Research Progress in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Geological Theory of China

The Chinese landmass, as a composite region, consists of multiple small continental blocks, such as Sino-Korea, Yangtze, Tarim, etc., and orogenic belts. Because of its distinctive tectono-sedimentary evolution, China＇s oil/gas-bearing regions differ remarkably from that elsewhere in the world. For instance, in comparison to the Middle East oil/gas-bearing regions which are characterized by Mesozoic-Cenozoic marine oil/gas-bearing beds, early oil and gas discoveries in China are distributed mainly in Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental sedimentary basins. Generation of oil from terrestrial organic matter, or terrestrial oil generation, and the formation of large oil/gas fields in continental sedimentary basins were previously the major characteristics of petroleum geology of China. However, in the past 20 years, a series of major oil and gas discoveries from marine strata have been made. Marine oil/gas fields in China are mainly distributed in the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos basins, which are tectonically stable and covered with Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits. In these basins, hydrocarbon-bearing strata are of old age and the oil/gas fields are commonly deeply-buried. Cumulatively, 995 oil/gas fields have been found so far, making China the fourth largest oil-producing country and the sixth largest gas-producing country in the world. In terms of petroleum and natural gas geology, theories of hydrocarbon generation from continental strata, such as terrestrial oil generation and coal-generated hydrocarbons, etc., have been established. Significant progress has been made in research on the sequence stratigraphy of continental strata, formation mechanisms of ultra-deep clastic reservoirs, and hydrocarbon accumulation in the continental subtle reservoir. Regarding research on the marine petroleum geology of China, with respect to the major characteristics, such as deeply-buried reservoirs, old strata, and multiple phases of transformation, important advances have been made, in areas such as the multiple-elements of hydrocarbon supply, formation of reservoirs jointly controlled by deposition, tectonic activities, and diagenetic fluid-rock reactions, and oil/gas reservoirs formed through superimposed multi-stage hydrocarbon accumulation. As more and more unconventional hydrocarbon resources are discovered, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are under study by Chinese petroleum geologists, who endeavor to come up with new discoveries on their formation mechanisms.

Basic Engineering of a Two-Stage Process for Co-Upgrading Natural Gas and Petroleum Coke

This communication highlights the possibility of using a novel two-stage process for the co-upgrading of natural gas and petroleum coke into liquid hydrocarbons. The first stage consists of the catalytic dehydroaromatization of methane characterized by producing hydrogen and aromatics: benzene, naphtalene, toluene, etc. The non-reacted methane plus hydrogen and aromatics produced in the first stage are directed to the second stage to react with the petroleum coke. Basic engineering analysis of proposed two-stage process suggests light petroleum production of 160,000 bbl/day from 20,000 ton/day of petroleum coke actually by-produced from Venezuelan Orinoco’s heavy oil belt. Residual coke should be volatiles free therefore useful as a calcined coke.

Geology and hydrocarbon accumulations in the deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea——with focus on natural gas

The deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea is located in the central to southern parts of the Qiongdongnan Basin （QDN Basin）, which is a key site for hydrocarbon exploration in recent years. In this study, the authors did a comprehensive analysis of gravity-magnetic data, extensive 3D seismic survey, cores and cuttings, paleontology and geochemical indexes, proposed the mechanism of natural gas origin, identified different oil and gas systems, and established the model of hydrocarbon accumulations in the deep-water region. Our basin tectonic simulation indicates that the evolution of QDN Basin was controlled by multiple-phased tectonic movements, such as Indochina-Eurasian Plate collision, Tibetan Uplift, Red River faulting and the expansion of the South China Sea which is characterized by Paleogene rifting, Neogene depression, and Eocene intensive faulting and lacustrine deposits. The drilling results show that this region is dominated by marine- terrestrial transitional and neritic-bathyal facies from the early Oligocene. The Yacheng Formation of the early Oligocene is rich in organic matter and a main gas-source rock. According to the geological-geochemical data from the latest drilling wells, Lingshui, Baodao, Changchang Sags have good hydrocarbon-generating potentials, where two plays from the Paleogene and Neogene reservoirs were developed. Those reservoirs occur in central canyon structural-lithologic trap zone, Changchang marginal trap zone and southern fault terrace of Baodao Sag. Among them, the central canyon trap zone has a great potential for exploration because the various reservoir- forming elements are well developed, i.e., good coal-measure source rocks, sufficient reservoirs from the Neogene turbidity sandstone and submarine fan, faults connecting source rock and reservoirs, effective vertical migration, late stage aggregation and favorable structural-lithological composite trapping. These study results provide an important scientific basis for hydrocarbon exploration in this region, evidenced by the recent discovery of the significant commercial LS-A gas field in the central canyon of the Lingshui Sag.

