Effect of insulin and metformin on methylation and glycolipid metabolism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γcoactivator-1A of rat offspring with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective:To discuss the effect of insulin and metformin on amethylation and glycolipid metabolism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1A(PPARGC1A) of rat offspring with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM).Methods:A total of 45 pregnant rats received the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish the pregnant rat model of GDM.A total of 21 pregnant rats with GDM were randomly divided into three groups,with 7ruts in each group,namely the insulin group,metformin group and control group.Rats in the insulin group received the abdominal subcutaneous injection of 1 mL/kg recombinant insulin glargine at 18:00 every day.Rats in the metformin group received the intragastric infusion of metformin hydrochloride at 18:00 every day,with the first dose of 300 mg/kg.The doses of two groups were adjusted every 3 d to maintain the blood glucose level at 2.65-7.62 mmol/L.Rats in the control group received the intragastric infusion of 1 mL normal saline at 18:00 every day.After the natural delivery of pregnant rats.10 offspring rats were randomly selected from each group.At birth,4 wk and 8 wk after the birth of offspring rats,the weight of offspring rats was measured.The blood glucose level of offspring rats was measured at 4wk and 8 wk,while the level of serum insulin,triglyceride and leptin was measured at 8 wk.Results:The weight of offspring rats at birth in the insulin group and metformin group was significantly lower than the one in the control group(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference at 4 wk and 8 wk among three groups(P>0.05).The fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose in the insulin group and metformin group at 4 wk and 8 wk were all significantly lower than ones in the control group(P<0.05);there was no significant difference between the insulin group and metformin group(P>0.05).The expression of PPARGC1 A mRNA in the insulin group and metformin group was significantly higher and the methylation level of PPARGC1 A was significantly lower than the one in the control group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the insulin group and metformin group(P>0.05).Insulin and leptin at 8 wk in the insulin group and metformin group were significantly higher,while triglyceride was significantly lower than the one in the control group(P<0.05);triglyceride level of rats in the insulin group was significantly higher than the one in the metformin group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in insulin and leptin level of offspring rats between the insulin group and metformin group(P>0.05).Conclusions:GDM can induce the methylation of PPARGC1 A of offspring rats to reduce the expression of PPARGC1 A mRNA and then cause the disorder of glycolipid metabolism when the offspring rats grow up;the insulin or metformin in the treatment of pregnant rats with GDM can reduce the methylation level of PPARGC1 A and thus improve the abnormal glycolipid metabolism of offspring rats.

Role of Neuropeptide Y and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Coactivator-1α in Stress Cardiomyopathy

Death following situations of intense emotional stress has been linked to the cardiac pathology described as stress cardiomyopathy, whose pathomechanism is still not clear. In this study, we sought to determine, via an animal model, whether the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) and the amino peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) play a role in the pathogenesis of this cardiac entity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats in the experimental group were subjected to immobilization in a plexy glass box for 1 h, which was followed by low voltage elec-tric foot shock for about 1h at 10s intervals in a cage fitted with metallic rods. After 25 days the rats were sacrificed and sections of their hearts were processed. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of cardiac tissues revealed the characteristic cardiac lesions of stress cardiomyopathy such as contraction band necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis for PGC-1α mRNA expression showed significant overexpression of PGC1-α in the stress-subjected rats (P<0.05). Fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed a higher production of NPY in the stress-subjected rats as compared to the control rats (P=0.0027). Thus, we are led to conclude that following periods of intense stress, an increased expression of PGC1-α in the heart and an overflow of NPY may lead to stress car-diomyopathy and even death in susceptible victims. Moreover, these markers can be used to identify stress cardiomyopathy as the cause of sudden death in specific cases.

Differential Mechanisms of the Effect of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Agonists on Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis

Background and Objectives: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g (PPAR-g) is a nuclear receptor whose activation regulates inflammation and fibrosis in various organs. We aimed to investigate the effect of two PPAR-g ligands, telmisartan and rosiglitazone, on lung injury and fibrosis induced by intratracheal bleomycin (BLM). Methods: Lung injury and fibrosis was induced in female C57Bl/6 mice by intratracheal instillation of 1.0 mg/kg of BLM. Some of the animals received rosiglitazone intraperitoneally or telmisartan in drinking water. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 2, 7, 14 or 21 days after BLM instillation for cell counting and measurement of mediators in the lung. In a separate series, the lungs were sampled for collagen assay and histopathological evaluation. Results: Treatment with rosiglitazone or telmisartan significantly attenuated the BLM-induced increases in lung collagen content, pathological score, and inflammatory cells in BAL fluid. Rosiglitazone significantly suppressed BLM-induced elevation of TGF-b1, MCP-1, and IL-6 levels in the lung. In contrast, telmisartan made no changes in these cytokines, whereas it mitigated the BLM-induced increase in prostaglandin F2a in the lung. Higher concentrations of rosiglitazone and telmisartan attenuated proliferation of lung fibroblasts in vitro. Conclusions: Two PPAR-g ligands, rosiglitazone and telmisartan, exert protective effects on BLM-induced lung fibrosis through the suppression of different profibrotic mediators.

