A Review on the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic Boundary

This paper provides a synthetic review of researches on Meishan Section D, the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic Boundary （PTB）. The history of research, geographic and geological setting of the section are briefly introduced. Changhsingian to ＂Griesbachian＂ conodont and ammonoid zonations, the most perfect Permo-Triassic zonations over the world, are presented, with a short discussion on the age of Otoceras, The Changhsingian to ＂Griesbachian＂ strata are subdivided into three 3rd order sequences, and the sedimentary structure of each sequence is indicated. The paper presents a correlation of the Changhsingian to ＂Griesbachian＂ magneetostratigraphy of the Meishan section with the general scale, and informed the negation of a short magnetic reversal at the PTB suggested by Zhu and Liu （1999）. Recent developments of chemostratigraphy of δ^13C and δ^34S are introduced, especially the discovery of more than one negative δ^13C excursions across the PTB. Two important molecular researches reveal the profound changes at the base of eco-system, the microbial catastrophy, and the euxinic conditions in the photic zone during the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event. The paper reports the changes in dating the age of PTB since 2001. According to recent achievements, the age of volcanogenic claybed 25, 14 cm below the PTB, is now set at 252.4±0.3 Ma. A discussion on the eventostratigraphy concludes that, although there is a major event episode at beds 25-26, the events across the PTB at Meishan are multi-episodic and commenced prior to the Event Beds 25-26, thus the possibility that the mass extinction was mainly induced by an exterrestrial impact is largely excluded.

Volcanism at the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China and Its Effects on Mass Extinction

This paper discusses the clayrocks widespread at the Permian-Triassic boundary, which are mostly of volcanic origin. Volcanogenetic textures, structures and minerals such as high-temperature quartz are found in clayrocks at the Permian-Triassic boundary in many places. Thousands of microspherules have been collected from the Boundary clayrocks, many of which exhibit the typical features of the process from melting to cooling and solidification. indicating that they were formed by volcanic eruption or extraterrestrial impact. Volcanic effects on the Permian-Triassic mass extinction may be reflected in conodonts, algae and ammonoids. The Boundary clayrocks are found in many Permian-Triassic sections along the coast of Tethys. Their orighin remains to be studied.

Ammonoid Succession of Setorym River (Verkhoyansk Area) and Problem of Permian-Triassic Boundary in Boreal Realm

The presence of a single Otoceras species ( O. boreale ), morphologically very variable, at the base of the Nekuchan Formation in Verkhoyansk, we believe, is to be obvious. Some morphological evidence leaves no doubt that two described morphs of O. boreale are a strictly corresponding sexual dimorphic pair. It is very likely that Kummel's idea that Canadian O. concavum Tozer is an invalid species is truthful, considering the range of variability seen in larger Siberian and Himalayan Otoceras fauna. Just above the upper Tatarian Imtachan Formation, the six stages of ammonoid succession can be recognized within the lower part of the Nekuchan Formation in the Setorym River Section: (a) Otoceras boreale ; (b) Otoceras boreale-Tompophiceras pascoei ; (c) Otoceras boreale-Tompophiceras pascoei- Aldanoceras ; (d) Tompophiceras pascoei-Otoceras boreale-Aldanoceras ; (e) Tompophiceras morpheous-T. pascoei-Aldanoceras ; (f) Tompophiceras morpheous-T. pascoei-Wordieoceras domokhotovi-Ophiceras transitorium; (g) Tompophiceras morpheous-T. pascoei, corresponding to the Otoceras boreale and Tompophiceras morpheous zones. In spite of the domination of Otocerataceae or Xenodiscaceae in both of these zones and the presence of some Permian type conodonts in the lower part of the Otoceras boreale Zone, they seem to be early Induan in age on the basis of the following arguments: (1) in contrast to the underlying regressive type sediments of the Upper Tatarian Imtachan Formation, both the Otoceras boreale and the Tompophiceras morpheous zones of the lowermost part of the Nekuchan Formation correspond to the single transgressive cycle; (2) typical early Induan ammonoids ( Ophiceras and Wordieoceras ) have been recognized in the Tompophiceras morpheous zone; (3) all described ammonoid succession stages (a-g) are characterized by very gradual changes and therefore correspond to the different parts of the single zone or to the different zones of the same stage, but not to the different systems (Permian and Triassic); (4) elsewhere in the Boreal realm (Arctic Canada), the conodont index species for the base of the Triassic, Hindeodus parvus , has been reported from the Otoceras boreale Zone. A new scheme of the phylogeny for the Otocerataceae and its Induan Olenekian offspring (Araxceratidae- Otoceratidae- Vavilovitidae n.fam.-Proptychitidae-Arctoceratidae) and Xenodiscaceae is offered.

