Maximum Power Point Tracking in Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Maximum Torque Sliding Mode Control Strategy

The present study was carried out in order to track the maximum power point in a variable speed turbine by minimizing electromechanical torque changes using a sliding mode control strategy. In this strategy, first, the rotor speed is set at an optimal point for different wind speeds. As a result of which, the tip speed ratio reaches an optimal point, mechanical power coefficient is maximized, and wind turbine produces its maximum power and mechanical torque. Then, the maximum mechanical torque is tracked using electromechanical torque. In this technique, tracking error integral of maximum mechanical torque, the error, and the derivative of error are used as state variables. During changes in wind speed, sliding mode control is designed to absorb the maximum energy from the wind and minimize the response time of maximum power point tracking(MPPT). In this method, the actual control input signal is formed from a second order integral operation of the original sliding mode control input signal. The result of the second order integral in this model includes control signal integrity, full chattering attenuation, and prevention from large fluctuations in the power generator output. The simulation results, calculated by using MATLAB/m-file software, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for wind energy systems based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).

Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Wave Power Generation

In this paper, a design method for ocean wave permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG)is proposed with new performance criteria to obtain better output performance at the cost of less permanent magnet material. Besides, a simple equivalent analytical geometry method is put forward to calculate the sizes of permanent magnets. Based on geometric and electromagnetic models, four types of rotor structures are compared, i.e., embedded, tangential, tile surface mount and convex surface mount structures. The designs and comparisons of machine are performed with the same permanent magnet volume. Moreover, the influences of mechanical pole-arc coefficient of tile surface mount PMSG on electrical efficiency, output power, material corrosion, core loss, and torque ripple are investigated. Finite-element analysis method is applied to verify the results using Ansoft/Maxwell.

The Study of Optimal Structure and Value of Dump Resistance in Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators

This paper studied the direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous machine (permanent magnet synchronous generator, PMSG) Chopper optimal topology and resistance value. Compared the different Chopper circuit low voltage ride-through capability in the same grid fault conditions in simulation. This paper computes the dump resistance ceiling according to the power electronic devices and over-current capability. Obtaining the dump resistance low limit according to the temperature resistance allows, and calculating the optimal value by drop voltage in the DC-Bus during the fault. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulation results.

Analysis and Design of Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and Generator

This paper presents an analytical method to design the high-efficiency surface permanent magnet synchronous motor(SPMSM)or generator(SPMSG).The air-gap and permanent magnet size can be approximately determined based on our mathematics model,which is the most important part of SPMSM design.From our method,we can know that motor’s power out torque is related to the torque angle that we selected in our design and it affects the air-gap and permanent magnet size.If we choose a low torque angle,the motor or generator’s overload power handing capability will increase.The embrace value has a vital place in designing a motor or generator due to its effects on air gap flux density,cogging torque,efficiency and so on.In order to avoid the knee effect,the working point of the permanent magnet we selected in the design should be bigger than 0.5.The developed 36 slots,4 poles,surface mound permanent generator is proposed.The corresponding finite element analysis(FEA)model is built based on our design method.Structure optimization includes stator and rotor structure size,permanent magnet size,magnetic bridge and air gap length which are analyzed and simulated by ANSYS Maxwell 2D FEA.Thermal analysis is conducted,and the housing of the alternator is designed.The alternator prototype is fabricated and tested based on our design.

Performance analysis of 20 Pole 1.5 KW Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for low Speed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

This paper gives performance analysis of a three phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) connected to a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). Low speed wind condition (less than 5 m/s) is taken in consideration and the entire simulation is carried in Matlab/Simulink environment. The rated power for the generator is fixed at 1.5 KW and number of pole at 20. It is observed under low wind speed of6 m/s, a turbine having approximately1 mof radius and2.6 mof height develops 150 Nm mechanical torque that can generate power up to 1.5 KW. The generator is designed using modeling tool and is fabricated. The fabricated generator is tested in the laboratory with the simulation result for the error analysis. The range of error is about 5%-27% for the same output power value. The limitations and possible causes for error are presented and discussed.