Small interfering RNA targeting PGC-1α inhibits VEGF expression and tube formation in human retinal vascular endothelial cells

AIMTo determine whether small interfering RNA (siRNA) of PGC-1α could inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and tube formation in human retinal vascular endothelial cells (hRVECs).METHODShRVECs transfected with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) siRNA were incubated for 24h and then placed into a normoxic (20%, O2) or hypoxic (1%, O2) environment for another 16h. PGC-1α mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. VEGF mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time PCR and ELISA. Cell proliferation was evaluated by BrdU incorporation assay. Forty-eight hours after siRNA transfection, hRVECs were planted into Matrigel-coated plates and cultured under normoxic (20%, O2) or hypoxic (1%, O2) conditions for another 48h. The tube formation of hRVECs was observed under an optical microscope and quantified by counting the number of branch points and calculating the total tube length.RESULTSPGC-1α mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced by PGC-1α siRNA, and VEGF mRNA and protein levels also decreased significantly. The percentage of BrdU-labeled cells in siPGC-1α groups were significantly decreased compared with control siRNA groups under normoxia and hypoxia in cell proliferation assay. In the tube formation assay, PGC-1α siRNA treated cells formed significantly fewer tubes.CONCLUSIONBlocking PGC-1α expression can inhibit VEGF expression in hRVECs and inhibit their ability to form tubes under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

Effectiveness of sub-maximal intermittent exercise on muscle glycogen depletion, PGC-1<i>α</i>and PDK-4 gene expression

Several metabolic gene expressions are regulated in concert with muscle glycogen status. We hypothesized that intermittent exercise performed at high but sub-maximal intensities with long recovery periods would induce a low glycogen state that would stimul- ate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coa- ctivator-1α (PGC1-α) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4) gene expression in muscle. Nine young human subjects performed two intermittent exercise sessions. One session consisted of 60 s cycling bouts at VO2max (IE100%), and the other session consisted of 75 s cycling bouts at 80% VO2max (IE80%). Twelve bouts of exercise were completed in both sessions with a 4 min rest between each bout. Muscle specimens were obtained at pre-exercise and immediately, 1.5 h and 3 h post-exercise. Muscle gly- cogen was significantly decreased after both sessions (IE100%, 94.1 ± 5.8 to 38.7 ± 5.5 mmol/kg w.w.;IE80%, 94.6 ± 9.1 to 53.3 ± 4.8 mmol/kg w.w.;both P α and PDK- 4 mRNA expression were significantly increased after exercise in both IE100% and IE80% (PGC-1α: ~3.7 and ~2.9-fold, respectively;PDK-4: ~11.1 and ~3.5-fold, respectively;all P 100% than in IE80% (P a and PDK-4 mRNA expression, suggesting that increasing exercise intensity contributes to muscle glycogen depletion and PDK-4 mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle.

Down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α expression in fatty acid-induced pancreatic betacell apoptosis involves nuclear factor-κB pathway