Distribution and Geochemical Implication of Aromatic Hydrocarbons across the Meishan Permian-Triassic Boundary

Aromatic compounds extracted from sedimentary rocks can reflect environmental conditions, organic sources and maturity. The aromatics, identified in association with mass extinction in particular, would provide a signature assisting our understanding of the causes of the biotic crisis. Aromatic hydrocarbons were fractionated from the total lipid extracts of 37 samples taken from the PermianTriassic boundary （beds 23 to 34） of section B at Meishan （煤山）, Zhejiang （浙江） Province in South China. These aromatics were analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Main compounds identified include naphthalene, phenanthrenes, fluorene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, fluoranthene, pyrene and some of their methyl homologues. The indices of methyl phenanthrene distribution fraction indicate the comparable maturity （within the oil window, 0.7%-1.0% of the mean vitfinite reflectance） of the organic matter throughout the whole profile analyzed. The ratio of dibenzothiophene to phenanthrene （DBT/PHN） varies generally at a comparable pace with lithology. Significantly, a gradual decrease of this ratio was observed within bed 24 limestone, which is probably due to the variation of sedimentary environment. This change is in line with the drop in the carbon isotope composition of carbonate, the loss of the Changhsingian reef ecosystem, and the decrease of cyanobacteria abundance within the bacteria population. The coincidence of these records suggests a close relation between the biotic crisis and marine environmental conditions, and these records clearly show the onset of the biotic crisis prior to event bed 25.

Paleoenvironments and geochemistry across a continuous Permian-Triassic boundary section at Bukk Mountains,Hungary

The Bálvány North Permian-Triassic boundary sediments were deposited on a carbonate platform in the tropical part of the western Paleo Tethys ocean.The overall elemental geochemistry of the detailed two-metre-thick section across the boundary that we studied shows that the clastic content of the sediments came from dominantly silica-rich continental sources though with some more silica-poor inputs in the uppermost Permian and lowest Triassic limestones as shown by Ni/Al and Nb/Ta ratios.These inputs bracket,but do not coincide with,the main extinctions and associated C,O and S changes.Increased aridity at the Permian-Triassic boundary with increased wind abrasion of suitable Ti-bearing heavy minerals accounts for both the high Ti/Al and Ti/Zr ratios.Various geochemical redox proxies suggest mainly oxic depositional conditions,with episodes of anoxia,but with little systematic variation across the Permian-Triassic extinction boundary.The lack of consistent element geochemical changes across the Permian-Triassic boundary occur not only in adjacent shallower-water marine sections,and in other marine sections along the SW Tethys margin such as the Salt Range sections in Pakistan,but also in deeper shelf and oceanic sections,and in non-marine African and European continental sediments.In the absence of significant changes in physical environments,chemical changes in the atmosphere and oceans,reflected in various isotopic changes,drove the Permian-Triassic extinctions.

Suggestion of Meishan Section as GlobalStratotype Section and Point （GSSP） of Permian－Triassic Boundary

The Meishan Section of Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China and the base of its Bed 27c,in which Hindeodus parvus first occurs, are recommended as the GSSP of Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB).The present paper introduces a description of the section. Biostratigraphic correlation with other famous sections shows the completeness of this section and justifies choice of H. Parvus as the index fossil. Chemostratigraphic investigation provides the δ￣13C excursion and the moderate but inconsistent Ir spike as auxiliary symbols for the PTB. This boundary is closely related to transgression,anoxia,volcanism,mass extinction and possible impact events which can be correlated with those in South China and other parts of the world .