A review of Baosteel's development of steel for oil and natural gas

The development of oil and natural gas steel products at Baosteel over the past two decades is reviewed in this paper. After years of researching and developing steel products that are used in the energy industry such as drilling, exploitation, collection, transportation, and the storage of oil and natural gas, the system of composition and manufacturing techniques for Baosteel＇ s oil and natural gas steel products have been established. The oil and natural gas steel products of Baosteel consist of two major categories： the oil country tubular goods（OCTG） used underground, and the pipes used for pipeline construction on the ground. Currently, the product quality has maintained stability, and the related products have been extensively used worldwide for the exploration and transportation of oil and natural gas.

An Alternative to Flare Gas Processing:A Feasibility Study of Natural Gas to Liquid Processes

The quantities of gas released into the environment during the extraction and processing of crude oil,by flaring,constitute a vast source of mineral wealth which can be used to produce other useful products.The processes studied in this paper,as alternatives to the above problem,are the ones used in Shell Pearl Qatar project and Oryx GTL project.Both projects produce liquid fuels,mainly naphtha and diesel,in addition to more special fuel such as kerosene.This paper is a feasibility study of a project that makes use of the flare gas from the State of Texas,U.S.A.,as a feedstock to a process similar to either Shell Pearl Qatar project,or Oryx GTL project.The objective of this study is to determine the price range for crude oil over which an investment to similar projects can be profitable.An MS Excel Model was developed in order to perform calculations having as a variable the crude oil price and taking into account all the process and project’s financial data.The results of this model showed that a project similar to Shell Pearl Qatar remains profitable in crude oil price above$57.76/barrel,while a project similar to Oryx GTL remains viable for crude oil price over$31.4/bbl.In the price range$55-$60/barrel,the payout of the corresponding to Shell Pearl Qatar project will be in about 15.2 years and 3.3 years for a project similar to Oryx GTL.Finally,using the financial principles of this study we can apply them to any process in order to determine under what conditions will remain viable.

Review on the Development of Oil and Gas Flow in Underground Porous Media

Through reviewing the flow theory’s birth and development history in underground porous media and contrasting the mechanics of underground fluids and mechanics of viscous fluids, this paper points out the main factors, which affect the development of the theory on oil and gas porous flow. The development law and development route of the mechanics of fluids in porous media are also summarized in this paper.

Analysis of the Impact of Thermochemical Recuperation of Waste Heat on the Energy Efficiency of Gas Carriers

Enlarging the fleet of gas carriers would make it possible to respond to the growing demand for hydrocarbon gases,but it will increase carbon dioxide emissions.The International Maritime Organization(IMO)has developed the energy efficiency design index(EEDI)with the objective of carbon emission reduction for new ships.In this paper,thirty gas carriers transporting liquefied natural gas(LNG)and liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)and equipped with various types of main engines are considered.As shown by the calculation of the attained EEDI,2 of the 13 LPG carriers and 6 of the 17 LNG carriers under study do not comply with the EEDI requirements.To meet the stringent EEDI requirements,applying thermochemical regenerators(TCRs)fed by main engine exhaust gases is suggested.Mathematical modeling is applied to analyze the characteristics of the combined gas-turbine-electric and diesel-electric power plant with thermochemical recuperation of the exhaust gas heat.Utilizing TCR on gas carriers with engines fueled by syngas produced from boil-off gas(BOG)reduces the carbon content by 35%and provides the energy efficiency required by IMO without the use of other technologies.