Background Pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis induced by lipotoxicity, to a large extent, contributes to the progression of type 2 diabetes. To investigate the mechanism of free fatty acid induced apoptosis, we aimed to study the effects of palmitic acid （PA） on the apoptosis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y coactivator-1α （PGC-1α） expression in βTC3 cells as well as the possible role of nuclear factor-KB （NF-KB） in this process. Methods Hoechst 33258 was used to detect βTC3 cell apoptosis, which was induced by PA stimulation for 12 hours. PGC-1α expression was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, IκB kinase β （IKKβ）, IκBα NF-KB-inducing kinase （NIK） and ReI-B expressions were analyzed by Western blotting. MGβ2 was employed to block the endogenous IκBαdegradation before PA administration, and then its effect on PA-inducing cell apoptosis and PGC-1α mRNA expression was analyzed. Results Significant increased cell apoptosis was found at the concentration of 0.5 mmol/L and 1.0 mmol/L PA administration. PA （0.5 mmol/L） could extensively reduced the expression of PGC-1α mRNA. After exposing βTC3 cells to 0.5 mmol/L PA for different time periods （0, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours）, IKKβ protein expression increased while IκBα NIK and ReI-B protein expression declined in a time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with MGβ2 to inhibit the degradation of IκBα partially prevented the down-regulation of PGC-1α mRNA expression after 12-hour PA treatment in accordance with the decrease of PA induced apoptosis. Conclusions NF-KB canonical pathway was activated in PA-mediated βTC3 cell apoptosis, whereas non-canonical pathway was inhibited. Reduced PGC-1α expression by PA in βTC3 cells could involve the activation of canonical NF-KB pathway, so as to deteriorate the PA induced apoptosis.

Resveratrol prevents interleukin-1 β-induced dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells

Objective：Interleukin-1β（IL-1β）plays an important role in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Resveratrol,a polyphenol,is known to have a wide range of pharmacological properties in vitro.In this research,we examined the effects of resveratrol on IL-1β-inducedβ-cell dysfunction.Methods：We first evaluated the effect of resveratrol on nitric oxide（NO）formation in RINm5F cells stimulated with IL-1βusing the Griess method.Next,we performed transient transfection and reporter assays to measure the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ（PPAR-γ）.We also used Western blotting analysis to assess the effect of resveratrol on inducible nitric oxide synthase（iNOS）expression and nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB）translocation to the nuclei in cells treated with IL-1β.In addition,we assessed the transcriptional activity of NF-κB using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay（EMSA）.Finally,we evaluated the effect of resveratrol on IL-1β-induced inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in freshly isolated rat pancreatic islets.Results：Resveratrol significantly suppressed IL-1β-induced NO production,a finding that correlated well with reduced levels of iNOS mRNA and protein.The molecular mechanism by which resveratrol inhibited iNOS gene expression appeared to involve increased PPAR-γactivity,which resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB activation.Further analysis showed that resveratrol could prevent IL-1β-induced inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in rat islets.Conclusion：In this study,we demonstrated that resveratrol could protect against pancreaticβ-cell dysfunction caused by IL-1β.

Activation of G-protein-coupled receptor 39 reduces neuropathic pain in a rat model

Activated G-protein-coupled receptor 39(GPR39)has been shown to attenuate inflammation by interacting with sirtuin 1(SIRT1)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γcoactivator 1α(PGC-1α).However,whether GPR39 attenuates neuropathic pain remains unclear.In this study,we established a Sprague-Dawley rat model of spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain and found that GPR39 expression was significantly decreased in neurons and microglia in the spinal dorsal horn compared with sham-operated rats.Intrathecal injection of TC-G 1008,a specific agonist of GPR39,significantly alleviated mechanical allodynia in the rats with spared nerve injury,improved spinal cord mitochondrial biogenesis,and alleviated neuroinflammation.These changes were abolished by GPR39 small interfering RNA(siRNA),Ex-527(SIRT1 inhibitor),and PGC-1αsiRNA.Taken together,these findings show that GPR39 activation ameliorates mechanical allodynia by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1αpathway in rats with spared nerve injury.

Effects of Mitochondrial Dysfunction via AMPK/PGC-1α Signal Pathway on Pathogenic Mechanism of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and the Protective Effects of Chinese Medicine

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of peripheral nervous system with high energy requirement. The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α(PGC-1α) axis plays a key role in regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism. Increasing preclinical evidences have shown that inhibition of AMPK/PGC-1α pathway leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons or Schwann cells contributes to neuron apoptosis, distal axonopathy and nerve demyelination in DPN. Some Chinese medicine formulae or extracts from herbs may have potential neuroprotective effects on DPN via activating AMPK/PGC-1α pathway and improving mitochondrial function.

