Screening outcomes of household contacts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Peshawar,Pakistan

Objective:To assess the profile of TB/multidrug-resistant TB(MDR-TB) among household contacts of MDR-TB patients.Methods:Close contacts of MDR-TB patients were traced in the cross-sectional study.Different clinical,radiological and bacteriological were performed to rule out the evidence of TB/MDR-TB.Results:Between January 2012 and December 2012,a total of 200 index MDR-TB patients were initiated on MDR-TB treatment,out of which home visit and contacts screening were conducted for 154 index cases.Of 610 contacts who could be studied,41(17.4%) were diagnosed with MDR-TB and 10(4.2%) had TB.The most common symptoms observed were cough,chest pain and fever.Conclusions:The high incidence of MDR-TB among close contacts emphasize the need for effective contact screening programme of index MDR-TB cases in order to cut the chain of transmission of this disease.

A hospital based study on causes peculiar of congestive cardiac failure(CCF)

Objective:To determine the frequency of risk factors of congestive cardiac failure in a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar.Methods:This retrospective observational study was conducted in department of Cardiology,Postgraduate Medical Institute,Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar,from March 2005 to September 2007.Relevant information regarding the risk factors of congestive cardiac failure were recorded on questionnaire prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study.Results:1 019 patients with established diagnosis of cardiac failure (based on clinical findings and relevant investigations) were included.Out of total sampling 583 (57.12%) were males and 436(42.78%) were females.The age range of the patients was from 6 years to 82 years with mean age of 48.5 years and mode of age was 45 years.The distribution of causative factors of CCF was:ischemic heart disease(IHD) 36.31%,hypertension 26.30%,dilated cardiomyopathy 10.10%,obstructve and restrictive cardiomyopathies 5.39%,valvular heart diseases(VHD) 9.32%,congenital heart disease like ventricular septal defects(VSD) 4.41%,atrial septal defects(ASD) 0.58%,atrial fibrillation (AF) 2.25%,constrictive pericardidtis 1.07%.Pericardial effusion 0.68%,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension 1.47%,thyrotoxicosis 0.68%,complete heart block 0.29%and paget disease in 0.09%cases.Conclusion:Ischemic heart disease,hypertension,cardiomypathies,valvular heart disease and congenital heart disease are major contributor to CCF in our patients.

Pakistani Women Entrepreneurs in Life Course Approach

Recently women entrepreneur literature in developed countries has been assessed through their life course approach due to the criticism on the absence of study from the perspective of structural pattern,in which the women are embedded through means of qualitative study.This reveals so many clarifications to the existence themes.Still the Pakistani entrepreneurial literature neglecting the women entrepreneur life course experiences due to social-cultural context of Pakistan.The present study focused on the ten Pakistani women entrepreneur from Islamabad and Peshawar region by the lens of life course approach through semistructured interview.The qualitative analysis of the life course approach among Pakistani women entrepreneur exposed some additional factor to life course approach and contrary findings as compared to the developed countries.The Pakistani women’s rich stories are affected through life course approach but the socialcultural context made it little worst means bringing into business with less flexible approach.

巴基斯坦北部白沙瓦平原碱性火山岩同位素年龄及构造意义——包括一套年龄为26Ma的熔结凝灰岩

白沙瓦平原碱性火成岩省（Peshawar Plain Alkaline Igneous Province，PPAIP）岩体最新错石年龄首次证实，喜马拉雅新生代（渐新世）熔结凝灰岩火山活动时间为（26.7±0.8）Ma。其它数据表明火成岩省内裂谷相关岩浆作用 时期为二叠纪,持续时间为290-250 Ma。虽火成岩省内岩石从岩石学及地球化学上具典型裂谷特征，被认为与新 特提斯洋初期泛大陆边缘上的裂谷作用相关,但白沙瓦平原二叠纪地层并无与裂谷相关构造痕迹。因此,我们认 为受印度大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞影响，二叠纪裂谷相关构造被改造或分解。主地幔冲断层（MMT）和主边界冲断层 （MBT）间区域的缩短可能指示地下盐岭（Slat Range）蒸发岩向北伸展。喜马拉雅逆冲时期及之后白沙瓦平原新生 代晚期地层发育为逆冲带上的背驮式盆地。这些沉积地层覆盖了二叠纪裂谷相关构造的残存证据。火成岩省火 成岩经喜山期碰撞及新生代岩浆活动而变形变质,该岩浆活动除新发现的哥哈提（Gohati）火山作用外,还包括主地 幔冲断层（MMT）附近区域（如Malakand等）具交叉截切特征的花岗岩侵入作用。清格莱（Chingalai）片麻岩锆石测 年证实,白沙瓦平原前寒武纪基底中存在年龄为（816±70）Ma的岩石，其年龄与拉贾斯坦邦（Rajasthan platform）以南 1 000 km处马拉尼（Malani）火成岩省岩石年龄相对应。