Screening and Identification of a Novel Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Binding Peptide by Using a Phage Display Library

The purpose of this study was to screen peptides that can specifically bind to human hepatocellular carcinoma （hHCC） cells using phage display of random peptide library in order to develope a peptide-based carrier for the diagnosis or therapy of hHCC. A peptide 12-mer phage display library was employed and 4 rounds of subtractive panning were performed using the hHCC cell line HepG2 as the target. After panning, the phages that specifically bound to and internalized in hHCC cells were selected. The selected phages demonstrated highly specific affinity to HepG2 cells analyzed by ELISA and immunofluorescence analysis. 57.3% of the selected phage clones displayed repeated sequence FLLEPHLMDTSM, and 4 amino acid residues, FLEP were extremely conservative. Based on the sequencing results, a 16-mer peptide （WH-16） was synthesized. The competitive EL1SA showed that the binding of the phage clones displayed sequence FLLEPHLMDTSM to HepG2 cells was efficiently inhibited by WH-16. Our findings indicate that cellular binding of phage is mediated via its displayed peptide and the synthesized 16-mer peptide may have the potential to be a delivery carrier in target diagnosis or therapy for hHCC.

Identification and Characterization of Peptides Binding AgEG1 from a Phage Display Library

Endoglucanases are the main cellulolytic enzymes digestion as well as its good kinetic properties make it an attractive of Anoplophora glabripennis. Their high activities in cellulose target for development of cellulase inhibitors. In this study, random pepfide phage display technology was employed to identify peptides that bound the AgEG1, a member of endoglucanase isozymes. Phage clones with peptide LPPNPTK and XPP （X is residue T, L, A or H） motif frequently occurred in the selected phage population and showed a higher phage recovery than other clones. Peptide LPPNPTK was chemically synthesized and characterized tor its binding activities to AgEG1. The synthetic peptide exhibited high specificity for AgEG1. The peptide LPPNPTK has the potential to be developed into inhibitors of the endoglucanase of A. glabripennis.

A novel peptide, selected from phage display library of random peptides, can efficiently target into human breast cancer cell

To develop a targeting vector for breast cancer biotherapy, MDA-MB-231 cell, a human breast cancer cell line, was co-cultured with pC89 (9 aa) phage display library of random peptides. In multiple inde- pendent peptide-presenting phage screening trials, subtilisin was used as a protease to inactivate ex- tra-cellular phages. The internalized phages were collected by cell lysising and amplified in E. coli XLI-Blue. Through five rounds of selection, the peptide-presenting phages which could be internalized in MDA-MB-231 cells were isolated. A comparison was made between internalization capacities of pep- tide-presenting phages isolated from MDA-MB-231 cells and RGD-integrin binding phage by cocultur- ing them with other human tumor cell lines and normal cells. The nucleotide sequences of isolated peptide-presenting phages were then determined by DNA sequencing. To uncover whether phage coat protein or amino acid order was required for the character of the peptide to MDA-MB-231 cells, three peptides were synthesized. They are CASPSGALRSC, ASPSGALRS and CGVIFDHSVPC (the shifted sequence of CASPSGALRSC), and after coculturing them with different cell lines, their targeting ca- pacities to MDA-MB-231 cells were detected. These data suggested that the internalization process was highly selective, and capable of capturing a specific peptide from parent peptide variants. Moreover, the targeting internalization event of peptides was an amino acid sequence dependent manner. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using phage display library of random peptides to develop new targeting system for intracellular delivery of macromolecules, and the peptide we obtained might be modified as a targeting vector for breast cancer gene therapy.

