High frequency of latent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

AIM： To determine the frequency of detection of ocular and extraocular Chlamydia trachomatis （CT） infection in non -high myopes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment （RRD）. METHODS： This was a single-center, nonrandomized, prospective, case-control study. One hundred and four patients were divided into a study group with RRD （n= 63） and a control group with traumatic retinal detachment （n=41）. Samples of subretinal fluid （SFR）, conjunctival, urethral/cervical swabs, and blood were collected. The frequency of detection of CT infection in SRF samples was determined by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, direct fluorescence assay （DFA） and cell culture, whereas that in conjunctival swabs was determined by PCR and DFA, and those in urethral/cervical swabs and blood were determined by DFA. Yates Chi-square test （with Bonferroni correction） and two-tailed Student＇s t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS： SRF CT infection was detected more frequently in the study group （50.8%-71.4%） than in the control group （9.8%-12.2%） by all the methods used （P〈 0.01）. The frequency of detection of conjunctival CT infection by DFA was higher in the RRD patients compared with the controls （81.0% vs 24.4%, P=0.004）. The PCR detected conjunctival CT infection more often in the study group than in the controls （46.0% vs89.8%, P= 0.007）. The DFA detected CT in blood specimens almost as frequently as in urogenital specimens, for the RRD patients （61.2% vs 63.5%） and the controls （7.3% vs 9.8%）. CONCLUSION： CT infection is detected with high frequency in non-high myopes with RRD.

Consensus by Chinese Expert Panel on Chlamydia trachomatis-Resistant and Chlamydia trachomatis-Persistent Infection

Chlamydia trachomatis （Ct） genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease （STD） in China and the US. The morbidity of Ct genital infection in China has increased from 32.48/100,000 in 2008 to 37.18/100,000 in 2015.[1] The major areas of Ct infections are concentrated in the Zhujiang Delta, Changjiang Delta, Minjiang Area, and West China. In these areas, the highest incidence of Ct infection reaches 615.99/100,000 citizens. In the US, there are 1,441,789 reported Ct, which include 627.2 females and 278.4 males per 100,000 population. It is now the most prevalent STD, with its rate increasing to 22% in males and 6% in females.[2] Ct genital infection can cause epididymitis, prostatitis, cervicitis, annexitis, infertility, and atopic pregnancy, which have been identified as the major public health problems.

Research Progress on Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Related Cytokines

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection can induce host cells to produce numerous cytokines.Cytokines play important roles in inflammatory response. Although inflammation can protect the body, persistent inflammation can lead to pathological changes and tissue damages. Further research should determine whether cytokine production directly affects development and outcomes of inflammation. This study summarizes Ct infection and related cytokines.

Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis Prevalence,Incidence and Associated Factors in Pregnant Adolescents from Belém City,in the Brazilian Amazon

Background: Adolescents are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI). Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) are the most frequent curable STI in adolescents, causing serious consequences for their reproductive health. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of CT and TV, as well as their risk factors in pregnant adolescents from Belém, northern Brazilian Amazon. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 199 adolescents up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. They were scheduled for follow-up visit between 28 and 29 weeks of pregnancy. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were obtained by interview. Cervicovaginal samples were taken to test for TV, CT, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and bacterial vaginosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to test the association of prevalent/incident CT and TV with the variables. Results: Prevalence of cervical CT infection was 33.7% (n = 67/ 199), and for trichomoniasis it was 4.0% (n = 8/199). Cervical ectopy increased the risk for prevalent CT (OR, 1.93;95% CI, 1.01 - 3.70), while having treated vaginal discharge in the past (OR, 0.51;95% CI, 0.26 - 0.98) and being married (OR, 0.10;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.83) were protective against current CT and TV, respectively. Among the 95 (47.7%) adolescents who completed follow-up, 15 cases of incident CT were identified. Incident CT was associated with having a formal or informal job (OR, 28.4;95% CI, 2.1 - 391.6) and bacterial vaginosis treatment at the baseline (OR, 0.08;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.69). Conclusion: Prevalence and incidence rates of TV and CT are high in this population devoid of STI routine screening. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis may benefit this population by reducing risk for CT acquisition.