Danqi Tablet(丹七片)Regulates Energy Metabolism in Ischemic Heart Rat Model through AMPK/SIRT1-PGC-1α Pathway

Objective To investigate the cardioprotective effect of Danqi Tablet(DQT,丹七片)on ischemic heart model rats and the regulative effect on energy metabolism through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γcoactivator-1α(PGC-1α).Methods Rat ischemic heart model was induced by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery.Totally 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group,model group,DQT group(1.5 mg/kg daily)and trimetazidine(TMZ)group(6.3 mg/kg daily)according to a random number table,10 rats in each group.Twenty-eight days after continuous administration,cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and the structures of myocardial cells were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.The level of adenosine triphosphate(ATP)in myocardial cells was measured by ATP assay kit.Expressions level of key transcriptional regulators,including PGC-1α,Sirtuin 1(SIRT1),AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK),and downstream targets of PGC-1α,such as mitofusin 1(MFN1),mitofusin 2(MFN2)and superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2)were measured by Western blot.Expression level of PGC-1αwas examined by immunohistochemical staining.Results The rat ischemic heart model was successfully induced and the heart function in model group was compromised.Compared with the model group,DQT exerted cardioprotective effects,up-regulated the ATP production in myocardial cells and inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the margin area of infarction of the myocardial tissues(P<0.01).The expressions of PGC-1α,SIRT1 and AMPK were increased in the DQT group(all P<0.05).Furthermore,the downstream targets,including MFN1,MFN2 and SOD2 were up-regulated(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with the TMZ group,the expression levels of PGC-1α,MFN1 and SOD2 were increased by DQT treatment(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion DQT regulated energy metabolism in rats with ischemic heart model through AMPK/SIRT1-PGC-1αpathway.PGC-1αmight serve as a promising target in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.

PGC-1α regulates the cell cycle through ATP and ROS in CH1 cells

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α（PGC-1α） is a transcriptional co-activator involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, respiratory capacity, and oxidative phosphorylation（OXPHOS）. PGC-1α plays an important role in cellular metabolism and is associated with tumorigenesis, suggesting an involvement in cell cycle progression. However, the underlying mechanisms mediating its involvement in these processes remain unclear. To elucidate the signaling pathways involved in PGC-1α function, we established a cell line, CH1 PGC-1α, which stably overexpresses PGC-1α. Using this cell line, we found that over-expression of PGC-1α stimulated extra adenosine triphosphate（ATP） and reduced reactive oxygen species（ROS） production. These effects were accompanied by up-regulation of the cell cycle checkpoint regulators Cyclin D1 and Cyclin B1. We hypothesized that ATP and ROS function as cellular signals to regulate cyclins and control cell cycle progression. Indeed, we found that reduction of ATP levels down-regulated Cyclin D1 but not Cyclin B1, whereas elevation of ROS levels down-regulated Cyclin B1 but not Cyclin D1. Furthermore, both low ATP levels and elevated ROS levels inhibited cell growth, but PGC-1α was maintained at a constant level. Together, these results demonstrate that PGC-1α regulates cell cycle progression through modulation of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin B1 by ATP and ROS. These findings suggest that PGC-1α potentially coordinates energy metabolism together with the cell cycle.

Effect of electroacupuncture on the expression of PGC-1α and UCP-1 in the brown adipose tissue of obese rats

Objective： To explore the effect of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α（PGC-1α） and uncoupling protein-1（UCP-1） in the brown adipose tissue（BAT） of obese rats in the process of acupuncture treatment for obesity.Methods： Fifty clean-grade male Wistar rats with the age of 3 months were randomly divided into highfat diet group（n = 40） and normal diet group（control group, n = 10）. Nutritional obesity animal models were established through feeding with high-fat diet. Twenty-four animal models in the high-fat diet group were established successfully, and then they were randomly divided into model group, acupuncture group and non-acupoint group,with 8 rats in each group. In acupuncture group, Zusanli（足三里ST36） and Tianshu（天枢ST 25） were selected. In non-acupoint group,the non-acupoints located on 5 mm beside ST 36 and ST 25 were selected as acupuncture points, and electroacupuncture intervention was adopted for 5 times/week for 8 weeks. The body mass of obese rats was measured, the body fat ratio in BAT of rats was calculated, and the expression levels of PGC-1α and UCP-1 in BAT of rats were detected by immunohistochemical method.Results： ① After treatment, the body mass of rats in acupuncture group reduced significantly, which increased in the other three groups. The changing value of body mass of rats in acupuncture group was higher than that in model group（P 0.05）, the changing value of body mass of rats in acupuncture group was higher than that in non-acupoint group（P 0.05） and the difference in body mass changing value of rats between non-acupoint group and model group was not statistically significant（P 0.05）,the body fat ratio in BAT of rats in non-acupoint group was lower than that in acupuncture group, and the differences were statistically significant（P0.05）. ② Compared with model group, the body fat ratio in BAT of rats in acupuncture group increased significantly（P 0.05）,and the difference in body fat ratio in BAT of rats between non-acupoint group and model group was not statistically significant（P 0.05）.③ Compared with model group, the PGC-la and UCP-1 levels in BAT of obese rats in acupuncture group increased（P 0.05）, and the difference in expression levels of PGC-la and UCP-1 in BAT of rats between non-acupoint group and model group was not statistically significant（P 0.05）, the expression levels in non-acupoint group were lower than that in acupuncture group, and the differences were statistically significant（P 0.05）.Conclusion： Electroacupuncture at ＂ST 36＂ and ＂ST 25＂ can effectively up-regulate the expression levels of PGC-la and UCP-1 of diet induced obesity rats, it indicates that ＂ST 36＂ and ＂ST 25＂ have close relationship with obesity and it is may be one of the effect mechanisms of electroacupuncture in losing weight through facilitating the ＂browning reaction＂ of white adipose tissue.