Selection of trkB-binding peptides from a phage-displayed random peptide library

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) shows potential in the treatment of neurode-generative diseases, but the therapeutic application of BDNF has been greatly limited because it is too large in molecular size to permeate blood-brain barrier. To develop low-molecular-weight BDNF-like peptides, we selected a phage-displayed random peptide library using trkB expressed on NIH 3T3 cells as target in the study. With the strategy of peptide library incubation with NIH 3T3 cells and competitive elution with 1 mg/mL of BDNF in the last round of selection, the specific phages able to bind to the natural conformation of trkB and antagonize BDNF binding to trkB were enriched effectively. Five trkB-binding peptides were obtained, in which a core sequence of CRA/TXfXXfXXC (X represents the random amino acids, f represents T, L or I) was identified. The BDNF-like activity of these five peptides displayed on phages was not observed, though all of them antagonized the activity of BDNF in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained with the synthetic peptide of C1 clone, indicating that the 5 phage-derived peptides were trkB antagonists. These low-molecular-weight antagonists of trkB may be of potential application in the treatment of neuroblastoma and chronic pain. Meanwhile, the obtained core sequence also could be used as the base to construct the secondary phage-displayed peptide library for further devel-opment of small peptides mimicking BDNF activity.

Screening of Peptide Inhibitors of TACE from a Phage Display Random 15-Peptide Library by Recombinant TACE Ectodomain

Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α-converting enzyme(TACE)is the major protease responsible for processing pro-TNF-αfrom membrane-anchored precursors to secreted TNF-α.In the present study,a 15-peptide library was used to identify potential TACE antagonists.To obtain the recombinant TACE ectodomain and to use it as a selective molecule for the screening of peptide inhibitors of TACE,cDNA coding for the catalytic domain(T800)and full-length ectodomain(T1300)of TACE were amplified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction.The expression plasmid were constructed by inserting T800/T1300 into plasmid pET-28a/c respectively and were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3).Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDSPAGE)andWestern blot analysis revealed that T800/T1300 were highly expressed in the form of an inclusion body induced by isopropylthiogalactoside.After Ni2+–NTA resin affinity chromatography,the purity of the recombinant T800/T1300 protein was more than 90%.T800 and T1300 proteins were used in the screening of T800/T1300-binding peptides from a phage display random 15-peptide library.After four rounds of biopanning,the positive phage clones were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,competitive inhibition assay(ELESA),and DNA sequencing.A common amino acid sequence(TRWLVYFS RPYLVAT)was confirmed and synthesized.A synthetic peptide was shown to bind to TACE and to inhibit TNF-αrelease from lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)by up to 60.3%.Fluorescence-activated cell sorter(FACS)analysis revealed that the peptide mediated the accumulation of TNF-αon an LPS-stimulated PBMC surface.These results demonstrate that the TACE-binding peptide is an effective antagonist of TACE and that the deduced motif might be applied to the molecular design of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Selection of the Mimic Epitopes of Antigens from Schistosoma japonicum by Using Phage Display Techniques

To obtain short peptides simulating antigenic epitopes related to natural resistance against Schistosoma japonicum (S.j) in rats, and to explore their immune protection against S.j in mice, phage random peptide library of 12 amino acids were screened with purified IgG from normal rat sera. Positive clones that were obtained after three rounds of biopanning were detected by ELISA, and two of them were sequenced. Kunming mice were immunized with mixed phage clones. Each mouse was challenged with 40±1 S.j cercariae, and all mice were perfused 45 days post-challenge. The worms and the liver eggs were counted. The results were that the specific phages binding to IgG were enriched 300 folds after three rounds of biopanning. Twenty clones were detected by ELISA and 19 of them bound to the specific IgG of rat sera. The sequence of two clones revealed no homology with other sequences in the GenBank. Compared with the control groups, the reduction rates of the worm burden and liver egg were 33.6% and 59.8%, respectively. It was concluded that the specific peptides, which simulate antigenic molecules correlated with natural resistance to S.j in rats could be obtained by immunosceening phage random peptide library and a protective immunity against S.j can be detected by these epitopes in mice.