Yinjia pill inhibits persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection

To the Editor:Chlamydia trachomatis(C.trachomatis)is obligate intracellular pathogens,often resulting in development of chronic disease and tissue damage as a consequence of the host inflammatory immune response as well as persistent infections,[1]which is associated with the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and extracellular regulated protein kinases(ERK)mediated by Toll-like receptors(TLRs)and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88(MyD88).[2]Furthermore,C.trachomatis has evolved the ability to block the apoptosis of its host cells involving the interaction of autophagy and apoptosis.[3]Novel strategies to prevent and treat C.trachomatis infection effectively are needed.

Clinical Observation of Pregnancy with Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection.

From 1992 to 1993, 1 389 cases of pregnancy at 12-20 gestational weeks were investigated. At first antenatal visit the samples of cervical secretion were taken for chlamydia trachomatis antigen test and blood samples were tested for antidody simultaneously. Micro immunofluorescence method

Co-Infection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae on Adult Conjunctivitis:A Case Report

Introduction Chlamydia trachomatis(CT)and Neisseria gonorrhoeae(NG)infections are the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections among adults globally,1 and most commonly cause urogenital infections but also ocular infections,which often occur in newborns but rarely in adults.We herein report such a case of adult conjunctivitis caused by CT and NG coinfection.

Clinical Study of Continuous Infection in the Urogenital System of Chlamydiae trachomatis

Objective： To analyze the causes of persistent infection of Chlamydia trachomatis in the urogenital system. Method： We followed 223 patients with Chlamydia trachomatis infection who were treated regularly. Result： After treatment, 22.87% of cases still tested positive. After one year and change of treatment regime,4.48% of cases remained positive, most of whom were female. Conclusion： The course of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the urogenital system is varied. This diversity has many causes including immunocompetence the characteristics of chalmydia trchomatis infection and genetic resistance.

不孕不育人群生殖道沙眼衣原体感染影响因素分析

目的了解不孕不育门诊人群生殖道沙眼衣原体(CT)感染现状及影响因素,为制定该人群的CT防治策略提供依据。方法2021年4—12月在深圳市宝安区4家开设有不孕不育门诊的医疗机构的常规就诊者中招募调查对象。在获得知情同意情况下,收集其社会人口学相关信息并采集尿液标本进行CT核酸检测。运用Logistic回归分析该人群CT感染的影响因素。结果共招募954例不孕不育患者,CT阳性率为3.56%。Logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄<25岁(OR=3.91,95%CI:1.58~9.67)、文化程度为大专(OR=4.33,95%CI:1.23~15.24)、最近1年性伴数量≥2个(OR=4.25,95%CI:1.72~10.55)是该人群感染CT的危险因素。在调查对象中,74.42%不了解CT感染的相关症状,73.90%既往未检测过CT。结论深圳市宝安区不孕不育人群CT感染率较高,性活跃年龄段、文化程度相对较低、有多个性伴是CT感染的危险因素,应在不孕不育专科门诊中针对以上人群开展CT筛查,同时开展健康宣传,提高人群生殖健康。

新疆乌鲁木齐市某三甲医院皮肤性病科泌尿生殖系统感染患者三种病原体检测分析

目的总结1094例泌尿生殖系统感染患者淋病奈瑟菌(NG)、沙眼衣原体(CT)及支原体感染特点,为临床诊治及疾病预防与宣教提供依据。方法平板培养法检测NG,乳胶法检测CT,改良肉汤法检测支原体。结果三种病原体总阳性检出率为40.95%,NG、CT及支原体阳性检出率分别为13.45%,1.99%,29.00%,单项病原体阳性检出率显著高于混合感染(P<0.01)。四年间,NG,CT感染人数无明显变化,支原体感染及NG合并支原体感染人数呈上升趋势(P<0.01;P<0.05)。男性NG阳性检出率显著高于女性(P<0.01),女性支原体阳性检出率显著高于男性(P<0.01)。小于20岁患者NG阳性检出率最高(31.03%,P<0.01)。解脲脲原体(Uu)阳性检出率显著高于人型支原体(Mh)及合并感染(P<0.01)。药敏结果显示,氟喹诺酮类药物存在较高的耐药性,大环内酯类具有较高的敏感性。结论NG、CT阳性检出率保持平稳,支原体及NG伴发支原体感染呈逐年上升趋势。NG感染患者多集中于20岁以下男性。支原体感染以女性患者居多,氟喹诺酮类存在较高的耐药性。

