The personal protective equipment(PPE)based on individual combat:A systematic review and trend analysis

With the development of ordnance technology,the survival and safety of individual combatants in hightech warfare are under serious threat,and the Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),as an important guarantee to reduce casualties and maintain military combat effectiveness,is widely developed.This paper systematically reviewed various PPE based on individual combat through literature research and comprehensive discussion,and introduced in detail the latest application progress of PPE in terms of material and technology from three aspects:individual integrated protection system,traditional protection equipment,and intelligent protection equipment,respectively,and discussed in depth the functional improvement and optimization status brought by advanced technology for PPE,focusing on the achievements of individual equipment technology application.Finally,the problems and technical bottlenecks in the development of PPE were analyzed and summarized,and the development trend of PPE were pointed out.The results of the review will provide a forward-looking reference for the current development of individual PPE,and are important guidance for the design and technological innovation of advanced equipment based on the future technological battlefield.

Unmasking the mask:the role of personal protective equipment for ophthalmologists caring for asymptomatic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

The use of personal protective equipment(PPE)for ophthalmologists caring for asymptomatic patients remains controversial.This commentary reviews the latest emerging evidence.This is paramountly important in shaping health policies in countries which is not currently recommended.

Force application of laparoscopic surgeons under the impact of heavy personal protective equipment during COVID-19 pandemic

Objective:Surgeons are required to wear heavy personal protective equipment while delivering care to patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.We examined the impact of wearing double gloves on surgeons’performance in laparoscopic surgery.Methods:Eleven surgeons-in-training at the Surgical Simulation Research Lab of the University of Alberta were recruited to perform laparoscopic cutting tasks in simulation while wearing none,one pair,and two pairs of surgical gloves.Forces applied to laparoscopic instruments were measured.Results:Wearing gloves prolonged task times(one pair of gloves:301.6±61.7 s;two pairs of gloves:295.8±65.3 s)compared with no gloves(241.7±46.9 s;p=0.043).Wearing double gloves increased cutting errors(20.4±5.1 mm^(2))compared with wearing one pair of gloves(16.9±5.5 mm^(2))and no gloves(14.4±4.6 mm^(2);p=0.030).Wearing gloves reduced the peak force(one pair of gloves:2.4±0.7 N;two pairs of gloves:2.7±0.6 N;no gloves:3.4±1.4 N;p=0.049),and the total force(one pair of gloves:10.1±2.8 N;two pairs of gloves:10.3±2.6 N;no glove:12.6±1.9 N;p=0.048)delivered onto lapa-roscopic scissors compared with wearing no glove.Conclusion:The combined effects of wearing heavy gloves and using tools reduced the touching sensation,which limited the surgeons’confidence in performing surgical tasks.Increasing practice in simulation is suggested to allow surgeons to overcome difficulties brought by personal protective equipment.

Practices and Barriers for Personal Protective Equipment among Health Care Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic Management at Tertiary Care Government Hospital of South Gujarat, India

Introduction: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has prompted concern about the compatibility of IPC guidelines with health care workers, their working practices and behaviours. These guidelines can be difficult and time-consuming to adhere to in practice. By identifying barriers and facilitators to IPC guideline adherence, especially using personal protective equipment (PPE), we can identify focussed strategies that will support health care workers to undertake the IPC measures needed at such a critical time in health care internationally. Material & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study designed during the COVID-19 pandemic management in the South Gujarat region, to analyse the knowledge, attitude and practices of health care workers about their usage of personal protective equipment. A semi-structured questionnaire-based study was prepared, deriving pointers from our previous experience of seasonal flu outbreaks. 225 participants enrolled who were doctors, resident doctors, nurses, lab technicians, ward boys and food distributors. Result: Analysis of the barriers-related questions show good preparedness by the medical institution. Overall we found good knowledge, attitude and practice related to PPE during COVID-19 pandemic management. There are few gaps found in the knowledge of donning of PPE (p-0.0075), N-95 mask related knowledge (p-0.01) and the attitude that PPE use causes discomfort while nursing patients (0.0001).