日本血吸虫模拟虫卵抗原表位的筛选和鉴定

目的 通过噬菌体肽文库技术探索可用于诊断日本血吸虫病的模拟虫卵抗原。 方法 用日本血吸虫虫卵单克隆抗体 6 B12作“诱饵”,采用生物淘金法从噬菌体 15 -肽文库中经过 3轮筛选 ,有效地富集与 6 B12有亲和力的噬菌体肽克隆。随后采用 EL ISA、竞争 EL ISA、Western blotting等检测方法 ,从 4 0 0个单克隆化的噬菌体株中得到 13株与 6 B12有特异性、高亲和力反应的噬菌体克隆。 结果 对噬菌体所携带的外源 DNA片段序列测序结果表明 ,13株噬菌体所携带的外源多肽序列完全相同。该噬菌体多肽抗原包被酶标板经 EL ISA方法对血吸虫病患者及健康人血清Ig G抗体检测结果表明 ,两者有显著性差异。

从HCV核心蛋白噬菌体随机展示肽库中筛选抗原表位

目的探讨病毒抗原序列研究的新方法。方法应用噬菌体展示技术，筛选ＨＣＶ核心蛋白的抗原序列。用抗－ＨＣＶ核心抗体单独阳性的血清，对巳构建的ＨＣＶ核心蛋白噬菌体随机展示肽库进行４轮筛选，检测筛选阳性的克隆数、插入阳性率和杂交阳性率来评价筛选的效果。测定和分析７个杂交阳性克隆的ＤＮＡ序列。结果所测定的７个序列中，６个为ＨＣＶ核心蛋白序列，其中５个被正确地展示于噬菌体表面，１个可能被正确展示，这些序列均含有重要的ＨＣＶ核心抗原表位。另１个为大肠杆菌ｎｒｆａ基因。结论噬菌体展示技术完全可应用于病毒蛋白抗原序列的筛选，并具有简便、快速、准确的优点。

HCV核心蛋白噬菌体随机展示肽库的构建

目的 :为了探讨噬菌体展示技术在筛选和鉴定病毒抗原表位研究中的应用前景。 方法 :利用随机引物 PCR法以HCV核心基因为模板合成随机 DNA片段 ,再经特定引物二次扩增后获得高丰度的 HCV核心蛋白随机 DNA片段 ,将该片段插入噬菌粒载体 p CANTAB5 X的 Xba 位点 ,转化大肠杆菌 TG1,辅助噬菌体拯救 ,建立噬菌体随机肽展示文库。结果 :所构建的随机文库含 1.2 3× 10 5个不同克隆 ,库容噬菌体滴度为 2× 10 1 2 TU/ m l(转导单位 / ml) ,PCR法检测插入阳性为 2 8.1% ,核酸杂交证实 40 %的克隆为 HCV核心基因阳性克隆。 结论 :所建的随机文库有足够大的库容和较好的多样性 ,可以满足HCV C抗原表位的筛选。

脂多糖保守表位模拟肽的筛选与鉴定

用针对脂多糖保守表位的单抗 2B4对噬菌体随机 12肽库进行亲和筛选 ,通过噬菌体ELISA实验及脂多糖(LPS)竞争抑制实验鉴定阳性克隆 .经三轮筛选后 ,与抗体结合的噬菌体得到明显富集 ,噬菌体ELISA结果显示 ,阳性率达 80 % .将其中 12个阳性噬菌体克隆做鼠伤寒杆菌和大肠杆菌LPS竞争抑制实验 ,抑制作用非常明显 ,有良好的剂量依赖关系 ,证明这 12个克隆与LPS具相似表位 .DNA测序并推导噬菌体展示肽的氨基酸序列为 ,GPPQWFFSQPQL (5 / 12 ,41 7% ) ,LPQYFWNTATTA (3/ 12 ,2 5 % ) ,FPQNHWNVPWAT (2 / 12 ,16 6 % ) ,HSQSFWNAPLAM和AHPWTHGYFPPL (1/ 12 ,8 3 % ) .实验结果表明 ,用 2B4抗体筛选到的噬菌体短肽克隆可模拟保守表位 ,即脂多糖的模拟肽 (位 ) .