广东省育龄妇女生殖道沙眼衣原体感染时空分布及其社会经济影响因素

目的描述广东省育龄妇女生殖道沙眼衣原体(genital chlamydia trachomatis,GCT)感染的时空分布特征,探讨宏观社会经济因素对其影响。方法收集广东省2014—2019年育龄妇女GCT感染筛查结果和相关宏观因素,基于泊松分布构建包含时间和空间项的贝叶斯时空层次模型,并使用嵌套拉普拉斯逼近(integrate nested Laplace approximations,INLA)进行参数估计。结果研究期间GCT感染时间变化趋势不明显,但具有显著空间聚集性。调整协变量和时间项后,高发地区集中在珠三角地区。各市区综合经济发展水平(RR=1.185,95%CI:1.117~1.257)、人口和交通水平(RR=1.058,95%CI:1.012~1.106)与GCT感染呈正相关,而医疗卫生水平与其呈负相关(RR=0.942,95%CI:0.924~0.960)。结论广东省育龄妇女GCT感染具有空间聚集性,社会经济因素与其感染密切相关。

深圳某医院2021年女性HPV、沙眼衣原体与解脲脲原体感染情况分析

目的了解深圳市某医院女性人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)、沙眼衣原体(CT)与解脲脲原体(UU)感染状况及HPV与CT、UU感染的相关性。方法分析2021年1月1日~12月31日于南方医科大学深圳医院体检与专科就诊女性的HPV、CT、UU感染状况。HPV基因型检测采用PCR-反向点杂交法;CT、UU检测采用PCR-荧光探针法,采用卡方(χ2)检验进行统计学分析。结果HPV、CT、UU的检测样本分别为8489、1590、1363例;总体检出率分别为16.54%(1404/8489)、11.07%(176/1590)、52.02%(709/1363)。体检人群HPV、CT、UU的检出率分别为15.39%(1246/8095)、6.25%(9/144)、60.00%(96/160);专科就诊人群HPV、CT、UU的检出率分别为40.10%(158/394)、11.55%(167/1446)、50.96%(613/1203)。3种病原体检出率最高的年龄组均为16~30岁。HPV检出率前5位的基因型依次为高危52型、高危53型、低危81型、高危58型、高危51型,分别为3.71%、1.96%、1.90%、1.73%、1.61%。在1404例HPV感染者中,单一基因型感染占74.43%,混合基因型感染占25.57%。不同年龄组中,16~30岁的感染者HPV单一基因型和混合基因型阳性率均为最高,分别为14.19%、7.26%,其次为>50岁的年龄组,单一和混合基因型HPV阳性率分别为13.29%、6.01%。HPV高危16型易与其他基因型混合感染(13/23)。HPV阳性组CT感染率明显高于HPV阴性组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HPV阳性组与HPV阴性组相比,UU感染率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论30岁以下人群是HPV、CT、UU检出率最高的人群,应加强重点人群的宣教与筛查。HPV高危52型与高危16型分别是HPV检出率最高和最易混合感染的基因型。CT感染与HPV感染呈正相关,建议进行CT检测时同时筛查HPV,以尽早检出HPV、预防宫颈癌的发生。