Carbon isotope excursions across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Meishan section, Zhejiang Province, China

Both gradual and sharp decrease in organic and carbonate carbon isotope values were detected across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Meishan section, Changxing, Zhejiang Province, China. The gradual decrease in organic carbon isotope values started at the bottom of Bed 23, coinciding with the strong oscillations of total organic carbon (TOC) contents, indicates increasing fluxes from carbonate to organic carbon reservoir during this interval. A 2.3‰ sharp drop of inorganic carbon isotope values occurred at the uppermost part of Bed 24e. A 3.7‰ sharp drop of organic carbon isotope values occurred in Bed 26. The dramatic drop of inorganic carbon isotope value of 8‰ reported previously is not confirmed from the unweathered carbonate samples in Bed 27. The large-scale fluctuation of organic carbon isotope values in the Yinkeng Formation reflects different extent of mixing of marine and terrestrial organic matters. The gradual depletion and subsequent sharp drop of carbon isotopes near the

An accurately delineated Permian-Triassic Boundary in continental successions

The Permian-Triassic Boundary Stratigraphic Set (PTBST), characteristic of the GSSP section of Meishan and widespread in marine Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB) sequences of South China, is used to trace and recognize the PTB in a continental sequence at Chahe (Beds 66f―68c). Diversified Permian plant fossils extended to the PTBST, and a few relicts survived above that level. Sporomorphs are dominated by fern spores of Permian nature below the PTBST, above which they are replaced by gymnosperm pollen of Triassic aspect. In the nearby Zhejue Section, the continental PTBST is charac- terized by the fungal 'spike' recorded in many places throughout the world. The boundary claybeds (66f and 68a,c) of the PTBST are composed of mixed illite-montmorillonite layers analogous with those at Meishan. They contain volcanogenic minerals such as β quartz and zircon. U/Pb dating of the upper claybed gives ages of 247.5 and 252.6 Ma for Beds 68a and 68c respectively, averaging 250 Ma. In con- trast to the situation in Xinjiang and South Africa, the sediment sequence of the Permian-Triassic tran- sition in the Chahe section (Beds 56―80) become finer upward. Shallowing and coarsening upward is not, therefore, characteristic of the Permian-Triassic transition everywhere. The occurrence of relicts of the Gigantopteris Flora in the Kayitou Fm. indicates that, unlike most marine biota, relicts of this pa- leophytic flora survived into the earliest Triassic. It is concluded that Bed 67 at Chahe corresponds to Bed 27 at Meishan, and that the PTB should be put within the 60-cm-thick Bed 67b④, now put at its base tentatively. This is the most accurate correlation of the PTB in continental facies with that in the marine GSSP.

Conodont Biostratigraphy and Evolution across Permian-Triassic Boundary at Yangou Section,Leping,Jiangxi Province,South China

Series of large conodont samples with 20 species and 3 similar species in 3 genera were collected from the Permian-Triassic （P-T） boundary sequence in a shallow carbonate facies at Yangou （沿沟）, Leping （乐平） County, Jiangxi （江西） Province, South China. On the basis of the distributions of the identified species, seven conodont zones have been recognized in ascending order as follows, Neogondolella changxingensis zone, Neogondolella yini zone, Hindeodus changxingensis zone, Neogon- dolella taylorae zone, Hindeodus parvus zone, Isarcicella staeschei zone, and IsarciceUa isarcica zone. The successive occurrences of Hindeodus changxingensis, NeogondoleUa taylorae and Hindeodus parvus serve as proxies for defining the P-T biostratigraphy boundary at the base of Sub-bed 21-4 of Bed 21 in the Yangou Section. Correlations with the Meishan Section are also discussed in terms of conodont bio-stratigraphy. Three successive conodont faunal assemblages are grouped through the P-T transitional interval to examine the evolution of conodonts across the great transitional event.

Ages, Trace Elements and Hf-Isotopic Compositions of Zircons from Claystones around the Permian-Triassic Boundary in the Zunyi Section, South China: Implications for Nature and Tectonic Setting of the Volcanism

A growing body of evidence shows that volcanism near the Permian-Triassic boundary（PTB） may be crucial in triggering the Permian–Triassic（P–Tr） mass extinction. Thus, the ash beds near the PTB in South China may carry information on this event. Three volcanic ash layers, altered to clay, outcropped in the PTB beds in Zunyi Section, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. The U-Pb ages, trace elements, and Hf-isotope compositions of zircon grains from these three ash beds were analyzed using LA-ICPMS and LA-MC-ICPMS. The zircons are mainly magmatic in origin（241-279 Ma） except for two inherited/xenocrystic zircons（939 and 2 325 Ma）. The ages of these magmatic zircons indicate three episodes of magmatism which occurred around the MiddleLate Permian boundary（-261.5 Ma, MLPB）, the Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian boundary（-254.5 Ma, WCB）, and the PTB（-250.5 Ma）, respectively. The first two episodes of magmatism near the MLPB and WCB may be attributed to magmatic inheritance or re-deposition. All magmatic zircons share similar trace-element and Hf-isotope compositions. They have Y, Hf, Th and U contents and Nb/Ta ratios are typical of zircons from silicic calc-alkaline magmas. These zircons also exhibit enriched Hf-isotope compositions with _（εHf）（t） values of-11.4 to ＋0.2, which suggests that the three magmatic episodes involved melting of the continental crust. The more enriched Hf-isotope composition （_（εHf）（t）=-11.4--4.8） of Bed ZY13（-250.5 Ma） implies more input of ancient crustal material in the magma. Integration of the Hf-isotope and trace-element compositions of magmatic zircons suggest that these three episodes of magmatism may take place along the convergent continent margin in or near southwestern South China as a result of the closure of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean.