噬菌体表达短肽模拟血吸虫致弱尾蚴特异性抗原表位的研究

目的 从噬菌体随机肽库中筛选模拟血吸虫致弱尾蚴特异性抗原表位的噬菌体克隆 ,并探讨其免疫保护效果。方法 用紫外线致弱尾蚴免疫兔血清IgG筛选以融合蛋白形式在丝状噬菌体外壳蛋白Ⅲ表达的随机 7肽库 ,三轮免疫筛选后获得的噬菌体克隆经皮下免疫小鼠 3次 ,攻击感染 45d后剖杀 ,观察减虫和减卵效果。结果 经三轮筛选 ,特异性结合的噬菌体富集增加了 10 0多倍 ,随机挑取 2 4个噬菌体克隆经ELISA测定 ,有 2 2个克隆能与致弱尾蚴免疫兔血清IgG特异性反应。混合噬菌体克隆免疫小鼠试验的减虫率与减卵率分别为 33.5 7%和 5 6 .0 7% (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。结论 采用噬菌体随机肽库技术可获得模拟致弱尾蚴特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 。

运用噬菌体展示随机肽库筛选与内毒素结合的高亲和性多肽

目的从噬菌体展示随机肽库中筛选与内毒素结合的多肽序列,并进行鉴定。方法以内毒素脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)为靶分子对噬菌体展示随机十二肽库进行4轮亲和筛选,获得与LPS结合的噬菌体克隆,应用结合实验和克隆斑抑制实验进一步确证。挑选结合力强的克隆进行DNA测序,推导出呈现的多肽序列,应用生物信息学软件进行多肽序列分析和同源性分析。结果经4轮亲和筛选从噬菌体展示随机十二肽库中筛选获得了86个克隆,挑选12个结合力强的克隆进行DNA序列测序及生物信息学分析,结合本项目组的噬菌体展示随机七肽库筛选结果推导出呈现的多肽序列为HWQWPHWSPPP(命名为P11肽)。检索相关数据库发现此肽序列未被申请专利,体内约908种蛋白与其结构相匹配,其中包含有与LPS相互作用的位点。结论通过对噬菌体展示随机肽库的淘选,获得与LPS结合的高亲和性多肽,为进一步以这些多肽为先导物进行定向进化研究提供了实验依据和结构基础。

单纯疱疹病毒糖蛋白模拟位的研究

目的为了充分认识单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)糖蛋白的抗原表位，寻找HSV多组分疫苗和新型基因工程疫苗更有效的小片段短肽作为该病毒疫苗的备选免疫原。方法利用有动物保护活性的抗HSV糖蛋白C（gC）单克隆抗体（McAb）1A12淘筛噬菌体随机12肽库，经4轮筛选后进行ELISA检测，随机挑取14个阳性克隆进行序列测定,序列比较后得到保守序列，做ELISA阻断实验进一步鉴定筛选结果并与相关天然蛋白HSV gC进行序列比较。结果获得保守序列-SG(L)RHII-和其侧翼辅助序列-AK-、-VW-，其与天然相关蛋白HSV gC 114～116位氨基酸十分相似。携有此短肽的噬菌体可以与McAb特异结合，并可部分阻断抗体与HSV囊膜抗原的反应。结论所筛选到的保守序列可模拟McAb针对的抗原表位，可能是HSV的替代抗原。这一研究方法有望使短肽替代庞大的糖蛋白全长氨基酸序列，为研制更有效及更广谱的基因工程疫苗提供依据，也使研制基于抗原表位水平的特异诊断试剂成为可能。

HA结合肽的筛选与序列分析

利用噬菌体随机十二肽库对羟基磷灰石进行结合肽筛选,经4轮生物淘洗和选择、噬菌体扩增和DNA测序,获得一组多肽序列,其中含有较高比例的脯氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺以及疏水氨基酸.经Blast分析、CLUSTAL W多重序列比对推得羟基磷灰石结合肽可能的结合基序为VLPP、LP(X)6PL/X、PP(X)4～6P,(X为任意氨基酸).认为脯氨酸等氨基酸的高比例特性以及结合基序特征可以很好地解释羟基磷灰石的生物可利用性和安全性.在生物体中未发现结合肽有价值的相似DNA编码序列和多肽、蛋白质序列.噬菌体单克隆反筛功能测定进一步确定了相关序列对羟基磷灰石的结合能力.