Self-Reported Use of Personal Protective Equipment during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Emergency Medical Service Employees in Germany—A Survey

Background: Multicentric prospective cohort investigation survey conducted between 1st of March and 1st of April 2021on SARS-CoV-2 occupational risk for German Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel. Study Objectives: Primary: The objective is to take stock of the use and availability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in German EMS, both at managerial and employee level, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Secondary: Generate additional data on individual perceptions of risk of infection and occurrence of infections at respective places of service. Methods: Multicentric prospective cohort investigation survey conducted online at two levels of German EMS personnel—EMS managers and EMS employees, both medical and paramedical—with questions adapted slightly to fit the respective study population. Results: A total of 34 responses were received in the managerial group;a total of 2389 responses were received in the group of employees. Self-reported PPE adherence of EMS employees for confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive patients: use of gloves (99.8%), FFP2 or FFP3 masks (99.8%), gowns or coveralls (99.1%), goggles (89.7%), face shields (24.0%), surgical masks (0.0%). Self-reported PPE adherence of EMS employees for suspected SARS-CoV-2 positive patients: gloves (98.8%), FFP2 or FFP3 masks (total: 99.4%), gowns or coveralls (total: 95.9%), goggles (85.6%), face shields (19.2%), surgical masks (0.2%). Conclusions: Findings included an overall improved self-reported adherence to PPE compared to studies that were conducted before the pandemic. Self-reported general adherence to PPE recommendations when attending to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive patients was good, with the exception of goggles. Self-reported adherence to PPE recommendations dropped when attending to suspected SARS-CoV-2 positive patients.

Skin damage due to personal protective equipment among nursing staff in a dedicated coronavirus disease-2019 hospital of tribal India

Background:Nursing staff are at much greater risk of infection(Ebola virus diseases and severe acute respiratory syndrome)due to their exposure to highly infectious bodily fluids and droplet nuclei and the need for personal protective equipment(PPE)to reduce the transmission risk.Aim:The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of skin injuries and their types due to PPE usage among nursing staff in tribal India.Materials and Methods:This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the dedicated coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)hospital for a period of 4 months among 144 nursing staff wearing Grade 2 and 3 PPE kits.Study subjects were approached through social networking websites and survey questionnaires(Google forms)according to relevant guides,and research literature was used to collect the details regarding baseline,duty,and skin injury characterization.Chi-square test was used to find the association between skin injury and baseline or duty characteristics,and the association was significant at a P<0.05.Results:It was observed that 54.7%of nursing staff were working for 6 or more hours and 16.5%of subjects were wearing the PPE kit for 5 or more hours per day.Skin injury was reported by 86.3%of the subjects after using PPE.Skin injuries among nurses were statistically significant with their current place of stay and daily duty hours(P<0.05).Conclusion:In this study,it was found that 86.3%of subjects had suffered from skin injuries by using PPE while caring for COVID-19 patients during duty hours,so an effective preventive measure should be adopted.

基于智能PPE穿戴设备的施工安全系统设计与实现

阐述智能个人防护装备(PPE)穿戴设备施工安全系统创新解决方案。探讨系统设计与架构、功能与应用、系统实施与测试方法,包括实时监测和报警机制、远程管理和指导、数据分析和预测。

An Automated Detection Approach of Protective Equipment Donning for Medical Staff under COVID-19 Using Deep Learning