Diagenesis of the microbialites in the Permian-Triassic boundary section at Laolongdong,Chongqing,South China

An interval of limestone,which generally has a dendroid appearance on outcrops,has been found in several Permian-Triassic boundary(PTB) sections in South China,and interpreted to be microbialites.Previous research has examined the paleontology and sedimentology of the unit,however,little attention has been devoted to its diagenesis.This paper discusses the diagenesis of the microbialites in the PTB section at Laolongdong,Chongqing,South China.Examination of multiple outcrops reveals that the structure in this kind of rock is not always dendroid;in many cases it is irregular in shape,and seldom shows the "up-branching" form.In addition,the speckled interval has also been found beneath the dendroid interval.In outcrop,both the speckled and dendroid rocks consist of the darkercolored areas and the lighter-colored areas.Examination of thin sections reveals that the darker-colored areas on outcrops are actually lighter-colored in thin sections,consist of larger crystals,and are more transparent.The lighter-colored areas in thin sections generally consist of large blocky calcite containing scattered small dirty calcite rhombs and irregular residual limestones,which are the same as the lime mudstones between the lighter-colored areas.It is inferred that the dendroid and speckled rocks have experienced the following diagenetic processes:(1) exposure of the carbonate sediments to the subaerial environment because of a sea level drop;(2) dolomitization caused by the downward migration of fluids formed the dendroid and speckled dolomitic patches;(3) dedolomitization of the dolomitic patches formed dendroid and speckled patches of calcite;(4) dissolution occurred in the interstices between relic dolomite crystals formed spongy pores;and(5) filling of the spongy pores by large blocky calcite.Therefore,even though microbes played a critical role in the formation of these microbialites,diagenesis contributed greatly to the formation of the speckled and dendroid pattern of the microbialites.

Timing of the terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary biotic crisis:Implications from U-Pb dating of authigenic zircons

The Late Permian to Early Triassic transition represents one of the most important Phanerozoic mass extinction episodes. The cause of this event is still in debate between catastrophic and gradual mechanisms. This study uses the U-Pb method on zircons from the uppermost Permian/lowermost Triassic clay deposits at Chahe (Guizhou Province, SW China) to examine time constraints for this event. The results of both this and previous studies show that the ages of Bed 68a and 68c (the upper clay bed of the terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB)) respectively are 252.6±2.8 and 247.5±2.8 Ma. This age (within the margin of error) almost accords with the upper clay bed (Bed 28) age of Meishan and the eruption age of Tunguss Basalt, and is so far the most accurate age obtained from terrestrial PTB. The claystone of Bed 68 was formed in the earliest Triassic. The biotic crisis occurred at nearly the same time in terrestrial and marine environments during Permian-Triassic interval; however the extinction patterns and processes are different. The extinction pattern of the terrestrial plants shows a major decline at the PTB after long-term evolution, followed by a retarded extinction of the relicts in the earliest Triassic.

Palaeogeographic variation in the Permian-Triassic boundary microbialites:A discussion of microbial and ocean process esafter the end-Permian mass extinction