Forensic Significance of Messenger RNA and Protein Expression of Genes Downstream of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2 in Myocardial Tissue for Death Discrimination

Background: As a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha subunit (HIF2A), is an important member of the HIF family. It plays a significant role in the hypoxia adaptation process by regulating the different types of downstream transcription factors and auxiliary regulatory factors. HIF2A-related factors are believed to participate in the progression of myocardial injury or myocardial ischemia, support the protection of ischemic myocardium, and provide guiding significance for the diagnosis and discrimination of sudden cardiac death in forensic pathology. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to explore the discriminability and applicability of HIF2A-related factors in myocardial infarction cases compared with other causes of death, provide further insights for the forensic diagnosis of heart failure (HF) cases with myocardial infarction, and support the clinical treatment of patients with HF after myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods: The relative expression levels of HIF2A, amphiregulin (AREG), potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel subfamily M β1 (KCNMB1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGFR2 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in myocardial tissue samples were performed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. A partial least squares-discriminant analysis model was constructed to select the indicators with better identification effects for myocardial infarction cases. The protein levels of HIF2A, AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA were further detected by immunohistochemistry. The forensic autopsy cases (27 cases in total, postmortem interval <72 h) included seven cases of acute myocardial infarction and ten cases of myocardial ischemia. There were ten cases in the control group, including four cases of traffic injury, one case of injury by fall from height, and five cases of blunt force injury. Results: Characteristic results were observed in the myocardial ischemia/infarction samples. Compared with the control group, the relative mRNA expression levels of AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA were significantly increased during the progression of myocardial ischemia, but this was not observed for HIF2A, VEGF, or VEGFR2 mRNA. Immunohistochemistry assays further verified the expression levels of the related factors at the protein level, and H and E staining showed signs of angiogenesis and inflammation in the ischemia/infarction group. Conclusions: By controlling the expression of downstream target genes (AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA) during myocardial cell hypoxia adaptation, HIF2A has a potential significance in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in forensic medicine. We believe that HIF2A, AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA can be used as molecular pathological biomarkers for the discrimination of causes of death in myocardial infarction cases.

Effect of the Shensong Yangxin Capsule on Energy Metabolism in Angiotensin II-lnduced Cardiac Hypertrophy