Personal protective equipment(PPE)donning detection for medical staff is a key link of medical operation safety guarantee and is of great significance to combat COVID-19.However,the lack of dedicated datasets makes the scarce research on intelligence monitoring of workers’PPE use in the field of healthcare.In this paper,we construct a dress codes dataset for medical staff under the epidemic.And based on this,we propose a PPE donning automatic detection approach using deep learning.With the participation of health care personnel,we organize 6 volunteers dressed in different combinations of PPE to simulate more dress situations in the preset structured environment,and an effective and robust dataset is constructed with a total of 5233 preprocessed images.Starting from the task’s dual requirements for speed and accuracy,we use the YOLOv4 convolutional neural network as our learning model to judge whether the donning of different PPE classes corresponds to the body parts of the medical staff meets the dress codes to ensure their self-protection safety.Experimental results show that compared with three typical deeplearning-based detection models,our method achieves a relatively optimal balance while ensuring high detection accuracy(84.14%),with faster processing time(42.02 ms)after the average analysis of 17 classes of PPE donning situation.Overall,this research focuses on the automatic detection of worker safety protection for the first time in healthcare,which will help to improve its technical level of risk management and the ability to respond to potentially hazardous events.

Lot Sizing in Production Scheduling at a Personal Protection Equipment Company

This work presents an optimization model to support decisions during production planning and control in the personal protective equipment (PPE) industry (in particular, gloves). A case study was carried out at a Brazilian company with the aim of increasing productivity and improving customer service with respect to meeting deadlines. In this case study, the mixed integer linear programming model of Luche (2009) was revisited. A new model for single-stage lot sizing was applied to the production scheduling of gloves. Optimizing this scheduling was not a simple task because of the scale of the equipment setup time, the diversity of the products and the deadlines for the orders. The model was implemented in GAMS IDE and solved by CPLEX 12. The model and the associated heuristic produce better solutions than those currently used by the company.

北京市地方标准《卫生应急一次性防护用品使用规范》修订解读

目的旨在使卫生应急人员充分理解并掌握《卫生应急一次性防护用品使用规范》(DB11/T 1291—2023)技术要点,最大限度减少职业暴露的发生。方法从适用范围、防护分级、防护用品选择、附录等方面解读修订标准与原标准内容的差异和修订原因。结果修订标准扩展了其适用范围;增加并细化不同等级防护用品的使用场景;新增一次性隔离衣、防护面罩、动力送风式空气呼吸器的使用要求,去掉长管空气呼吸器及相关要求、参考标准;新增防护用品使用注意事项;调整防护用品的穿脱顺序。结论北京市地方标准《卫生应急一次性防护用品使用规范》的修订为卫生应急人员个体防护及传染病与职业暴露的防控提供参考。

基于改进YOLOv5s的个人防护设备检测算法研究

由于施工现场环境复杂、遮挡物多,由无人机收集到的工人个人防护设备(包括安全帽、反光背心)图像具有目标小、检测难度大的特点,使用原YOLOv5s模型进行检测存在错检、漏检的问题。因此,文章提出了一种基于改进的YOLOv5s的个人防护设备检测算法,通过在YOLOv5s模型中引入动态稀疏注意力模块,使模型更关注有价值的区域,并对损失函数进行优化,将原YOLOv5s模型的CIoU损失函数替换为Focal-EIoU损失函数,减少损失函数的自由度提高模型的性能。实验采用无人机采集和网络检索获得的自建个人防护设备数据集来进行训练。实验结果表明,经过100次迭代训练后,改进算法对于个人防护设备检测的FPS提高了6.79%,mAP提高了9.59%。由此可见,文章所提出的改进算法有效降低了模型的误检率和漏检率,在个人防护设备的检测上表现出了良好的性能。