Shallow marine carbonate sediments that formed after the end-Permian mass extinction are rich in a thin(maximum ca.15 m) deposit of microbialites.Microbial communities that constructed the microbialites have geographic variability of composition,broadly divisible into two groups:1) eastern Tethys sites are calcimicrobe-dominated(appearing as thrombolites in the field),with rare occurrence of sedimentconstructed microbialites and uncommon cements either within microbial structure or as inorganic precipitates,2) other Tethys sites are sediment-dominated structures forming stromatolites and thrombolites,composed of micrites and cements,with some inorganic precipitates.These other Tethys locations include western and central Tethys sites but their palaeogeographic positions depend on the accuracy of continental reconstructions,of which there are several opinions.In contrast to geographic variation of microbialites,the conodont Hindeodus parvus,which appeared after the extinction and defines the base of the Triassic,is widespread,indicating easy lateral migration throughout Tethys.Conodont animals were active nekton,although being small animals were presumably at least partly carried by water currents,implying active Tethyan surface water circulation after the extinction event.Post-extinction ammonoid taxa,presumed active swimmers,show poor evidence of a wide distribution in the Griesbachian beds immediately after the extinction,but are more cosmopolitan higher up,in the Dienerian strata in Tethys.Other shelly fossils also have poorly defined distributions after the extinction,but ostracods show some wider distribution suggesting migration was possible after the extinction.Therefore there is a contrast between the geographic differences of microbialites and some shelly fossils.Determining the cause of geographic variation of post-extinction microbialites is problematic and may include one or more of the following possibilities:1) because calcifying microbial organisms that create calcimicrobes were benthic,they may have lacked planktonic stages that would have allowed migration,2)eastern Tethyan seas were possibly more saturated with respect to calcium carbonates and microbes,so microbes there were possibly more able to calcify,3) significant reduction of Tethyan ocean circulation,perhaps by large-scale upwelling disrupting ocean surface circulation,may have limited lateral migration of benthic microbial communities but did not prevent migration of other organisms,and 4) microbes may have been subject to local environmental controls,the mechanisms of which have not yet been recognized in the facies.The difficulty of distinguishing between these possibilities(and maybe others not identified) demonstrates that there is a lot still to learn about the post-extinction microbialites and their controls.

群体冲突与边界错位:媒介液态对社会阶层失序的影响研究

群体冲突与边界错位是探索媒介液态对社会阶层失序的影响的一种独特视角。以信位液态化、传受液态化及体验液态化为自变量,社会阶层失序为因变量,黏合性位错与桥接性层错为中介变量构建理论模型,通过问卷调查法获取相关数据,并采用结构方程模型对数据进行处理和分析,可以发现:(1)信位液态化、传受液态化及体验液态化通过黏合性位错与桥接性层错的中介效应,对社会阶层的关系型失序及结构型失序产生显著正向影响。其中,信位液态化影响效应最大,其次为传受液态化,最后为体验液态化。(2)黏合性位错对关系型失序的影响大于对结构型失序的影响,桥接性层错对结构型失序的影响大于对关系型失序的影响。(3)黏合性位错在媒介液态对社会阶层失序影响路径中产生的中介效应,大于桥接性层错产生的中介效应。(4)媒介液态对社会阶层失序的各路径影响效应,在不同人口统计学变量群体间存在显著性差异。通过该研究,可寻找到社会群体冲突问题的本质和原因,可形成媒介治理的理论和方法,为解决社群冲突及媒介治理等提供新的思路和路径。

Ni-Ir anomaly and fusulinid extinction across the Permian-Triassic boundary in Dongluo, Guangxi

SINCE Alvarez first used iridium anomaly to explain the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact eventand mass extinction, more than 70 sites of iridium-nickel anomalies have been found. The Per-mian-Triassic boundary extinction is more prominent than that of the Cretaceous-Tertiary.This leads us to make research on whether similar events happened during that period.

Clay Rocks around Permian-Triassic Boundary at Daxiakou Section in Hubei Province,China

We studied the clay rocks around the Permian-Triassic boundary at the Daxiakou （大峡口） Section in Xingshan （兴山）, Hubei （湖北） Province, China. All clay rocks are predominated by illitemontmorillonite （I/M） mixed-layer minerals, and high-temperature hexagonal bipyramid （HB） quartz and pyrite are contained in different abundances. Clay microspheres are even found in some beds. The results show that volcanic activity was very frequent in this area or in the neighboring areas during the Permian-Triassic transition though the intensity of eruption and the position of the eruption center might have varied during the period. The frequent volcanic activity should be at least one of the leading events to cause the momentous turnover of biota and the ecosystem during the great Permian-Triassic transition.

深部开采地表沉陷特征的数值模拟

随着煤矿开采深度的增加,深部岩体的力学行为在赋存状态改变的情形下趋于复杂,深部开采引起的地表沉陷不同于浅部.数值模拟与现场实测结果表明:当采宽一定时,深部开采中的地面各项移动变形值均小于浅部,对覆岩局部和地面起控制作用的关键层增多,影响了深部开采中的地表沉陷.深部的煤岩体在高地应力状态下受采后高附加应力的影响,远离工作面的煤柱均出现不同程度的压缩变形现象,煤岩柱整体压缩变形是深部开采地表沉陷的特殊组成部分,导致了深部开采引起的地面影响范围及岩层内部移动边界线都大于浅部,这对深部开采岩层移动角参数有很大影响.