Predictive control of a chaotic permanent magnet synchronous generator in a wind turbine system

This paper investigates how to address the chaos problem in a permanent magnet synchronous generator（PMSG） in a wind turbine system. Predictive control approach is proposed to suppress chaotic behavior and make operating stable;the advantage of this method is that it can only be applied to one state of the wind turbine system. The use of the genetic algorithms to estimate the optimal parameter values of the wind turbine leads to maximization of the power generation.Moreover, some simulation results are included to visualize the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

Influence of Design Parameters on Cogging Torque in Directly Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Generators

In order to reduce the cogging torque, this paper investigates the influence of some parameters on the cogging torque developed by directly driven permanent magnet synchronous wind generators. Based on the remanent magnetic flux densities, the cogging torque is computed by using finite element method. It is shown that many parameters have influence on cogging torque and the slot and pole number combination has a significant effect on cogging torque. A simple factor has been introduced to indicate the effect of the slot and pole number combination. Some practical experience to reduce the cogging torque was applied to 2 MW three phase permanent magnet synchronous generator at rated speed of 37.5 rpm for wind energy conversion. The simulation and experiment results verify the effect of the proposed method.

Prediction of the Inductance in a Synchronous Linear Permanent Magnet Generator

This paper presents calculations of the varying inductances profile for a synchronous linear surface mounted permanent magnet generator in an ABC reference system. Calculations are performed by utilizing the reluctance term, known from analytic calculations and finite element method simulations. With the inductance term identified, the voltage difference between the generator’s no load and load voltage can be calculated and an external circuit can be designed for optimal use of the generator. Two different operation intervals of the linear generator are considered and the results are discussed. The result indicates that time costly finite element simulations can be replaced with simple analytical calculations for a surface mounted permanent magnet linear generator.

An Improved Stator Flux Observation Method of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

The stator flux and electromagnetic torque observation is the basis of direct torque controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor( PMSM) drive system. However,the traditional stator flux observer based on voltage model is affected by integral initial values and integral drift,that based on current model is affected by the parameters of PMSM,so a new stator flux observation method is proposed based on an improved secondorder generalized integrator( SOGI). Compared to the stator flux observation method based on the conventional SOGI,the proposed method can not only overcome the influence of integral initial values and integral drift,but also completely eliminate the DC offset's influence. Therefore,the observation accuracy of stator flux is further improved. The simulation and experimental results both show that the proposed method has a higher stator flux and electromagnetic torque observation precision.

Design Optimization of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Synchronous Machine Using 3D FEM Analysis

This paper deals with the investigation of the behavior of a low speed, dual rotor-single coreless stator, axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine for small power applications. Firstly, with the use of nonlinear 3D FEM electromagnetic analysis, four models with different magnet topologies are designed, simulated and compared. With criteria such as output power, power factor and torque ripple, the best performing model is selected and a further investigation, regarding the effect of the disk rotor material on the behavior of the machine, is conducted. The simulation results show how the different types of commercially available steel types affect the magnetic field and the performance of the machine.

考虑频率耦合特性的D-PMSG复数域阻抗建模及其特征分析

阻抗分析法因其简单有效被广泛用于含电力电子变换器的互联系统稳定性研究。然而,采用传统方法对频域序阻抗建模时,需通过非线性变换(Park变换及其反变换)进行坐标系转换,这会导致不同周期分量的卷积运算及相应的频移,其过程较为烦琐。针对上述问题,基于复向量时域微分算子,提出了永磁直驱同步发电机(D-PMSG)等效阻抗建模方法。该方法在时域周期系统稳定运行轨迹的邻域内直接进行小信号线性化,并采用指数旋转因子灵活反映系统受扰后的时变特性,结合时域微分算子等效表征互联系统控制环节的动态特性,避免了频域阻抗建模时坐标系的反复变换,大幅降低了解析建模的复杂度。此外,所提方法能够更加清晰地阐释互联系统受到扰动时D-PMSG并网逆变器产生频率耦合现象的物理意义;同时,能够说明基频电压初始相位对耦合分量相频特性的影响。最后,利用仿真验证了所提算法的有效性。