医护人员对新型冠状病毒肺炎病房设置PPE室专职人员的认知与态度调查

目的调查新型冠状病毒肺炎病房设立个人防护用品(PPE)室专职人员医疗队员态度,探讨其对医务人员个人防护的作用和意义。方法设置问卷表对所在医院不同的医疗队进行调查,同时根据个人防护标准流程,设计《援鄂医疗队穿脱PPE督查表》,由中南大学湘雅医院医疗队PPE室专职人员对进出新冠病房每位医务人员进行全程防护流程执行情况的督导提示和心理积极暗示,记录、归纳、总结亟待杜绝的问题和疏导调节的心理状况,并对督导效果进行评价。结果问卷表结果显示,93%医疗队成员认为PPE专职人员设立非常重要,97%医疗队成员希望在穿戴防护用具时能有专人指导,99%医疗队成员则希望穿脱PPE时能有专人协助并检查是否穿戴合格。2020年2月9日至26日期间,共对进出新冠病房医务人员约5600人次进行督导,PPE室专职人员杜绝发生潜在问题共计106项。结论新型冠状病毒肺炎病房工作的医务人员认为,设置PPE室专职人员能有效确保医务人员自身防护安全,进一步确保实现医务人员"零感染"的目标。医疗队成员同时也支持在新冠病房及时建立PPE室并设立专职人员,明确其职责,并不断优化改进。

基于改进YOLOv5s的矿工防护装备检测模型研究

为解决井下矿工由于安全意识淡薄而不正确使用个人防护装备(PPE)的问题,提出一种实时检测矿工是否佩戴PPE的目标检测网络模型。首先,采用现场监控视频采集和数据爬取的方式收集数据,使用半监督学习方法标注图像并利用图像增强技术扩充数据,构建井下矿工PPE数据集;其次,基于深度学习的方法建立PPE检测模型,将YOLOv5s的主干网络替换为MobileOne来降低网络参数,提升检测速度;最后,在特征融合层中嵌入三维注意力机制SimAM,实现对复杂环境下的PPE检测。实验结果表明:改进的模型平均检测精度达到94.4%,在CPU端的检测速度达到67帧/s,可以满足井下实时检测的要求。

我国纺织品相关个体防护用品标准现状与展望

对我国纺织品相关个体防护用品行业现状及标准进行概述,并从产品或性能规范、测试方法、技术报告或指导文件等角度分类探析我国纺织品相关个体防护用品标准体系,指出标准化工作中存在的典型问题,以期为我国纺织品相关个体防护用品标准的进一步发展提供参考。

Prevalence of Occupational Injury and Knowledge of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Accessibility among Healthcare Workers in Mogadishu, Somalia

Introduction: Healthcare workers in Mogadishu, Somalia face significant occupational injury risks, particularly needle stick injuries, with 61.1% reporting incidents. This poses a serious threat to their health, leading to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. Despite the high prevalence of injuries, awareness of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) accessibility is relatively high, with 84.0% of respondents aware of it. However, there are gaps in knowledge and implementation, as evidenced by variations in availability of PEP. Improving workplace safety measures, providing comprehensive training on injury prevention and PEP protocols, and ensuring consistent availability of PEP in healthcare facilities are crucial steps to safeguard the well-being of healthcare workers in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among hospital workers in Mogadishu, Somalia, focusing on professionals from various healthcare facilities. The study targeted nurses, doctors, laboratory personnel, and pharmacists. Purposive sampling was employed, resulting in a sample size of 383 calculated using Fisher’s sample size formula. Data were collected using coded questionnaires entered into Microsoft Excel 2019 and analyzed with SPSS software to generate frequencies and proportions, presented through frequency tables and pie figures. Results: The study in Mogadishu, Somalia, examined the prevalence of occupational injuries and knowledge of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) accessibility among healthcare workers. Findings indicate a high prevalence of injuries, with 61.1% reporting incidents, predominantly needle stick injuries (60.6%). Despite the majority seeking prompt medical attention (72.0%), work-related illnesses affected 53.2% of respondents, notably work-related stress (59.5%). While most received training on injury and illness prevention (68.9%), gaps exist in PEP awareness, with 16.0% unaware of it. Nonetheless, 84.0% were aware, predominantly through health facilities (52.0%). Availability of PEP was reported by 71.3% in healthcare facilities, with variations in shift availability. The majority reported guidelines for PEP use (55.7%). Efforts are needed to bolster PEP awareness and ensure consistent availability in healthcare facilities to safeguard worker health. Conclusion: High prevalence of occupational injuries among healthcare workers, with needle stick injuries being the most common (60.6%). Despite this, 84.0% of respondents were aware of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP), primarily learning about it from health facilities (52.0%). While 71.3% reported the availability of PEP in their facility, 28.7% noted its unavailability. These results emphasize the need for improved education and accessibility of PEP to mitigate occupational injury risks.