噬菌体展示短肽模拟脂多糖结合蛋白抗炎功能位点的研究

目的 应用噬菌体随机 12肽库筛选脂多糖结合蛋白 (lipopolysaccharidebindingprotein ,LBP)具有抗炎作用的肽序列。方法 以LPS为目标分子 ,对噬菌体十二肽库进行亲合筛选 ,4轮筛选后 ,检测随机挑取的噬菌体克隆的结合活性和抑制活性 ,对可与LBP竞争性结合LPS的噬菌体克隆行细胞因子生成抑制实验和LPS内化抑制实验 ,对获得的阳性克隆进行DNA序列测定 ,推导外源肽氨基酸序列 ,并与LBP序列比较 ,确定LBP的抗炎功能位点。结果 随机挑取的 10 0个噬菌体克隆中 16个可与LBP竞争性结合LPS ,其中 7个噬菌体克隆对LBP的增敏LPS刺激PBMC分泌TNF α功能无作用 ,对这 7个克隆进行LPS内化抑制实验 ,其中 3个克隆可以抑制LBP增强LPS内化作用。测序发现这 3个阳性克隆融合多肽的序列均为FHTRWNYWPYLH ,与LBP一级结构氨基酸序列同源性低。结论 该

一种稳定、易于操作的噬菌体随机肽库载体的构建

目的：拟将噬菌粒ｐＣＯＭＢ３改建为更为稳定、高拷贝且易于操作的噬菌体随机肽库载体。方法：对常用噬菌体抗体库呈现载体ｐＣＯＭＢ３序列进行点矩阵作图分析（Ｄｏｔ－Ｐｌｏｔ分析），切除其中重复区，纠正其多代培养后自删除特性。原克隆位点６３ｂｐ的填充序列增加到１４３５ｂｐ以便于酶切鉴定和电泳回收。结果：构建了命名为ｐＴＭＢ２的噬菌粒载体。结论：ｐＴＭＢ２的噬菌粒载体更为稳定且易于操作。

噬菌体展示免疫球蛋白结合分子单结构域随机组合文库的构建

目的:构建由免疫球蛋白结合分子单结构域随机组合的噬菌体展示文库,为应用各种类型免疫球蛋白对该文库进行体外分子进化筛选研究打下基础。方法:PCR扩增制备分别编码Protein A 的A、D结构域、Protein G的B2 结构域和Pro tein L的B3结构域的序列片段,片段两端引入XbaⅠ酶切位点,3′端引入分别编码0、1、2、3个氨基酸大小随机连接肽的序列,并克隆于pMD 18T载体构建重组质粒。以上述16种重组质粒为模板,PCR扩增分别制备各种单结构域片段及两端部分T载体序列,XbaⅠ酶切,各种酶切片段混合后连接,并克隆于噬菌体展示载体pCANTAB5S,构建噬菌体展示免疫球蛋白结合分子单结构域随机组合文库,挑取单克隆进行序列测定,评价文库的随机性。结果:噬菌体展示免疫球蛋白结合分子单结构域随机组合文库库容量为2×107,滴度为1.3×1011;文库中含77%以上的阳性克隆,其中由2个以上单结构域组成的阳性克隆占24%;序列分析显示组合文库包含上述4种单结构域序列,连接方式符合随机连接的特点,随机连接肽的编码核酸也呈随机分布。结论:成功构建了免疫球蛋白结合分子单结构域随机组合文库,该文库库容、多样性和随机性完全可满足进行体外分子进化研究的要求。