The Minimum Rotor Rotation Angle for Calculating On-Load Electromotive Force Waveform of Synchronous Generators

为了快速计算同步发电机负载运行时的稳态性能,希望在转子相对定子旋转的角度尽可能小的情况下就能够准确得到电枢绕组电动势波形。根据电机理论,针对分数槽绕组同步发电机负载运行时的气隙磁通密度进行分析,得到了准确计算电枢绕组电动势波形的转子最小旋转角。应用有限元法计算最小旋转角范围内定、转子不同位置下的电磁场,通过对电磁场计算结果进行后处理,得到了定子每个齿磁通在一个或者多个周期的变化波形,从而快速计算电枢绕组电动势波形。对两台不同电枢绕组形式的永磁同步发电机负载电动势波形进行了计算,通过对计算结果进行比较,验证了方法的正确性。在一台电机上进行了实验,计算结果和实验结果较吻合。该方法具有计算准确以及计算量小的优点。

Coordinated Robust PID-based Damping Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Low-frequency Oscillations Considering Power System Operational Uncertainties

In recent years, with the growth of wind energy resources,the capability of wind farms to damp low-frequency oscillations(LFOs) has provided a notable advantage for the stabilityenhancement of the modern power grid. Meanwhile, owingto variations in the power system operating point (OP), thedamping characteristics of LFOs may be affected adversely. Inthis respect, this paper presents a coordinated robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based damping control approachfor permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs)to effectively stabilize LFOs, while considering power system operationaluncertainties in the form of a polytopic model constructedby linearizing the power system under a given set ofOPs. The proposed approach works by modulating the DC-linkvoltage control loop of the grid-side converter (GSC) via a supplementaryPID controller, which is synthesized by transformingthe design problem into H-infinity static output feedback(SOF) control methodology. The solution of H-infinity SOF controlproblem involves satisfying linear matrix inequality (LMI)constraints based on the parameter-dependent Lyapunov functionto ensure asymptotic stability such that the minimal H-infinityperformance objective is simultaneously accomplished forthe entire polytope. The coordinated damping controllers forthe multiple wind farms are then designed sequentially by usingthe proposed approach. Eigenvalue analysis confirms the improveddamping characteristics of the closed-loop system forseveral representative OPs. Afterward, the simulation results, includingthe performance comparison with existing approaches,validate the higher robustness of the proposed approach for awide range of operating scenarios.

Current Loop Disturbance Suppression for Dual Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators Based on Modified Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control

A modified four-dimensional linear active disturbance rejection control(LADRC)strategy is proposed for a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator(DTP-PMSG)system to reduce cross-coupling between the d and q axis currents in the d-q subspace and harmonic currents in the x-y subspace.In the d-q subspace,the proposed strategy uses a model-based LADRC to enhance the decoupling effect between the d and q axes and the disturbance rejection ability against parameter variation.In the x-y subspace,the 5th and 7th harmonic current suppression abilities are improved by using quasi-resonant units parallel to the extended state observer of the traditional LADRC.The proposed modified LADRC strategy improved both the steady-state performance and dynamic response of the DTP-PMSG system.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy is both feasible and effective.