基于改进YOLOv7的防护用品穿戴检测

为缓解YOLOv7在检测个人防护用品时面临标签重写、标签分配不平衡和特征耦合等问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv7的检测方法.首先去除YOLOv7的大尺度和中尺度输出层,以降低标签重写率,且保证输出层得到充分训练;其次将输出层的定位和分类解耦,避免不同任务的特征表示互相影响,并选择在边界框级别检测防护服,在关键点级别检测防护帽和防护手套;最后引入部分卷积,实现实时检测.为验证该方法的有效性,使用实验人员穿戴防护用品的图像数据对所提方法进行验证.结果表明,相比YOLOv7,该方法的精确率和召回率分别提高了4.1和4.5个百分点,FPS(Frames Per Second)提升了1.3帧,可满足实验室场景下的个人防护用品穿戴检测需求.

医护人员PPE使用问题及对策探析

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间,医务人员作为与COVID-19患者密切接触的人员,极有可能因为防护措施不到位而被感染。因此,个人防护设备(PPE)成为医护人员避免职业暴露的关键。然而,即使佩戴整套专业的PPE,如果没有采取恰当的方式脱卸,医护人员也非常容易感染病毒。鉴于此,本文对COVID-19疫情期间,医护人员在使用PPE时可能出现的问题及相应对策进行详细介绍,以期为医护人员正确使用PPE及避免防护后意外职业暴露提供借鉴。

Characterization of Personal Clothing Worn by Pesticide Sprayers in Foumbot Agricultural Area (Cameroon)

Personal protective equipment is intended to protect worker from risks that cannot be eliminated for more effective safety. This study was aimed at evaluating the type of cloth worn by pesticide users in Foumbot agricultural area (West Region of Cameroon) and to identify signs and symptoms related to pesticides effects on human health. A survey was conducted on seventy (70) farmers randomly selected using a questionnaire made up of closed and opened questions. Specimens of cloth were collected, identified and analyzed for the water and vapor absorbency and permeability. The identification was done by burning and solubility tests. Results showed that no farmer used adequate protective clothing, they all presented many pesticide-related signs and symptoms such as dizziness, skin irritation, eye-watering and breathing difficulties;the permeation of clothes that they wear is high with high vapor and water absorbency capacity;they were made up with Cotton fiber, blended cotton fibre, wool, polyester and polyethylene;a local laminated fabric manufactured with Tri-acetate fiber was identified with great capacity of protection. This study raised inappropriate characteristics of protective materials used by farmers in Foumbot agricultural area. However, a local fabric was identified to have been adapted to pesticide applications and may be promoted after further study on the comfortability.

PPE智能选型软件数据库系统设计与实现

为了解决我国个体防护用品(PPE)数量和种类复杂繁多,造成相关工作者PPE选型的不便。通过分析国家、行业、地方的PPE选型标准确立了PPE的选型规则从而建立了PPE选型的数据库,设计了B-S模式的PPE智能(AI)选型系统,解决了企业因众多复杂的PPE选型标准而难以确定PPE选型规则的困难,为不同工种和作业环境下劳动者所匹配的劳动防护用品的选型决策提供了依据。

英国兰卡斯特大学实验室PPE安全管理探讨

实验室内的个人防护设备(PPE)能有效保护操作者在实验活动中的安全,其安全管理工作至关重要。通过与英国兰卡斯特大学的合作办学项目,分析该大学实验室PPE安全管理的优点,总结建立健全实验室安全管理体系、加强实验室安全教育和培训、实验室安全管理注重“以人为本”三方面的启示,为实验室安全管理提供参考。