MUC1抗原的表位预测及模拟位的筛选

目的预测MUC1抗原的B细胞表位,从噬菌体随机多肽文库筛选及鉴定MUC1抗原的模拟位。方法联合运用多种方法对MUC1的二级结构和表面特性,如理化性质、亲水性、可塑性、溶剂可及性及免疫原性等方面进行分析,预测MUC1的抗原表位。利用纯化获得的BC2抗体筛选噬菌体随机7肽库,夹心ELISA分析噬菌体克隆,测定阳性克隆DNA序列,竞争性抑制实验鉴定阳性噬菌体克隆。结果MUC1存在有多个潜在的抗原表位位点,可能的蛋白质抗原表位区域:110,2454,6577,8491,108134,140156,159174,179196,199210,220233,237265,270299,316337,351362,369396,411420,445502。经3轮筛选,获得了30个阳性克隆,DNA序列分析并推导出氨基酸序列:TAPDLRP、SAPDLRP、AAPDSRP及LAPDFRP4个噬菌体展示肽克隆抑制率均在50%以上。结论应用多参数预测MUC1抗原的B细胞表位,为进一步研究MUC1结构和功能、选择表达新型MUC1分子奠定了基础。所得序列TAPDLRP、SAPDLRP、AAPDSRP及LAPDFRP模拟MUC1抗原表位。

随机肽库筛选弓形虫特异性抗原表位诱导保护性免疫的研究

目的 从噬菌体随机肽库中筛选出模拟弓形虫特异性抗原表位的短肽分子 ,并探讨其对弓形虫的保护性效果。方法 以纯化的弓形虫免疫兔血清IgG为配基 ,亲和筛选法富集特异性噬菌体 ,随机挑取噬菌体克隆用夹心ELISA法和Dot-ELISA法检测其特异性 ,混合 4个阳性克隆免疫小鼠 ,1月后攻击感染 ,观察小鼠发病时间和死亡时间。结果 经 3轮筛选 ,特异性噬菌体得到了有效富集 ,第 3轮洗脱噬菌体的产量为第 1轮的 16 7倍 ,随机挑取 2 7个噬菌体经Dot -Bloting和夹心ELISA法检测 ,有 2 4个能与弓形虫免疫兔血清及单克隆抗体特异反应。用致死量弓形虫攻击感染经阳性克隆免疫的小鼠 ,存活时间明显长于对照组。结论 免疫筛选噬菌体随机多肽库可获得具有保护性的弓形虫抗原表位 ,为弓形虫疫苗研制提供了新途径。

法氏囊活性五肽BP5特异性结合肽的筛选及鉴定

为鉴定与具有免疫调节功能和抗肿瘤潜能的法氏囊活性五肽(BP5)特异性结合的多肽,本研究利用噬菌体展示技术,以BP5-BSA为靶分子,对噬菌体随机12肽库进行4轮亲和筛选,结合ELISA鉴定和竞争抑制试验,筛选出3个能够特异性与BP5结合的噬菌体阳性克隆。测序结果显示,其编码的12肽序列分别为:PINMQTLNCMAA(P2-12)、GCTLNPMSDLLG(P6-12)和MSSTLNGMLNSL(P7-12),其核心基序为TLNXM。通过人工合成P2-12、P6-12、P7-12多肽,并采用MTT法检测其对BP5抗肿瘤细胞增殖能力的影响,结果显示,P2-12和P7-12肽在0.2μg/m L^20μg/m L浓度下,P6-12肽在2μg/m L^20μg/m L浓度下均能够抑制BP5抗小鼠WEHI-231 B淋巴瘤细胞增殖作用,其中P2-12在20μg/m L浓度下抑制作用最为显著(p<0.01)。此外,p53荧光素酶活性检测结果显示,这3种BP5结合肽在实验浓度下均能够下调BP5促p53基因转录的活性。以上结果表明,这3种BP5特异性结合肽具有下调BP5抗肿瘤活性。本研究为进一步研究BP5抗肿瘤细胞增殖作用的机制提供了相关的实验依据。