Background：Shensong Yangxin Capsule （SSYX）,traditional Chinese medicine,has been used to treat arrhythmias,angina,cardiac remodeling,cardiac fibrosis,and so on,but its effect on cardiac energy metabolism is still not clear.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of SSYX on myocardium energy metabolism in angiotensin （Ang） Ⅱ-induced cardiac hypertrophy.Methods：We used 2 μl （10-6 mol/L） AngⅡ to treat neonatal rat cardiomyocytes （NRCMs） for 48 h.Myocardial α-ac tinin staining showed that the myocardial cell volume increased.Expression of the cardiac hypertrophic marker-brain natriuretic peptide （BNP） messenger RNA （mRNA） also increased by real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）.Therefore,it can be assumed that the model of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes was successfully constructed.Then,NRCMs were treated with 1 μl of different concentrations of SSYX （0.25,0.5,and 1.0 μg/ml） for another 24 h.To explore the time-depend effect of SSYX on energy metabolism,0.5 μg/ml SSYX was added into cells for 0,6,12,24,and 48 h.Mitochondria was assessed by MitoTracker staining and confocal microscopy.mRNA and protein expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes-Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 α （PGC-1 α）,energy balance key factor -adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）,fatty acids oxidation factor-camitine palmitoyltransferase-1 （CPT-1）,and glucose oxidation factor-glucose transporter-4 （GLUT-4） were measured by PCR and Western blotting analysis.Results：With the increase in the concentration of SSYX （from 0.25 to 1.0 μg/ml）,an increased mitochondrial density in Angll-induced cardiomyocytes was found compared to that of those treated with Angll only （0.25 μg/ml,18.3300 ± 0.8895 vs.24.4900 ± 0.9041,t =10.240,P 〈 0.0001;0.5 μg/ml,18.3300 ± 0.8895 vs.25.9800 ± 0.8187,t =12.710,P 〈 0.0001;and 1.0 μg/ml,18.3300 ± 0.8895 vs.24.2900 ± 1.3120,t =9.902,P 〈 0.0001;n =5 per dosage group）.SSYX also increased the mRNA and protein expression ofPGC-1α （0.25 μg/ml,0.8892 ± 0.0848 vs.1.0970 ± 0.0994,t =4.319,P =0.0013;0.5 μg/ml,0.8892 ± 0.0848 vs.1.2330 ± 0.0564,t =7.150,P 〈 0.0001;and 1.0 μg/ml,0.8892 ± 0.0848 vs.1.1640 ± 0.0755,t =5.720,P 〈 0.0001;n =5 per dosage group）,AMPK （0.25 μg/ml,0.8872 ± 0.0779 vs.1.1500 ± 0.0507,t =7.239,P 〈 0.0001;0.5 μg/ml,0.8872 ± 0.0779 vs.1.2280 ± 0.0623,t =9.379,P 〈 0.0001;and 1.0 μg/ml,0.8872 ± 0.0779 vs.1.3020 ± 0.0450,t =11.400,P 〈 0.0001;n =5 per dosage group）,CPT-1 （1.0 μg/ml,0.7348 ± 0.0594 vs.0.9880 ± 0.0851,t =4.994,P =0.0007,n =5）,and GLUT-4 （0.5 μg/ml,1.5640 ± 0.0599 vs.1.7720 ± 0.0660,t =3.783,P =0.0117;1.0 μg/ml,1.5640 ± 0.0599 vs.2.0490 ± 0.1280,t =8.808,P 〈 0.0001;n =5 per dosage group）.The effect became more obvious with the increasing concentration of SSYX.When 0.5 μg/ml SSYX was added into cells for 0,6,12,24,and 48 h,the expression of AMPK （6 h,14.6100 ± 0.6205 vs.16.5200 ± 0.7450,t =3.456,P =0.0250;12 h,14.6100 ± 0.6205 vs.18.3200 ± 0.9965,t =6.720,P 〈 0.0001;24 h,14.6100 ± 0.6205 vs.21.8800 ± 0.8208,t =13.160,P 〈 0.0001;and 48 h,14.6100 ± 0.6205 vs.23.7400 ± 1.0970,t =16.530,P 〈 0.0001;n =5 per dosage group）,PGC-1α （12 h,11.4700 ± 0.7252 vs.16.9000 ± 1.0150,t =7.910,P 〈 0.0001;24 h,11.4700 ± 0.7252 vs.20.8800 ± 1.2340,t =13.710,P 〈 0.0001;and 48 h,11.4700 ± 0.7252 vs.22.0300 ± 1.4180,t =15.390;n =5 per dosage group）,CPT-1 （24 h,15.1600 ± 1.0960 vs.18.5800 ± 0.9049,t =6.048,P 〈 0.0001,n =5）,and GL UT-4 （6 h,10.2100 ± 0.9485 vs.12.9700 ± 0.8221,t =4.763,P =0.0012;12 h,10.2100± 0.9485 vs.16.9100± 0.8481,t=1 1.590,P〈 0.0001;24 h,10.2100±0.9485 vs.19.0900± 0.9797,t=15.360,P〈 0.0001;and 48 h,10.2100 ± 0.9485 vs.14.1900 ± 0.9611,t =6.877,P 〈 0.0001;n =5 per dosage group） mRNA and protein increased gradually with the prolongation of drug action time.Conclusions：SSYX could increase myocardial energy metabolism in AngⅡ-induced cardiac hypertrophy.Therefore,SSYX might be considered to be an alternative therapeutic remedy for myocardial hypertrophy.

Sirtuins Function as the Modulators in Aging-related Diseases in Common or Respectively

INTRODUCTIONAccording to the demographics, the world population over 60 years will double from 605 million to 2 billion people between 2000 and 2050. Aging is a complex process in which the organism and its ability to respond to external stresses become progressive decline.