江苏南通地区晚第四纪下切河谷沉积与环境演变

采用层序地层学基本原理,以海平面升降旋回为主线,根据钻井岩芯、古生物、测年和分析化验等资料,探讨了江苏南通地区晚第四纪地层层序、层序界面、沉积特征及沉积环境的演变。结果表明,研究区晚第四纪发育三期下切河谷,形成了三套沉积层序,自下而上三个层序的地质时代分别相当于晚第四纪早期、晚第四纪中期和晚第四纪晚期。由于后期河流的强烈下切破坏,早期沉积层序往往被剥蚀殆尽,仅残留下部的河床相粗粒沉积,造成不同期河床相的叠置;相对而言,晚第四纪晚期形成的下切河谷沉积层序以不同的沉积相组合被保存下来,自下而上划分为河床、河漫滩、河口湾、浅海和三角洲5种沉积相类型,表现为一个较完整的沉积层序。晚第四纪晚期下切河谷底界面,是末次冰期海面下降,河流下切形成的侵蚀面,与河间地古土壤层顶面的沉积间断面同属一个地史期的产物,一起构成区域不整合面,界面上下岩性突变,其上的冰后期地层属同一个海平面变化旋回,可互相对比,因而具有年代地层学意义。三期下切河谷层序的套叠结构表明,晚第四纪以来,研究区存在三次"低海面—海侵—高海面—海退"周期性海面变化。

关键层运动监测及岩移5阶段规律——以红庆河煤矿为例

煤炭开采引起的岩移规律一直是采矿领域难解的“黑箱”问题,研究揭示其内部作用机制与演变过程是科学解决采矿工程系列问题的理论基础。基于岩层控制的关键层理论,采用地面钻孔原位监测方法,开展了红庆河煤矿深井特大采高开采条件下覆岩内部移动规律的实测与反演研究。结果表明,覆岩由下向上逐步运移发展的过程呈现5阶段典型分区特征,分别为覆岩超前受压变形阶段、逐层向上断裂运移阶段、覆岩整体快速沉降阶段、上位岩层向下压实阶段以及覆岩整体稳沉阶段。依据5阶段岩移特征,拟合形成了覆岩超前运移的“类指数”岩移边界线,对应井上下超前影响范围分别为地表的340 m以及煤层的99 m;推演得到了关键层逐层向上断裂发展的83°断裂延伸角,对应320 m埋深以下关键层发生超前断裂、以上为滞后断裂。同时,对覆岩“横三区”的具体分布进行了划分;沿走向推进剖面,“类指数”岩移边界线与关键层断裂线之间的区域为超前变形区(煤壁支撑区),对应于岩移阶段1;关键层断裂线之后、直至井上下分别滞后工作面煤壁410和190 m的区域为离层区,对应于岩移阶段2~4;再后方的采空区为重新压实区,对应于岩移阶段5。覆岩关键层运动表现出对地表沉陷的显著控制作用,随着其逐层向上断裂运移,地表沉陷活跃度不断攀升,在主关键层结束其正向回转并开始反向回转时,地表沉陷开始进入峰值状态,且这种峰值的持续对应于覆岩整体的快速沉降;当上位岩层逐步压实下位岩层时,地表沉陷活跃度开始降低;直至主关键层运移稳定,地表沉陷活跃期结束、开始进入衰退期;表明地表沉陷盆地的最终形态直接受控于主关键层的运移状态。

不透水边界条件下双层堤基上盖重的渗流计算方法

盖重是堤防工程中最常用也是非常有效的管涌除险措施,对背水侧堤基透水层端部为已知水头边界的情况,已有许多研究成果给出了盖重渗流计算的方法。但是,实际工程中也会碰到背水侧堤基透水层端部为不透水边界的情况,对这种情况下的盖重渗流计算方法尚未见到有研究成果发表。为此,本文针对不透水边界条件下的有限远和无限远双层堤基,推导了弱透水和透水盖重的渗流计算公式,盖重的渗透性可以是任意的,盖重首末端可以取不同的安全系数,同时对影响盖重宽度和厚度的参数进行了讨论,对安全系数的取值以及盖重材料的选用提出了建议。