniques. Results derived from this study contribute largely to the ecological environmental protection of oasis.

Cell traction force distribution and its implications in cell adhesion and migration

Cell-matrix interaction is the key for understanding the cell behaviors,especially the mechanosensitivity of cell adhesion,cell migration and differentiation,etc.Cells are constantly probing,pushing and pulling on the surrounding extracellular matrix.These cell-generated forces drive cell migration and tissue morphogenesis,and maintain the intrinsic mechanical tone of tissues.Therefore,knowledge of the spatial and temporal nature of these forces are essential to understanding when and where mechanical events come to play in both physiological and pathological settings.However,because of the complexity of cell geometry and insufficient

High and low frequency relaxation oscillations in a capacitive discharge plasma

Both high and low frequency relaxation oscillations have been observed in an argon capacitive discharge connected to a peripheral grounded chamber through a slot with dielectric spacers. The oscillations, observed from time-varying optical emission of the main discharge chamber, show, for example, a high frequency （46 kHz） relaxation oscillation at 100 mTorr, with an absorbed power near the peripheral breakdown, and a low frequency （2.7-3.7 Hz） oscillation, at a higher absorbed power. The high frequency oscillation is found to ignite a plasma in the slot, but usually not in the periphery. The high frequency oscillation is interpreted by using an electromagnetic model of the slot impedance, combined with the circuit analysis of the system including a matching network. The model is further developed by using a parallel connection of variable peripheral capacitance to analyse the low frequency oscillation. The results obtained from the model are in agreement with the experimental observations and indicate that a variety of behaviours are dependent on the matching conditions.

Innervation of Cholinergic Vestibular Efferent System in Vestibular Periphery of Rats

The innervation of cholinergic efferent fibers in the vestibular endorgans of the rat was investigated using a modified preembedding immunostaining technique of immunoelectron microscopy. A monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was used as a marker of cholinergic fibers. It was found that there were four types of cholinergic innervation in the vestibular endorgans of the rat: (1) cholinergic nerve endings formed axo-dendritic synapses with afferent chalice surrounding the type I sensory hair cells; (2) cholinergic nerve endings formed axo-somatic synapses with type Ⅱ hair cells; (3) cholinergic fibers synapse with afferent nerve fibers and (4) a synaptic contact developed between cholinergic nerve endings. The results demonstrated that a multiform innervation of the cholinergic efferents exists in the rat vestibular periphery.

Study of Atmospheric Predictability Based on Periphery Theory

The system periphery （＂jieke＂ in Chinese） is defined as a part of the system and is adjacent to its environment. The periphery is an in- termediary agent between the system and its environment, and has two functions： defending system itself and exchanging with the environment. Generally, the periphery is defined on space dimension. We will investigate the periphery from the time dimension, and study a time jieke based on set theory viewpoint; initial values and forecast lead in weather forecast are clarified. Further predictability of weather forecast on the basis of periph- ery theory is defined; its calculation formulae are given, with which computing for day-to-day forecast were carded out. The results have been com- pared with present researches of atmospheric predictability, and it shows advancing the predictability study. Most interesting is that atmospheric pre- dictability possesses rule of gold ratio 0.618, and it is found firstly in research of weather and climate predictability.

Dynamics of the Vegetation Landscapes of the Mbere Valley’s National Park and Its Southern Periphery

The present study is about the dynamics of the vegetation landscapes of the Mbere Valley’s National Park and its southern periphery (MVNP). The physical and human characteristics of this area, translated by an inter-twining of natural, anthropic and institutional factors, predispose its vegetation cover to a dynamic which can be progressive or regressive according to the dominant factor. The present study aims at reconstituting the various space-time variations of the MVNP vegetation cover and its periphery between 1987 and 2014, and at determining the processes and the factors having supported these space-time variations of vegetation cover. The methodological step consists of an association of fieldwork and remote sensing in order to characterize the vegetation cover, to reconstitute the evolution of the vegetation cover and to determine the main factors of the processes of this evolution or dynamic. The diachronic analysis shows that the dynamics of the vegetation cover was marked by a progressive evolution between 1987 and 1999, and a regressive evolution between 1999 and 2014. On the base of fieldwork observations and the socio-economic surveys, it arises that the dynamics of the vegetation cover of the valley of Mbere and its periphery is subjected to the combined influence of the natural conditions, from the recurring anthropic disturbances as well as the weight of regulatory measures.

Ecotoudsm Model and Benefits of Periphery Regions in Western Sichuan Province

There are many problems in the minority regions of western Sichuan Province,such as serious soil erosion,fragile ecological environment,low levels of economy and so on.Ad- vantages of tourism resources in the"periphery regions"should be fully utilized,and"multi-tourism"meets the characteristics and present situation of the minority regions.The"multi-tourism de- velopment model"can exert the functions of tourism as the key industry.Based on the demands and the internal linkages among different industries,the model can accelerate the development of related-industries,such as eco-agriculture,eco-industry and so on. Through implementing the multi-tourism model,we can fully utilize the advantages of the periphery regions and promote the sustainable development of regional economy.

Mechanism and Distribution of Calcareous Interbeds in Songtao Uplift and Its Periphery of Qiongdongnan Basin

Based on core and casting slice observation, well drilling and logging data, the source of carbonate materials, lithology together with electric properties, types, genesis mechanism and distribution of calcareous interbeds in Songtao uplift and its periphery of Qiongdongnan Basin have been thoroughly analyzed. Results show that typical features have been appeared from well logging curves, containing low gamma-ray, low acoustic travel time, low neutron value, high density, as well as bright white calcium nodules or bands in electrical imaging well-logging curves. Drilling results reveal that calcareous interbeds developed mostly in high position of paleostructures and their distribution was controlled by the combined effects of macroscopic and microscopic factors. Macroscopically, calcareous interbeds relate to paleogeomorphology together with the combination of sandstone and mudstone. They are also controlled microscopically by the source of carbonate cements and pore space. Under normal circumstances, with regard to the same sand, the closer to the mudstone and the thicker of mudstone, the more conducive to the formation of calcareous interlayer. Low compaction strength, high content of rigid particles, coarse grain size, well-sorted sandstone and large pore space during carbonate cementation are favorable for the development of calcareous interbeds.

Vulnerability Indicators Are More Accurate in Assessing Poverty Problems

Poverty is a complex social phenomenon that every country has to contend with at some point in time. Based on an analysis of poverty in China's rural areas, this article assesses the present poverty alleviation measures from a new perspective. With the goal of better understanding the nature of poverty, new approaches focusing on the vulnerability to poverty are considered. Through a re-examination of the current situation and the underlying reasons for poverty in light of structural and cultural factors, this article attempts to provide new policy suggestions for dealing with poverty.