Alternative and Potential Uses for the Sulfur Byproducts Produced from Oil and Gas Fields

Along with oil and gas operations, huge amounts of sulfur byproducts are produced. For example, in the State of Qatar which has the third largest proven reserves of natural gas, an incredible amount of sulfur is produced as byproduct from its natural gas processing facilities. The amount of produced sulfur surpasses by far the amount that can be utilized currently in the country. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) existing in natural gas extracted from Qatar’s North Field is converted to elemental sulfur using the conventional Claus process. Managing byproduct sulfur from natural gas processing is a key aspect of economic development and environmental protection in many countries with oil and gas facilities. Therefore, new markets must be found to utilize sulfur to avoid disposal crises. Sulfur byproduct from natural gas can be utilized for various applications. This paper discusses alternative potential uses for sulfur in addition to the current practices of sulfur utilization. Some of these alternative applications of sulfur byproducts include the potential usage for medicinal uses, road construction, batteries, hydrogen production, structural additives, solar energy, waste treatment, arsenite removal, and production of maize.

The Effect of Gas Production, Utilization, and Flaring on the Economic Growth of Nigeria

The extent to which a country develops is anchored around its resources;and this is evidenced in how the revenue derived from natural resources (especially the oil and gas industries) has influenced national development strategies. This notwithstanding, the existence of natural resources does not always translate to development, as these often times lead to complacency and mismanagement;Nigeria may have suffered from this. This paper establishes the impact of gas production, utilization, and flaring on the estimated monetary value of the goods and services produced in Nigeria (GDP), using multiple linear regression analysis. The result shows that while gas utilization has a positive impact on the nation’s GDP, gas production and flaring are negatively associated with GDP. The paper concludes that for these to positively stimulate economic growth, there is need to invest more in infrastructure in the industry, and review the regulatory framework guiding operations of the oil and gas industry.

Quantitative Method of the Structural Damage Identification of Gas Explosion Based on Case Study:The Shanxi “11. 23” Explosion Investigation

In order to present a retrospective analysis of exposition accidents using input data from investigation processes,data from a specific accident was examined,in which we analyzed possible involved gas species（ liquefied petroleum gas; nature gas） and computed their concentrations and distributions based on the interactions between the structures and the effects of the explosion. In this study,5 scenarios were created to analyze the impact effect. Moreover,a coupling algorithm was put into practice,with a practical outflow boundary and joint strength are applied. Finally,the damage effects of each scenario were simulated. Our experimental results showed significant differences in the 5 scenarios concerning the damage effects on the building structures. The results from scenario 3 agree with the accident characteristics,demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposed modeling method. Our proposed method reflects gas properties,species and the concentration and distribution,and the simulated results validates the root cause,process,and consequences of accidental explosions. Furthermore,this method describes the evolution process of explosions in different building structures. Significantly,our model demonstrates the quantatative explosion effect of factors like gas species,gas volumes,and distributions of gases on explosion results. In this study,a feasible,effective,and quantitative method for structure safety is defined,which is helpful to accelerate the development of safer site regulations.

The construction of technical standard system for ultra deep and high sour gas fields in Northeast Sichuan

To deal with the exploitation difficulties of gas fields in Northeast Sichuan with deep marine strata, after researching the relative standards domestic and abroad extensively, summarizing and promoting the successful experiences and failure lessons of project construction technology application scientifically, Sinopec has established an integrated technical standard system for the exploration and development of ultra deep and high sour gas fields. The system consists of 51 enterprise standards and covers 7 professions including geophysical prospecting, drilling, drilling log, well logging, gas formation test and production, sour gas gathering and transferring system, and HSE (health,safety,environment). It guides and guarantees the safe, high-quality and high-efficiency project construction effectively by means of enhancing the engineering design criterion, recommending the data processing and interpretation methods, identifying the requirements of operation and field inspection and standardizing the application of technical equipments.

中蒙石油天然气领域标准化管理模式及法律比较研究

本文从我国与蒙古国石油、天然气领域标准化管理模式及法律体系出发,重点梳理我国与蒙古国标准化管理模式以及二者之间的差异,梳理我国与蒙古国有关石油和天然气方面的规定,比较两国有关石油和天然气的含义,管理体系,勘查、开采矿产资源的主体及方式,勘查、开采矿产资源的程序,申请开采石油、天然气许可证的材料和矿权类型等六个方面的法律规定,分析二国法律法规之间规定的差异点。从而得出中蒙两国石油天然气的标准化管理体制间的差异以及政府干预的风险、环保合规风险、合同被解除风险和劳务用工风险四个方面的法律风险以及相应的防范措施,为项目顺利开展奠定良好的法律基础。

Azerbaijan is in the TANAP, TAP, and South Stream Project Triangle at the Deadlock of Nabucco