淋球菌、沙眼衣原体和解脲支原体三重感染患者流行病学调查及相关危险因素分析

目的 调查泌尿生殖道淋球菌(NGH)、沙眼衣原体(CT)和解脲支原体(UU)三重感染患者的流行病学特征,并对其进行相关危险因素的分析。方法 选择2021年6月至2023年5月在本院门诊采样的初诊疑似泌尿生殖系感染患者5 264例为研究对象,经PCR检测NGH、CT和UU均阳性的患者134例作为病例组,选取同时期在相关科室做NGH、CT和UU的检测且全阴性的86例作为对照组,对两组相关生殖道病原体检测数据进行统计学分析。结果 5 264例患者中,三重感染者的比例为2.55%。不同性别、户籍所在地、年龄、感染类型、临床症状、婚姻的三重感染患者比例比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ~2分别=11.94、161.42、65.64、77.37、67.51、5.53,P均<0.05),不同职业的三重感染患者比例比较,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.54,P>0.05)。多因素分析显示,性伴侣数>1个、性生活中无避孕措施、个人卫生情况差是三重感染发生的危险因素(OR分别=20.37、4.26、8.34,P均<0.05)。结论 疑似泌尿生殖系感染人群中NGH、CT、UU检出率整体较高,其三重感染患者呈现年轻低龄化趋势,应加强青壮年性传播疾病防治工作;同时临床需要重视混合感染的筛查,以免延误治疗。

813例STD患者4种病原体检测的分析

目的 了解目前STD患者中 4种病原体感染的情况及特点。方法 采用NG直接涂片镜检、T M培养、UU培养、CT快检法、RPR、TPHA法 ,对 2 2 60例可疑STD患者进行检测。结果 确诊STD 813例。 4种病原体感染者中 ,NG感染率 (4 5 .5 % )明显高于其他 3种病原体的感染率 (CT 2 6.3 % ,TP 15 .0 % ,UU 13 .2 % )。结论 本组STD患者中 ,NG感染率最高 ,CT、TP感染率次之 ,UU感染率最低。

女性解脲支原体和沙眼衣原体感染与流产关系分析

目的探讨女性解脲支原体和沙眼衣原体感染与流产关系。方法采用培养法、胶体金法对162例自然流产1-4次患者及105例行人工流产1-3次的健康妇女进行研究分析。结果流产组与对照组在解脲支原体阳性率、沙眼衣原体阳性率及混合阳性率方面差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论女性解脲支原体和/或沙眼衣原体感染均可能导致流产。

沙眼衣原体感染与女性不孕的关系

目的 探讨生殖道沙眼衣原体感染与女性不孕的关系。方法 采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)技术对 2 0 0例不孕患者及 10 0例正常生育者进行沙眼衣原体及解脲支原体 (UU)检测 ,并进行Logistic回归分析。结果 不孕组沙眼衣原体感染阳性率 (33.0 % )明显高于对照组 (10 .0 % ,P <0 .0 1)。经治疗后 ,沙眼衣原体检测转阴者妊娠率 (5 4 .90 % )明显高于未转阴者 (11.11% ,P <0 .0 5 )。同时证实沙眼衣原体感染与不孕、UU感染、宫颈糜烂相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 生殖道沙眼衣原体感染是引起不孕的因素之一。

泌尿生殖系感染患者尿液中沙眼衣原体、淋球菌、解脲脲原体感染分析

目的检测泌尿生殖系统感染患者尿液中沙眼衣原体（CT）、淋球菌（NG）、解脲脲原体（UU）感染状况,并进一步了解CT、NG、UU病原体在深圳市的感染情况,为临床诊治提供实验室依据。方法采集疑似泌尿系统感染的609例患者（其中男305例,女304例）尿液,并选取其中108例患者同时采集尿液、分泌物,采用实时荧光聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测CT、NG、UU。结果 CT、NG、UU在分泌物及尿液中的检测结果比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。单纯感染UU阳性率最高,为42.04%（256/609）;CT＋NG＋UU感染患者感染率为0.33%（2/609）;CT＋UU感染是双重感染中最高,为2.63%（16/609）。男性患者CT、NG、UU感染率分别为：29.18%（89/305）、14.10%（43/305）、52.45%（160/305）;女性患者CT、NG、UU感染率分别是：3.29%（10/304）、2.63%（8/304）、31.58%（96/304）。〈20岁者CT、NG、UU阳性检出率为64.00%,20~29岁者为63.16%,〉29~39岁者为63.34%,〉39岁者为75.00%。结论采用尿液和分泌物检测CT、NG、UU的检出率基本一致;CT、NG、UU的感染率后者明显高于前二者,混合感染以CT＋UU感染率最高;男性患者CT、NG、UU感染率均高于女性。