基于虚拟阻抗补偿的PMSG恒导纳建模方法

永磁直驱风力发电系统结构复杂、节点数多,在进行电磁暂态实时仿真时,若采用传统建模方法会因系统导纳矩阵计算过于复杂导致仿真规模严重受限。该文提出一种基于虚拟阻抗补偿的永磁同步发电机(permanent magnet synchronous generator,PMSG)恒导纳建模方法,该方法基于传统发电机模型,通过在转子上补偿虚拟阻抗的方式使发电机导纳矩阵固定,并以暂态误差最小为目标,对阻抗参数进行优化设计;再通过结合换流器的伴随离散电路模型,可建立PMSG完整恒导纳模型并进行电磁暂态仿真,能够节省大量的计算资源。仿真试验证明,该模型具有较高的仿真精度,并且可以用于FPGA等离散化硬件仿真平台上,具有良好的适用性。

计及数字控制延时影响的含PMSG电力系统的宽频振荡z域阻抗判据研究

随着大量数字控制被应用于永磁直驱风电机组,受数字控制延时影响,含永磁直驱风电机组电力系统的宽频振荡问题日益突出。为了深入分析宽频振荡失稳机理以及快速准确地评估系统稳定性,提出了一种新的阻抗建模方法和稳定性判据。首先,基于精确离散化方法将含有延时环节的永磁直驱风电机组以及受端交流电网中的系统元件分别建模成锁相环坐标系下的z域阻抗模型。根据电路原理,将所有系统元件聚合成z域聚合阻抗模型,以此作为后续理论发展的模型基础。然后,基于盖尔圆定理,提出广义禁区判据来分析系统稳定性。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中搭建含永磁直驱风电机组的改进IEEE 3机9节点模型验证所提方法的有效性。

基于滑模观测器与SPLL的PMSG无传感器控制

实现永磁同步发电机矢量控制的前提在于电机转速与转子位置信息的准确获取。为此,提出一种基于滑模观测器与软件锁相环的无传感器方法,该方法直接在转子同步旋转d-q坐标系中采用滑模观测器估计电机感应电动势,再将估计出的感应电动势作为软件锁相环输入进行转速与转子位置的估计。分析、推导出了感应电动势滑模观测器与软件锁相环的数学模型,通过仿真测试了该法在模型参数与电机实际参数相差较大的情况下,对电机多种工况的估计效果,并将其用于某永磁直驱风力发电系统中。结果表明该方法对电机参数变化与外部扰动有很强的鲁棒性,跟踪转速与转子位置准确,且算法简单,易于数字系统实现。

PMSG风力发电系统转速估计算法的研究

提出了一种无传感器直驱式永磁同步风力发电机控制系统的转子速度估算法。该算法可由简单的定子磁通方程推导,且只需检测定子电压和电流。定子磁通估算通过基于定子电压模型的可编程低通滤波器而设计,建立了基于递归最小二乘法的电机转速辨识模型,并将实时辨识的电机转速用于转子位置观测和转子磁场定向矢量控制。仿真结果表明,实现了最大功率跟踪控制,验证了控制算法的有效性和可行性。

PMSG无功控制和低电压穿越能力的研究

通过对双PMW直驱式永磁同步风力发电机(PMSG)系统的研究,针对电网对无功控制和低电压穿越能力的技术要求,提出了一种改进型功率变换控制方法,该方法通过机侧整流器稳定直流母线电压,网侧逆变器跟踪风力机的转速实现最大风能利用;且在并网口高压端加装静止同步无功补偿器(STATCOM),以提高风电系统的无功补偿能力,通过STATCOM与网侧逆变器的协调控制,进一步提高PMSG系统的低电压穿越能力。仿真结果表明所提出的方案有效提高了PMSG系统的无功补偿和低电压穿越能力。

永磁直驱风电系统PMSG的内模控制策略研究

介绍了PMSG控制策略和内模控制的工作原理。采用内模控制策略设计电机侧PWM变流控制器的速度调节器与电流调节器,使控制器参数直接与电机参数相关联,实现对PMSG的控制。仿真结果显示,采用内模控制具有良好的稳态与动态性能,对输入机械转矩、转速给定等外部条件变化的响应速度快,对电机参数误差具有较强的适应性;内模控制应用于永磁直驱风电系统PMSG的控制,容易获取优化的控制器参数,可以有效提高控制性能。