This study has been investigated some pipeline lines after collapsing process of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from Azerbaijan to Europe and another alternative ways from Russia. As we know Russia is a big power as from economic, defensive, and political aspects, as that＇s in ruler position in the region. So, USA from another side of the world as a super power of the world could make dimension of those pipelines from transit of Turkey. That＇s why new Nabucco project has been also cancelled by Russia＇s power. This article has been studied newly established project of Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Line Project （TANAP） from Azerbaijan＇s oil and gas department; Ministry＇s State Petroleum Company＇s （SOCAR） project has not been cancelled by Turkish Petroleum Company （TPAO）. So TANAP＇s advantages and disadvantages have been researched in this article.

应用API581对输气站场进行定量风险评价

目前专门针对输气站场的风险评价方法还不多,现有的手段也只是根据国家法律法规得出定性的评价结果,然后按照评价结果对照得出整改方案。为此,对输气站场的定量风险评价工作提出了一套新方法,得到了定量的和更加客观的风险排序,为管道站场的完整性管理工作提供了有力的支持;并以陕京输气管道榆林压气站为例,应用美国石油学会标准API581(基于风险检测的基本源文件)对站内设施进行了风险评价,计算了站内设备和管线的失效后果、失效概率,得到了定量风险值,进而分析了风险值产生差异的原因。最后,针对我国输气管道风险评估工作提出了看法和建议。

国内外油气储量的概念对比与剖析

文章以我国最新的《石油天然气资源/储量分类》和《石油天然气储量计算规范》为依据,以世界石油摘 要 文章以我国最新的《石油天然气资源/储量分类》和《石油天然气储量计算规范》为依据,以世界石油大会和美国证券交易委员会(SEC)关于油气储量分类为标准,详细介绍了我国关于探明、控制与预测储量与国外的证实、概算和可能储量的对比关系及其本质区别,并对两者的相似性与区别进行了剖析,以便于人们正确理解不同级别储量的概念,同时为实现我国油气储量管理逐步与国际接轨创造条件。

对现行石油天然气储量规范的若干探讨

在目前市场经济条件下 ,1998年颁布实施的石油储量规范与天然气储量规范在工业油气流标准、有效厚度划分、储量计算方法等方面存在不尽合理的地方。该文结合实际生产与科研管理等进行了深入的讨论 。

石油天然气金属管道法兰跨接防静电问题研究

在企业组织的各类安全生产大检查中,经常有检查人员要求输送石油天然气的金属管道法兰连接部位要用金属导线跨接,避免因静电聚集引发火灾爆炸事故。作为安全监督人员有必要对石油天然气金属管道防静电问题进行深入研究,以指导现场检查。首先查阅现行国家标准规范对石油天然气金属管道法兰跨接的要求,然后结合现场实际,通过现场测试分析认为:将检测法兰间连接电阻值是否大于0.03Ω作为石油天然气金属管道法兰需不需要跨接的标准判定显然更科学、合理。

油气上游领域国际标准制定的启示与思考

国际标准作为国际规则的重要组成部分和战略创新性资源,在全球格局重构的当下发挥着日益重要又关键的作用。激发国际标准的创新潜力,推动科技进步,消除贸易壁垒也是助力国家高质量发展的重要途径。全面介绍了油气上游领域各专业相关的国际标准化机构,解读了国家及企业层面国际标准发展的战略规划。结合已成功发布的国际标准制定案例,梳理国际标准制修订过程中的关键要求和流程,提出一套层次分明、路径清晰的油气上游领域国际标准制定机制和方法,理清了标准化管理从分级管理、个性辅导、重点孵化到适时退出的发展思路。

基于环保标准和能源安全玻璃熔制燃料选择分析

以国家和地方颁布的污染物排放标准为基点,从玻璃行业生产过程中烟气污染物的来源出发,结合国家能源供应状况,对天然气、发生炉煤气、重油和石油焦作为玻璃生产燃料进行了系统分析。结果表明:就烟气达标排放而言,以上4种燃料并无明显的优劣之分;从国家能源安全角度考虑,天然气不具备大面积推广的基础,重油和石油焦作为燃料会受到能源安全的影响,发生炉煤气符合我国能源结构要求;另外,煤制天然气虽符合我国能源结构要求,但不符合我国节能减排的主基调。