沙眼衣原体标准株不同型之间的差异性分析

目的鉴定从ATCC购买的标准株是否为正确型别并比较它们之间的差异。方法沙眼衣原体标准株连续多次传代培养,每次培养后用卢戈氏碘液染色观察并进行包涵体计数,提取基因组DNA进行PCR-RFLP分型鉴定。结果经分型鉴定后,从ATCC购买的标准株为相应的D型、F型、I型;同样的接种剂量400μL,D型随传代次数的增加包涵体数(反应感染率)直线增加,F型、I型随传代次数的增加包涵体数维持在一定的水平并没有明显增多,即感染率没有明显增加。结论从ATCC购买的标准株分型后均为正确的型别,但不同型之间感染率增长的差异明显,为理解沙眼衣原体不同型别致病性的不同提供了一定的理论依据。

1996～2003年上海市某医院泌尿生殖道分泌物标本性病检测结果分析

目的 了解上海市近几年性病门诊就诊者中淋球菌(NG)、沙眼衣原体(CT)和解脲脲原体(UU)的流行趋势和特征,探讨可能的影响因素,为制定和开展有效的防治措施提供参考。方法 收集1 996～2 0 0 3年到上海市皮肤病性病医院性病门诊就诊,并进行泌尿生殖道分泌物标本性病检测者的人口学特征和检测结果等资料,进行统计学描述和分析。结果 在此期间共有6 6 6 5 8人接受检查,其中NG阳性1 8348例(35 8%) ,CT阳性70. 4 8例(1 8 .1 %) ,NG和CT阳性人数和阳性率在1 997年和1 998年达高峰,之后下降,近年又开始上升。UU阳性6 6 .73例(37 4%) ,其阳性人数和阳性率则基本上呈逐年上升趋势。混合阳性率最高的是CT和UU(1 4 2 %) ,最低的是NG和UU(8 7.%)。女性NG阳性者中的CT阳性率(35 7%)和CT阳性者中的NG阳性率(2 7 .2 %) ,分别高于所有受检者对应的阳性率(2 0 . 4%和1 9. 6 %) ,男性情况相反。结论 上海地区性病流行谱正在发生改变,女性UU感染人数明显增多;近年来NG、CT和UU的混合感染率处于较高水平,尤其是低龄女性;NG和CT的混合感染情况应该引起重视。

TLR2信号在沙眼衣原体生殖道感染中介导了早期炎症细胞因子的产生

目的探讨TLR2和TLR4在小鼠沙眼衣原体生殖道感染免疫应答中的作用。方法用沙眼衣原体小鼠肺炎株(Mo Pn,1×104IFUs)经生殖道感染野生型小鼠(WT,11只)、TLR2基因缺陷小鼠(TLR2 KO,14只)和TLR4基因缺陷小鼠(TLR4 KO,11只),复制生殖道沙眼衣原体感染模型。于感染后不同时间点取生殖道分泌物,部分用于免疫荧光法检测衣原体包涵体数量,部分用于炎症细胞因子IL-1α、IL-6和MIP-2水平检测。在感染后第70天,处死小鼠,无菌分离腹腔巨噬细胞,于体外衣原体Mo Pn感染,培养24 h后,测定上清液中IL-1α、IL-6和MIP-2含量。细胞因子含量测定均采用ELISA法。结果 TLR2 KO或TLR4 KO小鼠与WT小鼠在每一个检测时间点下生殖道带菌量无差异,且带菌持续时间相同,截止到感染后第38天,3种基因型所有小鼠均清除了下生殖道感染的衣原体。TLR2基因缺失小鼠巨噬细胞产生的炎症细胞因子IL-1α、IL-6和MIP-2水平均明显低于野生型WT小鼠(P<0.01),而TLR4基因缺失小鼠巨噬细胞产生的3种炎症细胞因子水平均与野生型WT小鼠无差异(P>0.05);TLR2基因缺失小鼠棉拭子标本同样具有较低水平的炎症细胞因子(P<0.05)。结论在沙眼衣原体生殖道感染中,TLR2介导了早期炎症细胞因子的产生。沙眼衣原体诱导的早期免疫应答部分依赖于TLR2,而不依赖TLR4。